Étienne Léopold Trouvelot

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Étienne Léopold Trouvelot
Etienne Leopold Trouvelot.jpg
Étienne Trouvelot, c. 1870
Born(1827-12-26)December 26, 1827
Aisne, France
DiedApril 22, 1895(1895-04-22) (aged 67)
Meudon, France
Known forIntroducing the gypsy moth (a.k.a spongy moth) to North America
Scientific career
Fields Astronomy
Signature
E. L. Trouvelot signature.jpg
A Trouvelot lithograph depicting zodiacal light Zodiakallicht.jpg
A Trouvelot lithograph depicting zodiacal light

Étienne Léopold Trouvelot (December 26, 1827 – April 22, 1895) was a French artist, astronomer and amateur entomologist. [1] [2] He is noted for the import and release of the gypsy moth, also known as the spongy moth, into North America. The spread of the moths as an invasive species has resulted in damage to millions of trees throughout the eastern United States. [3]

Contents

Biography

Trouvelot was born at Aisne, France. Little is known about his early life, although it is possible he was a republican and anti-royalist. [4] Following a coup d'état by Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte in 1851, he fled with his family to the United States. They settled in the town of Medford, Massachusetts, a suburb of Boston, at the address of 27 Myrtle St. There he supported himself and his family as an artist and astronomer. [5]

Trouvelot had an interest as an amateur entomologist. In the U.S., silk-producing moths were being killed off by various diseases. Trouvelot was very interested in Lepidoptera larvae including native North American silk moths which he believed could potentially be used for silk production. For reasons that remain unknown, Trouvelot brought some spongy moth egg masses from Europe in the mid-1860s and was raising spongy moth larvae in the forest behind his house. Unfortunately, some of the larvae escaped into the nearby woods. Trouvelot likely mentioned the escape to local entomologists, and an entomology journal from 1870 claims the incident occurred the previous year. [6] [7] Some sources say Trouvelot issued warnings to government officials, but there is no record of these communications. [8] If he did, no officials were willing to assist in searching out and destroying the moths. [9]

Shortly following this incident, Trouvelot lost interest in entomology and turned again to astronomy. In this field he could put his skills as an artist to good use by illustrating his observations. His interest in astronomy was apparently aroused in 1870 when he witnessed several auroras.

When Joseph Winlock, the director of Harvard College Observatory, saw the quality of his illustrations, he invited Trouvelot to join the staff there in 1872. In 1875, he was invited to use the U. S. Naval Observatory to use the 26-inch refractor for a year. During the course of his life he produced about 7,000 quality astronomical illustrations. He first produced pastel illustrations and then fifteen of his most superb works were published as chromolithographs by Charles Scribner's Sons in 1881. [10] He was particularly interested in the Sun, and discovered "veiled spots" in 1875. He was elected a fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1877. [11]

Besides his illustrations, he published about 50 scientific papers.

By 1882, Trouvelot had returned to France and joined the Meudon Observatory where he worked with photography and became engaged in a bitter rivalry with his boss, the astronomer Jules Janssen. [12] This was a few years before the magnitude of the problem caused by his spongy moth release became apparent to the local government of Massachusetts. He died in Meudon, France. The spongy moth was considered a serious pest and attempts were underway to eradicate it (ultimately these were unsuccessful). To this date, the spongy moth continues to expand its range in the United States, and together with other foliage-eating pests, cause an estimated $868 million in annual damages. [13]

Awards and honors

See also

References

  1. ↑ Onion, Rebecca (January 21, 2015). "Beguiling 19th-Century Space Art, Made by a Self-Taught Astronomical Observer". Slate (blog).
  2. ↑ Étienne Léopold Trouvelot’s Stunning 19th-Century Astronomical Drawings of Celestial Objects and Phenomena
  3. ↑ Tobin, Patrick C.; Blackburn, Laura M. (2007). "Slow the Spread: a national program to manage the gypsy moth". Gen. Tech. Rep. NRS-6. Newtown Square, PA: U.S. Department of Agriculture, Forest Service, Northern Research Station. 109 P. 6. doi:10.2737/NRS-GTR-6.
  4. ↑ Hubbell, Sue; Schidlovsky, Dimitry (1993). Broadsides from the other orders: a book of bugs (1st ed.). New York: Random House. p. 175. ISBN   978-0-679-75300-1.
  5. ↑ Jimena Canales, A Tenth of A Second: A History (Chicago University Press, 2011)
  6. ↑ Forbush, Edward Howe; Forbush, Edward Howe; Fernald, C. H.; Massachusetts (1896). The gypsy moth. Porthetria dispar (Linn.). A report of the work of destroying the insect in the commonwealth of Massachusetts, together with an account of its history and habits both in Massachusetts and Europe. Boston: Wright & Potter Printing Co. pp. 3–4. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.42094.
  7. ↑ Riley, Charles V.; Vasey, George, eds. (1870). "Imported Insects and Native American Insects". The American Entomologist and Botanist. 2: 111.
  8. ↑ Spear, Robert J. (2005). The Great Gypsy Moth War: A History of the First Campaign in Massachusetts to Eradicate the Gypsy Moth, 18901901. University of Massachusetts Press. doi:10.2307/j.ctt5vk7pz.7. ISBN   978-1-55849-479-4. JSTOR   j.ctt5vk7pz.
  9. ↑ The Gypsy Moth: Research Toward Integrated Pest Management, United States Department of Agriculture, 1981
  10. ↑ Pasachoff, Jay M.; Olson, Roberta J.M. (2019). "Depictions of the Moon in Western Visual Culture". Oxford Research Encyclopedia of Planetary Science. doi:10.1093/acrefore/9780190647926.013.55. ISBN   978-0-19-064792-6.
  11. ↑ "Book of Members, 1780–2010: Chapter T" (PDF). American Academy of Arts and Sciences . Retrieved September 11, 2016.
  12. ↑ Jimena Canales, A Tenth of A Second: A History (Chicago University Press, 2011)
  13. ↑ ""Economic Impacts of Non-Native Forest Insects in the Continental United States" at Journalist's Resource.org".
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