Transylvania is a historical and cultural region in Central Europe, encompassing central Romania. To the east and south its natural border is the Carpathian Mountains and to the west the Apuseni Mountains. Broader definitions of Transylvania also include the western and northwestern Romanian regions of Crișana and Maramureș, and occasionally Banat. Historical Transylvania also includes small parts of neighbouring Western Moldavia and even a small part of south-western neighbouring Bukovina to its north east. The capital of the region is Cluj-Napoca.
The national flag of Romania is a tricolour. The Constitution of Romania states that "The flag of Romania is tricolour; the colours are arranged vertically in the following order from the flagpole: blue, yellow, red". The flag has a width-length ratio of 2:3; the proportions, shades of colour as well as the flag protocol were established by law in 1994, and extended in 2001.
The 41 județe and the municipality of Bucharest comprise the official administrative divisions of Romania. They also represent the European Union' s NUTS-3 geocode statistical subdivision scheme of Romania.
Maramureș County is a county (județ) in Romania, in the Maramureș region. The county seat is Baia Mare.
Suceava County is a county of Romania. Most of its territory lies in the southern part of the historical region of Bukovina, while the remainder forms part of Western Moldavia proper.
The coat of arms of Romania was adopted in the Romanian Parliament on 10 September 1992 as a representative coat of arms for Romania. The current coat of arms is based on the lesser coat of arms of interwar Kingdom of Romania, which was designed in 1921 by the Transylvanian Hungarian heraldist József Sebestyén from Cluj, at the request of King Ferdinand I of Romania, it was redesigned by Victor Dima. As a central element, it shows a golden aquila holding a cross in its beak, and a mace and a sword in its claws. It also consists of the three colors which represent the colors of the national flag. The coat of arms was augmented on 11 July 2016 to add a representation of the Steel Crown of Romania.
Romania's administration is relatively centralized and administrative subdivisions are therefore fairly simplified.
Ținutul Mării was one of the ten ținuturi ("lands") of Romania, founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It included parts of Wallachia, central Dobruja and the entire Southern Dobruja. It was named after the Black Sea, and had its capital in the city of Constanța. Ținutul Mării ceased to exist following the territorial losses to the Kingdom of Bulgaria and the king's abdication in 1940.
Ținutul Nistru was one of the ten ținuturi ("lands") of Romania, founded in 1938 after King Carol II, initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised most of Bessarabia, and its name was derived from the Dniester River. Its capital was the city of Chișinău. Ținutul Nistru ceased to exist de facto following the territorial losses of Romania to the Soviet Union in June 1940, while all authorities moved to Iași until the de jure dissolution of the land, on 22 September 1940.
Ținutul Prut was one of the ten Romanian ținuturi ("lands"), founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised parts of central Moldavia, and was named after the Prut River; its capital was the city of Iași. Ținutul Prut ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Soviet Union and the king's abdication in 1940.
Ținutul Suceava was one of the ten Romanian administrative regions (ținuturi) created on August 14, 1938, as a part of King Carol II's administrative reform. From August 14, 1938, to June 28, 1940, it included the whole of Bukovina, a county of Bessarabia (Hotin) and a county of Moldavia (Dorohoi). It was named after the river Suceava. Its administrative capital was the city of Cernăuți. After its northern part was ceded to the USSR on June 28, 1940, Ținutul Suceava was restructured on September 16, 1940, when Baia county became a part of the region, and abolished only a few days later, on September 22, 1940. Ținutul Suceava had two governors: Gheorghe Alexianu and Gheorghe Flondor. Alexianu's mandate was marked by the suppression of ethnic minority and Jewish rights.
Ținutul Mureș was one of the ten ținuturi ("lands") of Romania, founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised most of Transylvania, including parts of the Székely Land. Its capital was the city of Alba-Iulia. Ținutul Mureș ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to Hungary and the king's abdication in 1940.
Ținutul Timiș was one of the ten Romanian ținuturi ("lands"), founded in 1938 after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. It comprised the Romanian Banat and parts of Transylvania, and was named after the Timiș River; its capital was the city of Timișoara. Ținutul Timiș ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Axis powers and the king's abdication in 1940.
The Romanian government is the armiger in Romania. It exercises this right under the mandatory advice of the National Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy and Sigillography. The committee is subordinate to the Romanian Academy. All the coats of arms of Romanian institutions must be approved by this committee with two exceptions. The Romanian military is subject to the Ministry of National Defense Heraldric Committee, and Romanian law enforcement institutions are subject to the Ministry of Administration and Interior Heraldric Committee. Both of these committees may share members with the National Committee of Heraldry, Genealogy and Sigillography.
The colors of the national flag of Romania has a long history, though the association of the three colors only dates to the 18th century. Red, yellow and blue were found on late 16th-century royal grants of Michael the Brave, as well as shields and banners. Thus, the late 13th century Wijnbergen armorial shows the coat of arms of the Wallachian ruler Litovoi as consisting of a shield of ten vertically alternating gold-and-red bands,. The same two colors, gules and or, also appeared on the late 15th century flag and coat of arms of Moldavia, during the reign of Stephen the Great. Then, from the late 16th century until the mid-17th century, the historical coat of arms of Transylvania gradually developed as a shield party per fess, consisting of a black eagle on blue background in the upper field, a dividing red band in the middle, and seven red towers on golden background in the lower field. Finally, in the last quarter of the 18th century, Bukovina gets its own coat of arms from the Habsburg Empire, a blue-and-red shield party per pale with a black aurochs' head in the middle, and three golden six-pointed stars surrounding it. During the Wallachian uprising of 1821, these three colors were present, along others, on the canvas of the revolutionaries' flag and its fringes; for the first time a meaning was attributed to them: "Liberty (blue-sky), Justice, Fraternity ( blood)".
The Rodna Mountains National Park is a protected area situated in Romania, in the administrative territory of counties Bistrița-Năsăud, Maramureș, and Suceava.
A new territorial division of the Romanian People's Republic was introduced in 1950. Following the Soviet model, a structure of regions and raions (districts) was created, replacing the former system of județe (counties) and their subdivisions. Further changes were implemented during the 1950s and 1960s.
Ținutul Olt was one of the ten Romanian ținuturi ("lands") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. Roughly corresponding to the historical region of Oltenia and named after the Olt River and the Jiu River, it had its capital in the city of Craiova. Ținutul Olt ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania to the Axis powers and the king's abdication in 1940.
Ținutul Bucegi was one of the ten Romanian ținuturi ("lands") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. Named after the Bucegi Mountains and extending over historical areas of Wallachia and South-Eastern Transylvania, it had its capital in the city of Bucharest. Ținutul Bucegi ceased to exist following the territorial losses of Romania and the king's abdication in 1940.
Ținutul Dunărea de Jos was one of the ten Romanian ținuturi ("lands") founded in 1938, after King Carol II initiated an institutional reform by modifying the 1923 Constitution and the law of territorial administration. Named after the Danube River and extending over historical areas of Moldavia, parts of Northern Dobruja, and an area of Wallachia around Brăila. Its capital was the city of Galați. Ținutul Dunărea de Jos ceased to exist following the Soviet occupation of Bessarabia and northern Bukovina and the king's abdication in 1940.
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