1600

1600 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1600; MDC
Ab urbe condita	2353
Armenian calendar	1049; ԹՎ ՌԽԹ
Assyrian calendar	6350
Balinese saka calendar	1521–1522
Bengali calendar	1007
Berber calendar	2550
English Regnal year	42 Eliz. 1 – 43 Eliz. 1
Buddhist calendar	2144
Burmese calendar	962
Byzantine calendar	7108–7109
Chinese calendar	己亥年 (Earth Pig); 4296 or 4236; — to —; 庚子年 (Metal Rat); 4297 or 4237
Coptic calendar	1316–1317
Discordian calendar	2766
Ethiopian calendar	1592–1593
Hebrew calendar	5360–5361
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1656–1657
- Shaka Samvat	1521–1522
- Kali Yuga	4700–4701
Holocene calendar	11600
Igbo calendar	600–601
Iranian calendar	978–979
Islamic calendar	1008–1009
Japanese calendar	Keichō 5; (慶長５年)
Javanese calendar	1520–1521
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3933
Minguo calendar	312 before ROC ; 民前312年
Nanakshahi calendar	132
Thai solar calendar	2142–2143
Tibetan calendar	阴土猪年; (female Earth-Pig); 1726 or 1345 or 573; — to —; 阳金鼠年; (male Iron-Rat); 1727 or 1346 or 574

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	15th century ; 16th century ; 17th century ;
Decades:	1580s ; 1590s ; 1600s ; 1610s ; 1620s ;
Years:	1597 ; 1598 ; 1599 ; 1600 ; 1601 ; 1602 ; 1603 ;

Last updated August 19, 2019

1600 ( MDC ) was a century leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar. It was the last century leap year until the year 2000.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value:

In the Gregorian calendar, a year ending in "00" that is divisible by 400 is a century leap year, with the intercalation of February 29 yielding 366 days instead of 365. Century years that are not divisible by 400 are not leap years but common years of 365 days. For example, the years 1600, 2000, and 2400 are century leap years since those numbers are divisible by 400, while 1700, 1800, 1900, 2100, 2200, and 2300 are common years despite being divisible by 4. Leap years divisible by 400 always start on a Saturday; thus the leap day February 29 in those years always falls on a Tuesday.

A leap year starting on Saturday is any year with 366 days that begins on Saturday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letters hence are BA, such as the years 1820, 1848, 1876, 1916, 1944, 1972, 2000, 2028, 2056, 2084, 2124, 2152, and 2180 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2012 and 2040 in the obsolete Julian calendar. In the Gregorian calendar all centennial leap years start on Saturday; the next such year will be 2400, see below for more.

Events

January–June

January 1 – Scotland adopts January 1 as New Year's Day instead of March 25.
January
- Hugh O'Neill, 2nd Earl of Tyrone, renews the Nine Years' War (Ireland) against England with an invasion of Munster.^[1]
- Sebald de Weert makes the first definite sighting of the Falkland Islands.
The Nine Years' War, sometimes called Tyrone's Rebellion, took place in Ireland from 1593 to 1603. It was fought between an Irish alliance—led mainly by Hugh O'Neill of Tyrone and Hugh Roe O'Donnell of Tyrconnell—against English rule in Ireland, and was a response to the then-ongoing Tudor conquest of Ireland. The war was fought in all parts of the country, but mainly in the northern province of Ulster. The Irish alliance won some important early victories, such as the Battle of Clontibret (1595) and the Battle of the Yellow Ford (1598), but the English won a decisive victory against the alliance and their Spanish allies in the Siege of Kinsale (1601-2). The war ended with the Treaty of Mellifont (1603). Many of the defeated northern lords left Ireland to seek support for a new uprising in the Flight of the Earls (1607), never to return. This marked the end of Gaelic Ireland and led to the Plantation of Ulster.
Munster is one of the provinces of Ireland, in the south west of Ireland. In early Ireland, the Kingdom of Munster was one of the kingdoms of Gaelic Ireland ruled by a "king of over-kings". Following the Norman invasion of Ireland, the ancient kingdoms were shired into counties for administrative and judicial purposes. In later centuries, local government legislation has seen further sub-division of the historic counties.
Sebald or Sebalt de Weert was a Dutch captain and vice-admiral of the Dutch East India Company. He is most widely remembered for accurately plotting the Falkland Islands in 1600.
February 17 – Giordano Bruno is burned at the stake for heresy in Rome.
February 19 – Huaynaputina volcano in Peru undergoes a catastrophic eruption, the worst to be recorded in South America.
March 20 – Linköping Bloodbath: Five Swedish nobles are publicly executed by decapitation and Polish–Swedish King Sigismund III Vasa is de facto deposed as ruler of Sweden.
April 19 – The first Dutch ship ever to arrive in Japan, the Liefde ("Love"), anchors in Sashifu, in the Bungo area (modern-day Usuki in Oita Prefecture). The sailors present on this ship are William Adams, Jan Joosten, Jacob Quaeckernaeck and Melchior van Santvoort.

January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year. This day is known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. It is also the first day of the first quarter of the year and the first half of the year.

The Kingdom of Scotland was a sovereign state in northwest Europe traditionally said to have been founded in 843. Its territories expanded and shrank, but it came to occupy the northern third of the island of Great Britain, sharing a land border to the south with the Kingdom of England. It suffered many invasions by the English, but under Robert I it fought a successful War of Independence and remained an independent state throughout the late Middle Ages. In 1603, James VI of Scotland became King of England, joining Scotland with England in a personal union. In 1707, the two kingdoms were united to form the Kingdom of Great Britain under the terms of the Acts of Union. Following the annexation of the Northern Isles from the Kingdom of Norway in 1472 and final capture of the Royal Burgh of Berwick by the Kingdom of England in 1482, the territory of the Kingdom of Scotland corresponded to that of modern-day Scotland, bounded by the North Sea to the east, the Atlantic Ocean to the north and west, and the North Channel and Irish Sea to the southwest.

New Year's Day, also simply called New Year or New Year's, is observed on January 1, the first day of the year on the modern Gregorian calendar as well as the Julian calendar.

July–December

July 2 – Eighty Years' War (Dutch War of Independence): Battle of Nieuwpoort – The Dutch Republic gains a tactical victory over the Spanish Empire.^[2]
July – Martin Möller is appointed chief pastor of Görlitz.
August 5 – The brothers Alexander Ruthven and John Ruthven, 3rd Earl of Gowrie, are killed during a failed attempt to kidnap or murder King James VI of Scotland at their home.
Autumn
- Thessaly rebellion: Greeks in Thessaly, incited by Bishop Dionysios Skylosophos, attempt to rebel against the Ottoman Empire.
- A Persian embassy arrives in Prague and meets with Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor.
The Thessaly rebellion was a Greek revolt against the Ottoman Empire in Thessaly in 1600–01 led by bishop Dionysios of Larissa. Educated in Italy, and serving since 1592 as the metropolitan bishop of Larissa, Dionysios had in 1598 sent a monk from Ioannina to the Republic of Venice to urge the Greek community there to request ammunition and arms from Rudolf II, Holy Roman Emperor, Philip III of Spain and Pope Clement VIII for a Greek rebellion. Orthodox Christian leaders had requested aid from Western powers in the previous years. In 1599 or early 1600, inhabitants of Epirus, Macedonia and Thessaly assured the Pope through correspondence that they were ready to die for Christianity and asked him to rise against the Ottoman Empire, to save them from 'the relentless tyrant'. Although the mission was deemed a failure, Dionysios was persistent, and began holding on to the poll tax and ecclesiastical revenues which in fact was to be handed over to the Orthodox Patriarchate. Breaking out in the autumn of 1600, the rebellion was quickly suppressed, with harsh reprisal. Laymen and priests were executed, including bishop Serapheim of Phanari.
Dionysios Skylosophos, "the Dog-Philosopher" or "Dogwise" ("skylosophist"), as called by his rivals, was a Greek Orthodox bishop who led two farmer revolts against the Ottoman Empire, in Thessaly (1600) and Ioannina (1611), with Spanish aid.
The Ottoman Empire, historically known to its inhabitants and the Eastern world as Rome (Rûm), and known in Western Europe as the Turkish Empire or simply Turkey, was a state that controlled much of Southeast Europe, Western Asia and North Africa between the 14th and early 20th centuries. It was founded at the end of the 13th century in northwestern Anatolia in the town of Söğüt by the Oghuz Turkish tribal leader Osman I. Although initially the dynasty was of Turkic origin, it was thoroughly Persianised in terms of language, culture, literature and habits. After 1354, the Ottomans crossed into Europe, and with the conquest of the Balkans, the Ottoman beylik was transformed into a transcontinental empire. The Ottomans ended the Byzantine Empire with the 1453 conquest of Constantinople by Mehmed the Conqueror.
October 6 – Première of Jacopo Peri's Euridice , the earliest known fully surviving work of modern opera, produced by Emilio de' Cavalieri for the wedding of Henry IV of France and Maria de' Medici in Florence.
October 21 – Battle of Sekigahara in Japan: Tokugawa Ieyasu gains nominal control over the whole country.
December 31 – The East India Company is granted a Royal Charter in the Kingdom of England for trade with Asia.

July 2 is the 183rd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 182 days remain until the end of the year.

Eighty Years War 16th and 17th-century Dutch revolt against the Habsburgs

The Eighty Years' War or Dutch War of Independence (1568–1648) was a revolt of the Seventeen Provinces of what are today the Netherlands, Belgium, and Luxembourg against Philip II of Spain, the sovereign of the Habsburg Netherlands. After the initial stages, Philip II deployed his armies and regained control over most of the rebelling provinces. Under the leadership of the exiled William the Silent, the northern provinces continued their resistance. They eventually were able to oust the Habsburg armies, and in 1581 they established the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. The war continued in other areas, although the heartland of the republic was no longer threatened; this included the beginnings of the Dutch Colonial Empire, which at the time were conceived as carrying overseas the war with Spain. The Dutch Republic was recognized by Spain and the major European powers in 1609 at the start of the Twelve Years' Truce. Hostilities broke out again around 1619, as part of the broader Thirty Years' War. An end was reached in 1648 with the Peace of Münster, when the Dutch Republic was definitively recognised as an independent country no longer part of the Holy Roman Empire. The Peace of Münster is sometimes considered the beginning of the Dutch Golden Age.

The Battle of Nieuwpoort, between a Dutch army under Maurice of Nassau and Francis Vere and a Spanish army under Albert of Austria, took place on 2 July 1600 near the present-day Belgian city Nieuwpoort.

Date unknown

Approximate date – The Lutheran orthodox campaign intensifies, to reinforce the Book of Concord .
Caister Castle in England falls into ruin.
Sumo wrestling becomes a professional sport in Japan.
William Shakespeare's plays Henry IV, Part 2 , Henry V , The Merchant of Venice , A Midsummer Night's Dream and Much Ado About Nothing are published in London.^[1]
William Gilbert publishes De Magnete , one of the first significant scientific books published in England, describing the Earth's magnetic field, and the beginning of modern geomagnetism.
Fabritio Caroso's dance manual Nobiltà de dame is published.

The Book of Concord (1580) or Concordia is the historic doctrinal standard of the Lutheran Church, consisting of ten credal documents recognized as authoritative in Lutheranism since the 16th century. They are also known as the symbolical books of the Evangelical Lutheran Church.

Caister Castle is a 15th-century moated castle situated in the parish of West Caister, some 5 km (3.1 mi) north of the town of Great Yarmouth in the English county of Norfolk.

Sumo is a form of competitive full-contact wrestling where a rikishi (wrestler) attempts to force his opponent out of a circular ring (dohyō) or into touching the ground with any body part other than the soles of his feet.

Births

January–March

January 1 – Friedrich Spanheim, Calvinistic theology professor at the University of Leiden (d. 1649)
January 17 – Pedro Calderón de la Barca, Spanish playwright (d. 1681)
January 22 – Elisabet Juliana Banér, Swedish noble (d. 1640)
January 23 – Alexander Keirincx, Flemish painter (d. 1652)
January 28 – Pope Clement IX (d. 1669)
February – Edmund Calamy the Elder, English Presbyterian (d. 1666)
February 1 – Johan Evertsen, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)
February 2 – Gabriel Naudé, French librarian and scholar (d. 1653)
February 6 – Matthew Brend, English landowner (d. 1659)
February 9 – Jean-Joseph Surin, French Jesuit writer (d. 1665)
February 24 – Manuel António of Portugal, Dutch-Portuguese nobleman (d. 1666)
February 26 – Matsudaira Norinaga, Japanese daimyō (d. 1654)
March 3
- George Ghica, Prince of Wallachia (d. 1664)
- Robert Roberthin, German poet (d. 1648)
March 19 – Anders Bille, Danish general (d. 1657)
March 26 – Matthew Marvin, Sr., Connecticut settler (d. 1678)

April–June

April 11 – Jacques Buteux, French missionary (d. 1652)
April 13 – Duke Johann Wilhelm of Saxe-Altenburg, colonel in the Saxon Army (d. 1632)
April 22 – Alessandro dal Borro, Austrian Field Marshal (d. 1656)
May 25 – Thomas Hamilton, 2nd Earl of Haddington, Scottish noble (d. 1640)
May 31 – Empress Xiaoduanwen of the Qing Dynasty (d. 1649)
June 26 – Juan de Palafox y Mendoza, Spanish politician, clergyman (d. 1659)
June 29 – Maria Maddalena de' Medici, Italian princess (d. 1633)

July–September

Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg Eleonora Marija, meklenburska vojvodinja (1652).jpg — Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg

July 1 – George Gobat, French theologian (d. 1679)
July 15 – Jan Cossiers, Flemish painter (d. 1671)
July 20 – Sir Edward Acton, 1st Baronet, Sheriff of Shropshire (d. 1659)
July 22
- Sir Hugh Cholmeley, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1657)
- Michel de Marolles, French translator and churchman (d. 1681)
August 7 – Eleonore Marie of Anhalt-Bernburg, Duchess consort of Mecklenburg-Güstrow (d. 1657)
August 16 – Maria Celeste, Italian nun, daughter of Galileo Galilei (d. 1634)
August 24 – Antoine de Laloubère, French Jesuit mathematician (d. 1664)
August 29 – John Stawell, English Member of Parliament and governor of Taunton (d. 1662)
September 5 – Loreto Vittori, Italian singer and composer (d. 1670)
September 19
- Hermann Busenbaum, German Jesuit theologian (d. 1668)
- John Frederick, Duke of Saxe-Weimar (d. 1628)
September 29 – Sir Thomas Aston, 1st Baronet, English politician (d. 1645)
September 30 – Francis Bacon, English politician and Ipswich MP (d. 1663)