1610

1610 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1610; MDCX
Ab urbe condita	2363
Armenian calendar	1059; ԹՎ ՌԾԹ
Assyrian calendar	6360
Balinese saka calendar	1531–1532
Bengali calendar	1017
Berber calendar	2560
English Regnal year	7 Ja. 1 – 8 Ja. 1
Buddhist calendar	2154
Burmese calendar	972
Byzantine calendar	7118–7119
Chinese calendar	己酉年 (Earth Rooster); 4306 or 4246; — to —; 庚戌年 (Metal Dog); 4307 or 4247
Coptic calendar	1326–1327
Discordian calendar	2776
Ethiopian calendar	1602–1603
Hebrew calendar	5370–5371
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1666–1667
- Shaka Samvat	1531–1532
- Kali Yuga	4710–4711
Holocene calendar	11610
Igbo calendar	610–611
Iranian calendar	988–989
Islamic calendar	1018–1019
Japanese calendar	Keichō 15; (慶長１５年)
Javanese calendar	1530–1531
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 10 days
Korean calendar	3943
Minguo calendar	302 before ROC ; 民前302年
Nanakshahi calendar	142
Thai solar calendar	2152–2153
Tibetan calendar	阴土鸡年; (female Earth-Rooster); 1736 or 1355 or 583; — to —; 阳金狗年; (male Iron-Dog); 1737 or 1356 or 584

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	16th century ; 17th century ; 18th century ;
Decades:	1590s ; 1600s ; 1610s ; 1620s ; 1630s ;
Years:	1607 ; 1608 ; 1609 ; 1610 ; 1611 ; 1612 ; 1613 ;

Last updated March 02, 2019

1610 ( MDCX ) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar , the 1610th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 610th year of the 2nd millennium , the 10th year of the 17th century , and the 1st year of the 1610s decade. As of the start of 1610, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923. Some have suggested that 1610 may mark the beginning of the Anthropocene, or the 'Age of Man', marking a fundamental change in the relationship between humans and the Earth system, but earlier starting dates (ca. 1000 C.E.) have received broader consensus, based on high resolution pollution records that show the massive impact of human activity on the atmosphere.^[1]^[2]^[3]

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, employ seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value, as follows:

A common year is a calendar year with 365 days, as distinguished from a leap year, which has 366. More generally, a common year is one without intercalation. The Gregorian calendar,, employs both common years and leap years to keep the calendar aligned with the tropical year, which does not contain an exact number of days.

A common year starting on Friday is any non-leap year that begins on Friday, 1 January, and ends on Friday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is C. The most recent year of such kind was 2010 and the next one will be 2021 in the Gregorian calendar, or, likewise, 2011 and 2022 in the obsolete Julian calendar. The century year, 2100, will also be a common year starting on Friday in the Gregorian calendar. See below for more. Any common year that starts on Wednesday, Friday or Saturday has only one Friday the 13th; The only Friday the 13th in this common year occurs in August. Leap years starting on Thursday share this characteristic, but also have another one in February.

Events

August 2: Henry Hudson sails into Hudson Bay. Hudsonbay.png — August 2: Henry Hudson sails into Hudson Bay.

January–June

January 6 – Nossa Senhora da Graça incident: A Portuguese carrack sinks near Nagasaki, after fighting Japanese samurai for four nights.
January 7 – Galileo Galilei first observes the four Galilean moons of Jupiter: Ganymede, Callisto, Europa and Io, but is unable to distinguish the latter two until the following day.
May 14 – François Ravaillac assassinates Henry IV of France.
May 23 – Jamestown, Virginia: Acting as temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, along with John Rolfe, Captain Ralph Hamor, Sir George Somers, and other survivors from the Sea Venture (wrecked at Bermuda) arrive at Jamestown; they find that 60 have survived the "starving time" (winter), the fort palisades and gates have been torn down, and empty houses have been used for firewood, in fear of attacks by natives outside the fort area.
May 24 – Jamestown, Virginia: The temporary Governor, Thomas Gates, issues The Divine, Moral, and Martial Laws.
May 27 – Regicide François Ravaillac is executed by being pulled apart by horses in the Place de Grève, Paris.
June 7 – Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates decides to abandon Jamestown.
June 8 – Jamestown: Temporary Governor Gates' convoy meets the ships of Governor Thomas West, 3rd Baron De La Warr ( Delaware ) at Mulberry Island.
June 10 – Jamestown: The convoy of temporary Governor Gates, and the ships of Governor Lord De La Warr, land at Jamestown.

January 6 is the sixth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 359 days remaining until the end of the year.

The Nossa Senhora da Graça incident (ノサ・セニョーラ・ダ・グラサ号事件), alternatively called the Madre de Deus incident (マードレ・デ・デウス号事件), was a four-day naval action between a Portuguese carrack and samurai junks belonging to the Arima clan near the waters of Nagasaki in 1610. The richly laden "great ship of commerce", famed as the "black ship" by the Japanese, sank after its captain André Pessoa set the gunpowder storage on fire as the vessel was overrun by samurai. This desperate and fatal resistance impressed the Japanese at the time, and memories of the event persisted even into the 19th century.

A carrack was a three- or four-masted ocean-going sailing ship that was developed in the 13th to 15th centuries in Europe. Evolved from the single-masted cog, the carrack was first used for European trade from the Mediterranean to the Baltic and quickly found use with the newly found wealth and status of the trans-Atlantic slave trade. In its most advanced forms, it was used by the Portuguese for trade along the African coast and finally with Asia and America from the 15th century before evolving into the galleon of the 16th and 17th centuries.

July–December

July – Monteverdi's Vespro della Beata Vergine (Marian Vespers) are published in Venice.
July 4 – Polish–Muscovite War – Battle of Klushino: The outnumbered forces of the Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth defeat the combined Russian and Swedish armies; Polish troops go on to occupy Moscow.
July 5 – John Guy sets sail from Bristol, with 39 other colonists, for Newfoundland.
July 9 – Lady Arbella Stuart, a claimant to the throne of England, is imprisoned for clandestinely marrying William Seymour, 2nd Duke of Somerset, another claimant, without royal permission on June 22.^[4]
August 2 – Henry Hudson sails into what is now known as Hudson Bay, thinking he has made it through the Northwest Passage and reached the Pacific Ocean.
August 9 – Anglo-Powhatan Wars: The English launch a major attack on the Paspahegh village, capturing and executing the native queen and her children, burning houses and chopping down the corn fields; the subsequent use of the term "Paspahegh" in documents refers to their former territory.
August 21 – The Tuscans fight the Turks.
October 9 – Poland, under the command of Hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski, take control of the Kremlin during the Polish–Muscovite War.
October 10 – The Tuscans fight the Turks again.
October 17 – Louis XIII of France is crowned.

Vespro della Beata Vergine – more properly in Latin Vesperæ in Festis Beatæ Mariæ Virginis, or casually Vespers of 1610 – is a musical composition by Claudio Monteverdi. The term "Vespers" is taken from the Hours of the Divine Office, a set of daily prayers of the Catholic Church which have remained structurally unchanged for 1500 years. In scale, Monteverdi's Vespers was the most ambitious work of religious music before Bach. This 90-minute piece includes soloists, chorus, and orchestra and has both liturgical and extra-liturgical elements.

July 4 is the 185th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 180 days remaining until the end of the year. The Aphelion, the point in the year when the Earth is farthest from the Sun, occurs around this date.

The Battle of Klushino, or the Battle of Kłuszyn, was fought on 4 July 1610, between forces of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Tsardom of Russia during the Polish–Muscovite War, part of Russia's Time of Troubles. The battle occurred near the village of Klushino near Smolensk. In the battle the outnumbered Polish force secured a decisive victory over Russia, due to the tactical competence of hetman Stanisław Żółkiewski and the military prowess of Polish hussars, the elite of the army of the Crown of the Kingdom of Poland. The battle is remembered as one of the greatest triumphs of the Polish cavalry and an example of excellence and supremacy of the Polish military at the time.

Date unknown

The Manchu tribal leader Nurhaci breaks his relations with the Ming dynasty of China, at this time under the aloof and growingly negligent Wanli Emperor; Nurhaci's line later becomes the emperors of the Qing dynasty, which overthrows the short-lived Shun dynasty in 1644, and the remnants of the Ming throne in 1662.
The Orion Nebula is discovered by Nicolas-Claude Fabri de Peiresc.
Publication is completed of the Douay–Rheims Bible (The Holie Bible Faithfully Translated into English), a translation of the Bible from the Latin Vulgate into English made by members of the English College, Douai, in the service of the Catholic Church.^[5]
Jakob Böhme experiences another inner vision, in which he believes that he further understands the unity of the cosmos, and that he has received a special vocation from God.
Work starts on the Wignacourt Aqueduct, in Malta.
Santa Fe, New Mexico is founded as the oldest city in the state.
Approximate date – First shipments of tea to Europe, by the Dutch East India Company.
Winter – Dr. Bonham's Case is decided by Edward Coke, Chief Justice of the Common Pleas of England. Coke affirms the supremacy of the common law, which limits the power of Parliament as well as the king.

The Manchu or Manzu are an ethnic minority in China and the people from whom Manchuria derives its name. They are sometimes called "red-tasseled Manchus", a reference to the ornamentation on traditional Manchu hats. The Later Jin (1616–1636), and Qing dynasty (1636–1912) were established and ruled by Manchus, who are descended from the Jurchen people who earlier established the Jin dynasty (1115–1234) in China.

Nurhaci was a Jurchen chieftain who rose to prominence in the late 16th century in Manchuria. Nurhaci was part of the Aisin Gioro clan, and reigned from 1616 to his death in September 1626.

The Ming dynasty was the ruling dynasty of China – then known as the Great Ming Empire – for 276 years (1368–1644) following the collapse of the Mongol-led Yuan dynasty. The Ming dynasty was the last imperial dynasty in China ruled by ethnic Han Chinese. Although the primary capital of Beijing fell in 1644 to a rebellion led by Li Zicheng, regimes loyal to the Ming throne – collectively called the Southern Ming – survived until 1683.

Births

January–March

January 9 – George Wilde, Irish bishop (d. 1665)
January 10 – Louis Maimbourg, French Jesuit historian (d. 1686)
January 12 – Reinhold Curicke, jurist and historian from Danzig (Gdańsk) < (d. 1667)
January 13 – Archduchess Maria Anna of Austria, Electress of Bavaria (d. 1665)
January 21 – Elizabeth Fones, American settler (d. 1673)
January 26 – Henry Hildyard, English Member of Parliament (d. 1674)
February 2
- Francisco Ignacio Alcina, Jesuit missionary and historian (d. 1674)
- Pierre Bourdelot, French physician (d. 1685)
- Edmund Weaver, English politician (d. 1672)
Francisco Ignacio (de) Alcina SJ was a Spanish historian and a Jesuit missionary in the Philippines. He served as parish priest in the Visayan islands for 37 years. Most of those years were spent among the natives whom he used to call "My beloved Bisayans".
1674 (MDCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1674th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 674th year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1670s decade. As of the start of 1674, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.
Pierre Michon Bourdelot was a French physician, anatomist, libertine and freethinker.
February 11 – Salomon Idler, German inventor (d. 1669)
February 13 – Jean de Labadie, 17th-century French pietist (d. 1674)
February 14 – Solomon Swale, English politician (d. 1678)
March 3 – Pierre Dupuis, French painter (d. 1682)
March 4 (bapt.) – William Dobson, English portraitist and painter (d. 1646)
March 14
- Frederick Cornwallis, 1st Baron Cornwallis, English politician (d. 1662)
- Simon Louis, Count of Lippe-Detmolt (1627–1636) (d. 1636)

January 9 is the ninth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 356 days remaining until the end of the year.

George Wilde was Bishop of Derry from 1661 to 1665.

1665 (MDCLXV) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1665th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 665th year of the 2nd millennium, the 65th year of the 17th century, and the 6th year of the 1660s decade. As of the start of 1665, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

April–June

April 22 – Pope Alexander VIII (d. 1691)
May 12 – Arent Berntsen, Norwegian statistician (d. 1680)
May 17 – Joseph Poncet, French missionary (d. 1675)
May 18 – Stefano della Bella, Italian printmaker (d. 1664)
June 1 – Hendrik Martenszoon Sorgh, Dutch painter (d. 1670)
June 17 – Birgitte Thott, Danish scholar, writer and translator (b. 1662)
June 24 – Thomas Hales, Connecticut settler (d. 1679)

July–September

July 2 – Francis Browne, 3rd Viscount Montagu in the Peerage of England (d. 1682)
July 6 – Hugh Forth, English politician (d. 1676)
July 8 (bapt.)– Richard Deane, English military commander and regicide (d. 1653)
July 11 – William Widdrington, 1st Baron Widdrington, English landowner, politician (d. 1651)
July 14 – Ferdinando II de' Medici, Grand Duke of Tuscany (d. 1670)
July 18 – Antonio de Solís y Ribadeneyra, Spanish dramatist and historian (d. 1686)
July 28 (bapt.)– Henry Glapthorne, English dramatist (d. c.1643)
July 30 – Lorens von der Linde, Swedish field marshal (d. 1670)
August 2 – Edward Master, English politician (d. 1691)
August 4 – Cornelis Evertsen the Elder, Dutch admiral (d. 1666)
August 23 – Susanna Margarete of Anhalt-Dessau, Princess of Anhalt-Dessau (d. 1663)
September 4 – Giovanni Andrea Sirani, Italian painter (d. 1670)
September 6
- Francesco I d'Este, Duke of Modena, Italian noble (d. 1658)
- Luke Robinson, English politician (d. 1669)
- David Wemyss, 2nd Earl of Wemyss, Scottish earl (d. 1679)
September 10 – Sir Edward Seymour, 3rd Baronet, Member of Parliament (d. 1688)
September 24 – Huang Zongxi, Chinese political theorist, philosopher, naturalist, writer and soldier (d. 1695)
September 28 – Henry Hastings, 1st Baron Loughborough, English Royalist army commander in the English Civil War (d. 1666)
September 29 – Gabriel Druillettes, French missionary (d. 1681)