1748

October 12: The Battle of Havana is fought in the Caribbean between Britain's Royal Navy and the Spanish Fleet.(1770 painting by Richard Paton)

1748 in various calendars

Gregorian calendar	1748 MDCCXLVIII
Ab urbe condita	2501
Armenian calendar	1197 ԹՎ ՌՃՂԷ
Assyrian calendar	6498
Balinese saka calendar	1669–1670
Bengali calendar	1154–1155
Berber calendar	2698
British Regnal year	21  Geo. 2  – 22  Geo. 2
Buddhist calendar	2292
Burmese calendar	1110
Byzantine calendar	7256–7257
Chinese calendar	丁卯年 (Fire  Rabbit) 4445 or 4238     — to — 戊辰年 (Earth  Dragon) 4446 or 4239
Coptic calendar	1464–1465
Discordian calendar	2914
Ethiopian calendar	1740–1741
Hebrew calendar	5508–5509
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1804–1805
- Shaka Samvat	1669–1670
- Kali Yuga	4848–4849
Holocene calendar	11748
Igbo calendar	748–749
Iranian calendar	1126–1127
Islamic calendar	1160–1162
Japanese calendar	Enkyō 5 / Kan'en 1 (寛延元年)
Javanese calendar	1672–1673
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar	4081
Minguo calendar	164 before ROC 民前164年
Nanakshahi calendar	280
Thai solar calendar	2290–2291
Tibetan calendar	阴火兔年 (female Fire-Rabbit) 1874 or 1493 or 721     — to — 阳土龙年 (male Earth-Dragon) 1875 or 1494 or 722

1748 (MDCCXLVIII) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar  and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1748th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 748th year of the 2nd millennium, the 48th year of the 18th century, and the 9th year of the 1740s decade. As of the start of 1748, the Gregorian calendar was 11days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Events

January–March

• January 12 – Ahmad Shah Durrani captures Lahore. ^[1]
• January 27 – A fire at the prison and barracks at Kinsale, in Ireland, kills 54 of the prisoners of war housed there. An estimated 500 prisoners are safely conducted to another prison. ^[2]
• February 7 – The San Gabriel mission project begins with the founding of the first Roman Catholic missions further northward in the Viceroyalty of New Spain, in what is now central Texas. On orders of the Viceroy, Juan Francisco de Güemes, Friar Mariano Marti establish the San Francisco Xavier mission at a location on the San Gabriel River in what is now Milam County. ^[3] The mission, located northeast of the future site of Austin, Texas, is attacked by 60 Apache Indians on May 2, and San Xavier is abandoned after a few years.
• March 11 – In battle near Manupur (15 kilometres (9.3 mi) northwest of Sirhind), Mughal forces under Prince Ahmad Shah Bahadur are victorious against Ahmad Shah Durrani.
• March 25 – A fire in the City of London starts at Change Alley in Cornhill and continues for two days. Dr. Samuel Johnson later writes, "The conflagration of a city, with all its turmoil and concominant distress, is one of the most dreadful spectacles which this world can afford to human eyes". ^[2] Another history notes more than a century later that "the fire led to a great increase in the practice of fire insurance", after the blaze causes more than £1,000,000 worth of damage.

April–June

• April 15 – The Siege of the Dutch fortress of Maastricht is started by the French under the command of Maurice de Saxe as part of the War of the Austrian Succession. The fortress falls on May 7 after a little more than three weeks.
• April 24 – A congress assembles at Aix-la-Chapelle (now Aachen), with the intent to conclude the War of the Austrian Succession. The treaty is signed on October 18.
• May 10 – As word arrives that the Dutch Republic has agreed to return control of Maastricht to France, the French Army's leader of the siege, Count Löwendal, marches through the opened city gates with his troops and accepts its surrender. ^[4]
• June 1
  • A fire in Moscow kills 482 people and destroys 5,000 buildings. ^[2]
  • José de Escandón is designated by the Viceroy of New Spain as the first Royal Governor of Nuevo Santander. The area covered by the Viceroyalty's new province is now part of the Mexican state of Tamaulipas, and the part of the U.S. state of Texas south of the Guadalupe River (including San Antonio and Corpus Christi).

July–September

• July 29 – Royal Navy Admiral Edward Boscawen arrives at the coast of southeastern India with 28 ships, to defend Fort St. David from attacks by armies of French India. Historian Francis Grose later writes that Boscawen had brought the largest fleet "ever seen together in the East Indies", with nine ships of the line, two frigates, a sloop, and two tenders" ^[5] and 14 ships of the British East India Company. Altogether, Boscawen has 3,580 sailors under his command. He then launches an offensive to destroy the French fort at Pondicherry and drive France from the subcontinent.
• August 26 – The first Lutheran Church body in America is founded at a conference in Philadelphia, organized by German-born evangelist Henry Muhlenberg and attended by pastors of orthodox and pious Lutheran communities. ^[6] The two groups agree to create a common liturgy to govern public worship.
• August – The Camberwell beauty butterfly is named after specimens found at Camberwell in London.
• September 24 – Shah Rukh becomes ruler of Greater Khorasan.

October –December

• October 12 – War of Jenkins' Ear – Battle of Havana: a British Caribbean squadron engages a Spanish squadron based near Havana. ^[7]
• October 18 – War of the Austrian Succession: The Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle is signed to end the war. Great Britain obtains Madras, in India, from France, in exchange for the fortress of Louisbourg in Canada.
• November 22 – The Electorate of Hanover (now occupied by most of the northwestern German state of Niedersachsen or Lower Saxony) issues a decree banishing all adherents of the Moravian Church. ^[8]
• December 4 – Austria and Spain sign a second treaty to settle the War of the Austrian Succession, and Austria agrees to remove its troops from Modena and Genoa.

Date unknown

• Leonhard Euler publishes Introductio in analysin infinitorum , an introduction to pure analytical mathematics, in Berlin.
• Montesquieu publishes De l'esprit des lois .
• Friedrich Gottlieb Klopstock publishes the first three cantos of his epic poem Der Messias in hexameters (anonymously), in Bremer Beiträge (Leipzig).
• Adam Smith begins to deliver public lectures in Edinburgh.
• The Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences makes Eva Ekeblad its first female member.
• Construction of the Sveaborg fortification begins near Helsinki.
• The ruins of Pompeii are rediscovered. ^[9]
• Louis XV of France breaks his promise to eliminate the income tax, after the Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle ends the war. The Parlement of Paris protests, so he reduces the tax to 5%. ^[10]

Births

• January 19 – Antonio Carnicero, Spanish painter (d. 1814)
• February 2 – Adam Weishaupt, German founder of the Order of the Illuminati (d. 1811)

Jeremy Bentham

• February 15 – Jeremy Bentham, English philosopher (d. 1832) ^[11]
• February 22 – Timothy Dexter, American businessman (d. 1806)
• February 27 – Anders Sparrman, Swedish naturalist (d. 1820)
• March 5
  • William Shield, English violinist, composer (d. 1829)
  • Jonas C. Dryander, Swedish botanist (d. 1810)
• March 8 – William V, Prince of Orange (d. 1806)
• March 10 – John Playfair, Scottish scientist (d. 1819)
• April 12 – Antoine Laurent de Jussieu, French botanist (d. 1836)
• April 13 – Joseph Bramah, English inventor, locksmith (d. 1814)
• April 27
  • Pierre-Louis Ginguené, French author (d. 1816) ^[12]
  • Adamantios Korais, Greek scholar (d. 1833)
• May 3 – Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès, French cleric, constitutional theorist (d. 1836)
• May 7 – Olympe de Gouges, French playwright (d. 1793) ^[13]
• May 10 – Louis Pierre Vieillot, French ornithologist (d. 1830)
• May 28 – Frederick Howard, 5th Earl of Carlisle (d. 1825)
• June 30 – Jacques Dominique, comte de Cassini, French astronomer (d. 1845)
• August 8 – Johann Friedrich Gmelin, German naturalist (d. 1804)

Jacques-Louis David

• August 9 – Bernhard Schott, German music publisher (d. 1809) ^[14]
• August 30 – Jacques-Louis David, French painter (d. 1825) ^[15]
• October 7 – King Charles XIII of Sweden (Charles II of Norway) (d. 1818)
• October 13 – Johann Dominicus Fiorillo, German painter, art historian (d. 1821)
• November 11 – King Charles IV of Spain (d. 1819) ^[16]
• November 13 – William Chalmers, Swedish merchant (d. 1811)
• December 9 – Claude Louis Berthollet, French chemist (d. 1822)
• December 14 – William Cavendish, 5th Duke of Devonshire (d. 1811)
• date unknown
  • Gioacchino Navarro, Maltese priest and poet (d. 1813)
  • James Sayers, English caricaturist (d. 1823)
  • Timur Shah, Afghan king (d. 1793)
  • Thomas Holloway, English portrait painter, engraver (d. 1827
  • Stylianos Vlasopoulos, Greek judge, writer (d. 1822)

Deaths

William Kent

• January 1 – Johann Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician (b. 1667)
• January 16 – Arnold Drakenborch, Dutch classical scholar (b. 1684)
• February 18 – Otto Ferdinand von Abensberg und Traun, Austrian field marshal (b. 1677)
• March 7 – Élisabeth Thérèse de Lorraine, French noblewoman, Princess of Epinoy by marriage (b. 1664)
• March 14 – George Wade, British military leader (b. 1673)
• March 23 – Johann Gottfried Walther, German music theorist, organist and composer (b. 1684)
• April 8 – Empress Xiaoxianchun of Qing dynasty (b. 1712)
• April 12 – William Kent, English architect (b. c. 1685)
• April 16 – Muhammad Shah, Mughal emperor of India (b. 1702)
• May 12 – Thomas Lowndes, British astronomer (b. 1692)
• May 17 – Henri, Duke of Elbeuf, member of the House of Lorraine (b. 1661)
• June 16 – Jean Philippe d'Orléans, illegitimate son of future French regent Philippe d'Orleans (b. 1702)
• June 28 – Marretje Arents, Dutch rebel leader (b. 1712)
• August 27 – James Thomson, Scottish poet (b. 1700) ^[17]
• September 6 – Edmund Gibson, English jurist (b. 1669)
• September 10 – Mother Ignacia del Espíritu Santo, Filipino founder of the Congregation of the Religious of the Virgin Mary (b. 1663)
• September 12 – Anne Bracegirdle, English actress (b. c. 1671)
• September 21 – John Balguy, English philosopher (b. 1686) ^[18]
• November 25 – Isaac Watts, English hymn writer (b. 1674) ^[19]
• December 2 – Charles Seymour, 6th Duke of Somerset, English politician (b. 1662)

References

1. "Ahmad Shah Abdali's invasions". Archived from the original on November 6, 2011. Retrieved November 2, 2011.
2. "Fires, Great", in The Insurance Cyclopeadia: Being an Historical Treasury of Events and Circumstances Connected with the Origin and Progress of Insurance, Cornelius Walford, ed. (C. and E. Layton, 1876) p51
3. Elizabeth A. H. John, Storms Brewed in Other Men's Worlds: The Confrontation of Indians, Spanish, and French in the Southwest, 1540-1795 (University of Oklahoma Press, 1996) pp282-283
4. Francis Henry Skrine, Fontenoy and Great Britain's Share in the War of the Austrian Succession, 1741-1748 (W. Blackwood and Sons, 1906) pp346-347
5. Charles Rathbone Low, History of the Indian Navy: (1613-1863) (Richard Bentley and Son, 1877) p140
6. Henry Eyster Jacobs, A History of the Evangelical Lutheran Church in the United States (The Christian Literature Co., 1893 p243
7. Thomas p 263
8. Paul Peucker, A Time of Sifting: Mystical Marriage and the Crisis of Moravian Piety in the Eighteenth Century (Penn State Press, 2015)
9. "Archaeologists Investigate Ancient Roman Life Preserved at Pompeii". History. October 21, 2010. Archived from the original on March 1, 2021. Retrieved August 3, 2022.
10. H. Parker Willis (December 1895). "Income Taxation in France" . Journal of Political Economy. 4 (1). The University of Chicago Press: 37–53. doi:10.1086/250324. S2CID   154527133. The war of the Austrian Succession for the third time threw the treasury back upon the hated fiscal resource in October of 1741, when the income tax was reintroduced accompanied by a royal promise to the effect that upon the close of the war this means of raising revenue should once for all be done away with.
11. Anom (1996). Historical Dictionary of the British Empire. Greenwood Publishing Group. p. 129. ISBN   978-0-313-29366-5.
12. Hugh Chisholm; James Louis Garvin (1926). The Encyclopædia Britannica: A Dictionary of Arts, Sciences, Literature & General Information. Encyclopædia Britannica. p. 28.
13. Lorrayne Y. Baird-Lange; Thomas A. Copeland (1989). Women in History, Literature, and the Arts: A Festschrift for Hildegard Schnuttgen in Honor of Her Thirty Years of Outstanding Service at Youngstown State University. The University. p. 22. ISBN   978-0-9623146-1-2.
14. Brück, Marion (2007). "Schott, Peter Bernhard". Neue Deutsche Biographie (in German). Vol. 23. Berlin: Duncker & Humblot. pp. 486–487. ( full text online ).
15. Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco; Pierre Rosenberg (1987). French Paintings 1500-1825, the Fine Arts Museums of San Francisco. The Museum. p. 143. ISBN   978-0-88401-055-5.
16. The New Encyclopaedia Britannica: Micropaedia. Encyclopaedia Britannica. 1995. p. 117. ISBN   978-0-85229-605-9.
17. Trevor Royle (November 11, 1984). Macmillan Companion to Scottish Literature. Macmillan International Higher Education. p. 300. ISBN   978-1-349-07587-4.
18. Richard Hurd (1995). The Early Letters of Bishop Richard Hurd, 1739-1762. Boydell & Brewer. p. 20. ISBN   978-0-85115-653-8.
19. Isaac Watts (1782). The Beauties of the Late Revd. Dr. Isaac Watts; ... To which is Added the Life of the Author. G. Kearsley. p. 12.

Further reading

• John Blair; J. Willoughby Rosse (1856). "1748". Blair's Chronological Tables. London: H.G. Bohn. hdl:2027/loc.ark:/13960/t6349vh5n – via Hathi Trust.