1774

Last updated

Millennium: 2nd millennium
Centuries:
Decades:
Years:
1774 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar 1774
MDCCLXXIV
Ab urbe condita 2527
Armenian calendar 1223
ԹՎ ՌՄԻԳ
Assyrian calendar 6524
Balinese saka calendar 1695–1696
Bengali calendar 1181
Berber calendar 2724
British Regnal year 14  Geo. 3   15  Geo. 3
Buddhist calendar 2318
Burmese calendar 1136
Byzantine calendar 7282–7283
Chinese calendar 癸巳年 (Water  Snake)
4471 or 4264
     to 
甲午年 (Wood  Horse)
4472 or 4265
Coptic calendar 1490–1491
Discordian calendar 2940
Ethiopian calendar 1766–1767
Hebrew calendar 5534–5535
Hindu calendars
 - Vikram Samvat 1830–1831
 - Shaka Samvat 1695–1696
 - Kali Yuga 4874–4875
Holocene calendar 11774
Igbo calendar 774–775
Iranian calendar 1152–1153
Islamic calendar 1187–1188
Japanese calendar An'ei 3
(安永3年)
Javanese calendar 1699–1700
Julian calendar Gregorian minus 11 days
Korean calendar 4107
Minguo calendar 138 before ROC
民前138年
Nanakshahi calendar 306
Thai solar calendar 2316–2317
Tibetan calendar 阴水蛇年
(female Water-Snake)
1900 or 1519 or 747
     to 
阳木马年
(male Wood-Horse)
1901 or 1520 or 748

1774 (MDCCLXXIV) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar  and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1774th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 774th year of the 2nd millennium, the 74th year of the 18th century, and the 5th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1774, the Gregorian calendar was 11days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Contents

June 22: Britain makes territory north of the Ohio River part of Quebec. British colonies 1763-76 shepherd1923.PNG
June 22: Britain makes territory north of the Ohio River part of Quebec.
December 9: Start of the two month long Siege of Melilla. Siege of Melilla (1774-1775).jpg
December 9: Start of the two month long Siege of Melilla.
Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War. Chesmenskaia kolonna.jpg
Chesma Column in Tsarskoe Selo, commemorating the end of the Russo-Turkish War.

Events

January–March

April–June

July–September

October–December

Date unknown

Births

Andre Marie Constant Dumeril born 1 January Andre Marie Constant Dumeril.jpg
André Marie Constant Duméril born 1 January
Pietro Giordani born 1 January Pietro Giordani.jpg
Pietro Giordani born 1 January
Anna Bunina born 7 January Anna Bunina by A.G.Varnek (1823, Hermitage).jpg
Anna Bunina born 7 January
William Stewart born 10 January William Stewart (1774-1827).jpg
William Stewart born 10 January
Tryphosa Jane Wallis born 11 January Tryphosa Jane Wallis actress square by Graham.jpg
Tryphosa Jane Wallis born 11 January
Marie-Therese Figueur born 17 January Marie-Therese Figueur.jpg
Marie-Thérèse Figueur born 17 January
William Blake (economist) born 31 January William Blake engraved by W. C. Edwards.jpg
William Blake (economist) born 31 January
Thomas Veazey born 31 January Thomas Veazey, 1836 painting.jpg
Thomas Veazey born 31 January
Edward Cross (zoo proprietor) born 3 February Edward Cross by Agasse.jpg
Edward Cross (zoo proprietor) born 3 February
Valentin Stanic born 12 February Valentin Stanic.jpg
Valentin Stanič born 12 February
Roswell Weston born 24 February RoswellWeston.jpg
Roswell Weston born 24 February
William Farquhar born 26 February JohnGraham-TheRajahofMadras-c1828.jpg
William Farquhar born 26 February
Magdalene of Canossa born 1 March MagdalenaGabrielaCanossa.jpg
Magdalene of Canossa born 1 March
David Semyonovich Abamelik born 10 March Prince Abamelik David Semenovich.jpg
David Semyonovich Abamelik born 10 March
Johann Caspar Horner born 12 March Hornerkaspar.jpg
Johann Caspar Horner born 12 March
Rose Fortune born 13 March RoseFortuneNovaScotiaArchievesandRecordsManagement.jpg
Rose Fortune born 13 March
Matthew Flinders born 16 March Toussaint Antoine DE CHAZAL DE Chamerel - Portrait of Captain Matthew Flinders, RN, 1774-1814 - Google Art Project.jpg
Matthew Flinders born 16 March
Claudine Thevenet born 30 March Saint Claudine Thevenet.jpg
Claudine Thévenet born 30 March
Sophie Thalbitzer born 15 April Sophie Thalbitzer nee Zinn.jpg
Sophie Thalbitzer born 15 April
Franz Hegi born 16 April Franz Hegi Portrait.jpg
Franz Hegi born 16 April
Madhavrao II born 18 April Madhav Rao Narayan, the Maratha Peshwa with Nana Fadnavis and Attendants (cropped).jpg
Madhavrao II born 18 April
Jean-Baptiste Biot born 21 April Jean baptiste biot.jpg
Jean-Baptiste Biot born 21 April
Anna Gottlieb born 29 April AnnaGottliebColorDetail.jpg
Anna Gottlieb born 29 April
Samuel Owen (engineer) born 12 May Samuel Owen.jpg
Samuel Owen (engineer) born 12 May
Friederike von Reden born 12 May KarolinevonRiedeselFriederikevonReden.jpg
Friederike von Reden born 12 May
Joseph Bouchette born 14 May Joseph Bouchette.jpg
Joseph Bouchette born 14 May
Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs born 15 May Fuchs-ai.jpg
Johann Nepomuk von Fuchs born 15 May
Francis Beaufort born 27 May Francis Beaufort (cropped).jpg
Francis Beaufort born 27 May
Robert Tannahill born 3 June Robert Tannahill.jpg
Robert Tannahill born 3 June
Henry Philip Hope born 8 June Hope, Henry Philip.jpg
Henry Philip Hope born 8 June
Carl Haller von Hallerstein born 10 June Carl Freiherr Haller von Hallerstein by Otto Magnus von Stackelberg.jpg
Carl Haller von Hallerstein born 10 June
Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov born 18 June Portrait of Count Pavel Stroganoff (1772-1817).jpg
Pavel Alexandrovich Stroganov born 18 June
Princess Amalie of Hesse-Homburg born 29 June Johann Friedrich August Tischbein - Christiane Amalie Erbprinzessin von Anhalt-Dessau.jpg
Princess Amalie of Hesse-Homburg born 29 June
Marcia Arbuthnot born 9 July Samuel William Reynolds - Mrs Arbuthnot - B1970.3.380 - Yale Center for British Art.jpg
Marcia Arbuthnot born 9 July
Robert Jameson born 11 July Robert Jameson.jpg
Robert Jameson born 11 July
Axel Otto Morner born 11 July Axel Otto Morner.jpg
Axel Otto Mörner born 11 July
Charles de Graimberg born 30 July Charlesdegraimberg.jpg
Charles de Graimberg born 30 July
Diodata Saluzzo Roero born 31 July Diodata Saluzzo - Ritratto 1.jpg
Diodata Saluzzo Roero born 31 July
Robert Southey born 12 August Robert Southey - Project Gutenberg eText 13619.jpg
Robert Southey born 12 August
Meriwether Lewis born 18 August Meriwether Lewis-Charles Willson Peale.jpg
Meriwether Lewis born 18 August
Ludvig Frederik Brock born 20 August Ludvig Frederik Brock, Eidsvoll 1814 EM.00670 (cropped).jpg
Ludvig Frederik Brock born 20 August
Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn born 24 August Anton-Ludwig-Ernst-Horn.jpg
Anton Ludwig Ernst Horn born 24 August
Elizabeth Ann Seton born 28 August Elizabeth Ann Seton portrait by Amabilia Filicchi.jpg
Elizabeth Ann Seton born 28 August
Caspar David Friedrich born 5 September Gerhard von Kugelgen portrait of Friedrich.jpg
Caspar David Friedrich born 5 September
Anne Catherine Emmerich born 8 September Anna Katharina Emmerick Saint Visionary.jpg
Anne Catherine Emmerich born 8 September
Johnny Appleseed born 26 September Johnny Appleseed 1.jpg
Johnny Appleseed born 26 September
Adolf Mullner born 18 October Adolf Mullner.jpg
Adolf Müllner born 18 October
Sarah Thompson, Countess Rumford born 18 October Sarah Rumford, c 1797.jpg
Sarah Thompson, Countess Rumford born 18 October
Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg born 4 November Marie Ellenrieder - Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg (OaL 1819).jpg
Ignaz Heinrich von Wessenberg born 4 November
Charles Bell born 12 November CharlesBell001.jpg
Charles Bell born 12 November
Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands born 18 November Joseph Paelinck - Frederica Wilhelmina, Queen of the Netherlands - 56.090B - Rhode Island School of Design Museum.jpg
Wilhelmine of Prussia, Queen of the Netherlands born 18 November
Vasile Moga born 19 November Vasile Moga.jpg
Vasile Moga born 19 November
Elisabeth Canori Mora born 21 November Elisabetta.jpg
Elisabeth Canori Mora born 21 November
Peter Frederik Wulff born 26 November Peter Frederik Wulff (1774-1842).jpg
Peter Frederik Wulff born 26 November
Princess Maria Antonia of Parma born 28 November Maria Antonia di Borbone.jpg
Princess Maria Antonia of Parma born 28 November
William Henry (chemist) born 12 December William Henry.jpg
William Henry (chemist) born 12 December
Eline Heger born 13 December Eline Heger (1807).jpg
Eline Heger born 13 December

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Deaths

Mustafa III died 21 January Mustafa3.jpg
Mustafa III died 21 January
Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrucken died 30 March Caroline-Henriette of Hesse Darmstadt-f4578561.jpg
Countess Palatine Caroline of Zweibrücken died 30 March
Oliver Goldsmith died 4 April Oliver Goldsmith by Sir Joshua Reynolds.jpg
Oliver Goldsmith died 4 April
Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich died 23 April Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich.jpg
Christian Wilhelm Ernst Dietrich died 23 April
Maria Machteld van Sypesteyn died 26 April Zelfportret van Maria Machteld van Sypesteyn.jpg
Maria Machteld van Sypesteyn died 26 April
William Hewson died 1 May William Hewson b1739.jpg
William Hewson died 1 May
Louis XV died 10 May Louis XV, King of France (1710-1774) edited 2.jpg
Louis XV died 10 May
Joseph Gerrish died 3 June Judge Joseph Gerrish by Copley, Halifax, Nova Scotia.png
Joseph Gerrish died 3 June
Joshua Kirby died 20 June John Joshua Kirby by Thomas Gainsborough c.1755.JPG
Joshua Kirby died 20 June
Anna Morandi Manzolini died 9 July Anna Manzolini2.jpg
Anna Morandi Manzolini died 9 July
Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland died 24 July Caroline Lady Holland 1757 58.jpg
Caroline Fox, 1st Baroness Holland died 24 July
Johann Jakob Reiske died 14 August Johann Jacob Reiske - Imagines philologorum.jpg
Johann Jakob Reiske died 14 August
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong died 21 August Consort Qing of Qianlong.jpg
Imperial Noble Consort Qinggong died 21 August
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder died 18 September Johann Friedrich Meckel (1724-1774).jpg
Johann Friedrich Meckel, the Elder died 18 September
Pope Clement XIV died 22 September Giovanni Domenico Porta - Ritratto di papa Clemente XIV (c. 1770).jpg
Pope Clement XIV died 22 September
Willem Bentinck van Rhoon died 13 October Jean-Etienne Liotard 13.jpg
Willem Bentinck van Rhoon died 13 October
Robert Fergusson died 16 October Alexander Runciman - Robert Fergusson, 1750 - 1774. Poet - Google Art Project.jpg
Robert Fergusson died 16 October
Abraham Tucker died 20 November Abraham Tucker by Enoch Seeman.jpg
Abraham Tucker died 20 November
Johann Siegmund Popowitsch died 21 November Johann Siegmund Popowitsch.jpg
Johann Siegmund Popowitsch died 21 November
Henry Baker died 25 November Henry Baker (naturalist).jpg
Henry Baker died 25 November
Deborah Read died 19 December Deborah Read Franklin.jpg
Deborah Read died 19 December
Paul Whitehead (satirist) died 20 December Paul whitehead-The poems and miscellaneous compositions.jpg
Paul Whitehead (satirist) died 20 December

January

February

March

April

May

June

July

August

September

October

November

December

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1911</span> Calendar year

1911 (MCMXI) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1911th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 911th year of the 2nd millennium, the 11th year of the 20th century, and the 2nd year of the 1910s decade. As of the start of 1911, the Gregorian calendar was 13 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1770s</span> Decade of the Gregorian calendar

The 1770s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1770, and ended on December 31, 1779. A period full of discoveries, breakthroughs happened in all walks of life, as what emerged at this period brought life to most innovations we know today.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1780s</span> Decade

The 1780s was a decade of the Gregorian calendar that began on January 1, 1780, and ended on December 31, 1789. A period widely considered as transitional between the Age of Enlightenment and the Industrial Revolution, the 1780s saw the inception of modern philosophy. With the rise of astronomical, technological, and political discoveries and innovations such as Uranus, cast iron on structures, republicanism and hot-air balloons, the 1780s kick-started a rapid global industrialization movement, leaving behind the world's predominantly agrarian customs in the past.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1782</span> Calendar year

1782 (MDCCLXXXII) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar, the 1782nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 782nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 82nd year of the 18th century, and the 3rd year of the 1780s decade. As of the start of 1782, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

The 1700s decade ran from January 1, 1700, to December 31, 1709.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1690</span> Calendar year

1690 (MDCXC) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1690th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 690th year of the 2nd millennium, the 90th year of the 17th century, and the 1st year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1690, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1797</span> Calendar year

1797 (MDCCXCVII) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1797th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 797th year of the 2nd millennium, the 97th year of the 18th century, and the 8th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1797, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1796</span> Calendar year

1796 (MDCCXCVI) was a leap year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1796th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 796th year of the 2nd millennium, the 96th year of the 18th century, and the 7th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1796, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1752</span> Calendar year

1752 (MDCCLII) was a leap year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1752nd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 752nd year of the 2nd millennium, the 52nd year of the 18th century, and the 3rd year of the 1750s decade. As of the start of 1752, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

1839 (MDCCCXXXIX) was a common year starting on Tuesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1839th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 839th year of the 2nd millennium, the 39th year of the 19th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1830s decade. As of the start of 1839, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1798</span> Calendar year

1798 (MDCCXCVIII) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1798th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 798th year of the 2nd millennium, the 98th year of the 18th century, and the 9th year of the 1790s decade. As of the start of 1798, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1778</span> Calendar year

1778 (MDCCLXXVIII) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1778th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 778th year of the 2nd millennium, the 78th year of the 18th century, and the 9th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1778, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1777</span> Calendar year

1777 (MDCCLXXVII) was a common year starting on Wednesday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Sunday of the Julian calendar, the 1777th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 777th year of the 2nd millennium, the 77th year of the 18th century, and the 8th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1777, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1775</span> Calendar year

1775 (MDCCLXXV) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1775th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 775th year of the 2nd millennium, the 75th year of the 18th century, and the 6th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1775, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1773</span> Calendar year

1773 (MDCCLXXIII) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar, the 1773rd year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 773rd year of the 2nd millennium, the 73rd year of the 18th century, and the 4th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1773, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1714</span> Calendar year

1714 (MDCCXIV) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1714th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 714th year of the 2nd millennium, the 14th year of the 18th century, and the 5th year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1714, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1719</span> Calendar year

1719 (MDCCXIX) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1719th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 719th year of the 2nd millennium, the 19th year of the 18th century, and the 10th and last year of the 1710s decade. As of the start of 1719, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1701</span> Calendar year

1701 (MDCCI) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Wednesday of the Julian calendar, the 1701st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 701st year of the 2nd millennium, the 1st year of the 18th century, and the 2nd year of the 1700s decade. As of the start of 1701, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1694</span> Calendar year

1694 (MDCXCIV) was a common year starting on Friday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Monday of the Julian calendar, the 1694th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 694th year of the 2nd millennium, the 94th year of the 17th century, and the 5th year of the 1690s decade. As of the start of 1694, the Gregorian calendar was 10 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1776</span> Calendar year

1776 (MDCCLXXVI) was a leap year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a leap year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar, the 1776th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 776th year of the 2nd millennium, the 76th year of the 18th century, and the 7th year of the 1770s decade. As of the start of 1776, the Gregorian calendar was 11 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

References

  1. "Historical Events for Year 1774 | OnThisDay.com". Historyorb.com. 1774. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  2. Harris, J. R. (2004). "Wilkinson, John (1728–1808)" . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/29428 . Retrieved January 14, 2011.(Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
  3. Woody Holton, Forced Founders: Indians, Debtors, Slaves, and the Making of the American Revolution in Virginia (University of North Carolina Press Books, 2011) p32
  4. "Beaumarchais", in The Cornhill Magazine (August 1884) p142
  5. "Fire News of the Week", in Fire and Water Engineering (December 9, 1905) p337
  6. Clifford Kenyon Shipton, New England Life in the Eighteenth Century: Representative Biographies from Sibley's Harvard Graduates (Harvard University Press, 1995) p324
  7. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 Gordon Carruth, ed., The Encyclopedia of American Facts and Dates 3rd Edition (Thomas Y. Crowell, 1962) pp80-82
  8. "What Happened in 1774; History-Page.com". History-page.com. Retrieved April 5, 2017.
  9. Robert K. Massie, Catherine the Great: Portrait of a Woman (Random House, 2011) p406
  10. Ann Fairfax Withington, Toward a More Perfect Union: Virtue and the Formation of American Republics (Oxford University Press, 1996) p197
  11. "Giacomo Casanova", by Mattia Begali, in Encyclopedia of Italian Literary Studies (Taylor & Francis, 2007) p402
  12. Robert Morgan, Boone: A Biography (Algonquin Books, 2008) p152
  13. Charles R. Steinwedel, Threads of Empire: Loyalty and Tsarist Authority in Bashkiria, 1552–1917 (Indiana University Press, 2016) p73
  14. Joe Jackson, A World on Fire: A Heretic, an Aristocrat, and the Race to Discover Oxygen (Penguin, 2007) p114
  15. Robert W. Kirk, Paradise Past: The Transformation of the South Pacific, 1520-1920 (McFarland, 2012) p27
  16. William Edward Hartpole Lecky, A History of England in the Eighteenth Century, Volume 3 (D. Appleton and Company, 1891) p456
  17. Richard R. Beeman, Our Lives, Our Fortunes and Our Sacred Honor: The Forging of American Independence, 1774-1776 (Basic Books, 2013) p xi
  18. Spencer Tucker, Almanac of American Military History (ABC-CLIO, 2013) p211
  19. James B. Collins and Karen L. Taylor, Early Modern Europe: Issues and Interpretations (John Wiley & Sons, 2008) p57
  20. Karen Racine, Francisco de Miranda, a Transatlantic Life in the Age of Revolution (Rowman & Littlefield, 2003) p13
  21. Jennifer J. Davis, Defining Culinary Authority: The Transformation of Cooking in France, 1650-1830 (LSU Press, 2013)
  22. "Clement XIV | pope". Encyclopedia Britannica. Retrieved October 1, 2020.

Further reading