1821

1821 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1821; MDCCCXXI
Ab urbe condita	2574
Armenian calendar	1270; ԹՎ ՌՄՀ
Assyrian calendar	6571
Balinese saka calendar	1742–1743
Bengali calendar	1228
Berber calendar	2771
British Regnal year	1 Geo. 4 – 2 Geo. 4
Buddhist calendar	2365
Burmese calendar	1183
Byzantine calendar	7329–7330
Chinese calendar	庚辰年 (Metal Dragon); 4517 or 4457; — to —; 辛巳年 (Metal Snake); 4518 or 4458
Coptic calendar	1537–1538
Discordian calendar	2987
Ethiopian calendar	1813–1814
Hebrew calendar	5581–5582
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1877–1878
- Shaka Samvat	1742–1743
- Kali Yuga	4921–4922
Holocene calendar	11821
Igbo calendar	821–822
Iranian calendar	1199–1200
Islamic calendar	1236–1237
Japanese calendar	Bunsei 4; (文政４年)
Javanese calendar	1748–1749
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4154
Minguo calendar	91 before ROC ; 民前91年
Nanakshahi calendar	353
Thai solar calendar	2363–2364
Tibetan calendar	阳金龙年; (male Iron-Dragon); 1947 or 1566 or 794; — to —; 阴金蛇年; (female Iron-Snake); 1948 or 1567 or 795

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century ; 19th century ; 20th century ;
Decades:	1800s ; 1810s ; 1820s ; 1830s ; 1840s ;
Years:	1818 ; 1819 ; 1820 ; 1821 ; 1822 ; 1823 ; 1824 ;

Last updated April 08, 2019

March 25: Start of the Greek War of Independence Epanastasi.jpg — March 25: Start of the Greek War of Independence

1821 ( MDCCCXXI ) was a common year starting on Monday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Saturday of the Julian calendar , the 1821st year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 821st year of the 2nd millennium , the 21st year of the 19th century , and the 2nd year of the 1820s decade. As of the start of 1821, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

The numeric system represented by Roman numerals originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Roman numerals, as used today, employ seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value, as follows:

A common year is a calendar year with 365 days, as distinguished from a leap year, which has 366. More generally, a common year is one without intercalation. The Gregorian calendar,, employs both common years and leap years to keep the calendar aligned with the tropical year, which does not contain an exact number of days.

A common year starting on Monday is any non-leap year that begins on Monday, 1 January, and ends on Monday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is G. The most recent year of such kind was 2018 and the next one will be 2029 in the Gregorian calendar, or likewise, 2013 and 2019 in the obsolete Julian calendar. The century year, 1900, was also a common year starting on Monday in the Gregorian calendar. See below for more. Any common year that starts on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday has two Friday the 13ths. This common year of this type contains two Friday the 13ths in April and July. Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic, but also have another in January.

Events

January–March

June 24: Battle of Carabobo BatallaCarabobo01.JPG — June 24: Battle of Carabobo

January 21 – Peter I Island in the Antarctic is first sighted, by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
January 28 – Alexander Island, the largest in Antarctica, is first discovered by Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.
February 9 – Columbian College of the District of Columbia is chartered by President Monroe.
March 4 – James Monroe begins his second term as President of the United States.
March 5 – President James Monroe is sworn in for his second term.

January 21 is the 21st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 344 days remaining until the end of the year.

Peter I Island is an uninhabited volcanic island in the Bellingshausen Sea, 450 kilometres (280 mi) from continental Antarctica. It is claimed as a dependency of Norway, and along with Bouvet Island and Queen Maud Land comprises one of the three Norwegian dependent territories in the Antarctic and Subantarctic. Peter I Island is 11 by 19 kilometres long and 156 square kilometres (60 sq mi), slightly larger than Staten Island as an example. The tallest peak is the ultra and 1,640-meter (5,380 ft) tall Lars Christensen Peak. Nearly all of the island is covered by a glacier and it is surrounded most of the year by pack ice, making it inaccessible during these times. There is little vertebrate animal life on the island apart from some seabirds and seals.

Antarctic region around the Earths South Pole

The Antarctic is a polar region around the Earth's South Pole, opposite the Arctic region around the North Pole. The Antarctic comprises the continent of Antarctica, the Kerguelen Plateau and other island territories located on the Antarctic Plate or south of the Antarctic Convergence. The Antarctic region includes the ice shelves, waters, and all the island territories in the Southern Ocean situated south of the Antarctic Convergence, a zone approximately 32 to 48 km wide varying in latitude seasonally. The region covers some 20 percent of the Southern Hemisphere, of which 5.5 percent is the surface area of the Antarctic continent itself. All of the land and ice shelves south of 60°S latitude are administered under the Antarctic Treaty System. Biogeographically, the Antarctic ecozone is one of eight ecozones of the Earth's land surface.

April–June

March 25 (O.S.)/April 6 (N.S.) – Metropolitan bishop Germanos of Patras raises the revolutionary flag of Greece at the Monastery of Agia Lavra, symbolically marking the beginning of the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire; later celebrated as Greece's traditional Independence Day.
April 10 – Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople is blamed by the Ottoman government for being unable to suppress Greek independence, and is hanged outside the main gate of the Patriarchal Cathedral immediately after the celebration of Easter.
May 5 – Emperor Napoleon dies in exile on Saint Helena of stomach cancer.
May 26 – The Peloponnesian Senate is established by the Greek rebels.
June 14 – King Badi VII of Sennar surrenders his throne and realm to Ismail Pasha, general of the Ottoman Empire, ending the existence of that Sudanese kingdom.
June 19 – Battle of Drăgășani, Wallachia: The Filiki Eteria are decisively defeated by the Ottomans.
June 24 – Battle of Carabobo: Simón Bolívar wins Venezuela's independence from Spain.

March 25 is the 84th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 281 days remaining until the end of the year.

The Julian calendar, proposed by Julius Caesar in 46 BC, was a reform of the Roman calendar. It took effect on 1 January 45 BC, by edict. It was the predominant calendar in the Roman world, most of Europe, and in European settlements in the Americas and elsewhere, until it was refined and gradually replaced by the Gregorian calendar, promulgated in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.

April 6 is the 96th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 269 days remaining until the end of the year.

July–September

Date	Events	Photos
Wednesday, July 4	Return of John VI from Brazil who approves on that day the Bases da Constituição
Sunday, July 10	The United States takes possession of its newly bought territory of Florida from Spain.
Thursday, July 19	George IV is crowned king of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland.
Saturday, July 28	Peru declares independence from Spain.
Tuesday, August 4	The Saturday Evening Post is published for the first time, as a weekly newspaper in the United States.
Friday, August 10	Missouri is admitted as the 24th U.S. state (see History of Missouri).
Sunday, August 19	Navarino massacre: Greek rebels massacre 3,000 inhabitants of the city of Navarino.
Tuesday, August 21	Jarvis Island is discovered in the Pacific by the crew of the Eliza Frances.
Friday, August 24	The Treaty of Córdoba is signed in Córdoba, Veracruz, Mexico, ratifying the Plan of Iguala of February 24 for Mexico's independence from Spain and, although not recognised by the latter, effectively concludes the Mexican War of Independence.
Tuesday, September 4	Chilean general José Miguel Carrera is executed by an Argentinian military tribunal, in the city of Mendoza. Ukase of 1821: Russia proclaims territorial sovereignty over Northwestern North America, modern-day Alaska.
Friday, September 7	The Republic of Gran Colombia (a federation covering much of present-day Venezuela, Colombia, Panama, and Ecuador) is established, with Simón Bolívar as the founding President, and Francisco de Paula Santander as vice president.
Saturday, September 15	Guatemala, El Salvador, Honduras, Nicaragua and Costa Rica gain independence from Spain by the Act of Independence of Central America. On October 29, the newly independent First Mexican Empire proposes that Guatemala should merge with it.
Tuesday, September 18	Amherst College is founded in Massachusetts.
Sunday, September 23	Greek War of Independence: The Siege of Tripolitsa ends, when Greek rebels capture the city of Tripoli, Greece.
Thursday, September 27	The Army of the Three Guarantees enters Mexico City, and the following day the Declaration of Independence of the Mexican Empire from Spain is proclaimed, following the Mexican War of Independence.

October–December

October 5 – The massacre of 8,000 civilians follows the end of the Siege of Tripolitsa (Greek forces under the command of General Theodoros Kolokotronis had besieged the city for several months, during the Greek War of Independence from Turkey and the Ottoman Empire. ^[1]^[2]
October 8 – Tsar Alexander I of Russia issues an imperial ukase, guaranteeing freedom of commerce in Russia by merchants from Persia. ^[3]
November 16 – American Old West: The Santa Fe Trail is first used by William Becknell.
November 28 – Panama declares independence from Spain, joining Gran Colombia.
December 1 – The Dominican Republic declares independence from Spain (see History of the Dominican Republic). It would be invaded by Haiti in 1822.
December 6 – The South Orkney Islands are discovered, by George Powell and Nathaniel Palmer.^[4]^[5]
December 15 – The world's first geographical society, the Société de géographie , is established in Paris.
December 19 – The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland begins to erupt.

October 5 is the 278th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 87 days remaining until the end of the year.

The Siege of Tripolitsa or the Fall of Tripolitsa to revolutionary Greek forces in the summer of 1821 marked an early victory in the Greek War of Independence against the Ottoman Empire, which had begun earlier in that year.

Theodoros Kolokotronis was a Greek general and the pre-eminent leader of the Greek War of Independence (1821–1829) against the Ottoman Empire. Kolokotronis's greatest success was the defeat of the Ottoman army under Mahmud Dramali Pasha at the Battle of Dervenakia in 1822. In 1825, he was appointed commander-in-chief of the Greek forces in the Peloponnese. Today, Kolokotronis ranks among the most prominent figures in Greece's War of Independence.

Date unknown

The town of Al-Ubayyid, Sudan is established.
High-quality cotton is introduced in Egypt.

Sudan or the Sudan, officially the Republic of the Sudan, is a country in Northeast Africa. It is bordered by Egypt to the north, the Red Sea to the northeast, Eritrea to the east, Ethiopia to the southeast, South Sudan to the south, the Central African Republic to the southwest, Chad to the west, and Libya to the northwest. It houses 37 million people (2017) and occupies a total area of 1,861,484 square kilometres, making it the third-largest country in Africa. Sudan's predominant religion is Islam, and its official languages are Arabic and English. The capital is Khartoum, located at the confluence of the Blue and White Nile. Since 2011, Sudan is the scene of ongoing military conflict in its regions South Kordofan and Blue Nile.

Cotton plant fiber from the genus Gossypium

Cotton is a soft, fluffy staple fiber that grows in a boll, or protective case, around the seeds of the cotton plants of the genus Gossypium in the mallow family Malvaceae. The fiber is almost pure cellulose. Under natural conditions, the cotton bolls will increase the dispersal of the seeds.

Egypt, officially the Arab Republic of Egypt, is a country spanning the northeast corner of Africa and southwest corner of Asia by a land bridge formed by the Sinai Peninsula. Egypt is a Mediterranean country bordered by the Gaza Strip and Israel to the northeast, the Gulf of Aqaba and the Red Sea to the east, Sudan to the south, and Libya to the west. Across the Gulf of Aqaba lies Jordan, across the Red Sea lies Saudi Arabia, and across the Mediterranean lie Greece, Turkey and Cyprus, although none share a land border with Egypt.

Births

January–June

January 2 – Catherine Huggins, British actor, singer, director and manager (d. 1887)
January 8
- James Longstreet, American Confederate general (d. 1904)
- W. H. L. Wallace, American Civil War general (d. 1862)
January 16 – John C. Breckinridge, the 14th Vice President of the United States (1857-1861) and Confederate Secretary of State in 1865 (d. 1875)
February 3 – Elizabeth Blackwell, first American female physician (d. 1910)
February 11
- Hermann Allmers, German writer (d. 1902)
- Auguste Edouard Mariette, French Egyptologist (d. 1881)
February 17 – Lola Montez, Irish-Spanish dancer, royal mistress (d. 1861)
February 19
- Francis Preston Blair Jr., American politician, American Civil War officer (d. 1875)
- August Schleicher, German linguist (d. 1868)
February 22 – Athalia Schwartz, Danish writer, journalist and educator (d. 1871)
March 1 – Joseph Hubert Reinkens, German Old Catholic bishop (d. 1896)
March 9 – John Watts de Peyster, American author, philanthropist, and soldier (d. 1907)
March 12 – Sir John Abbott, 3rd Prime Minister of Canada (d. 1893)
March 15 – William Milligan, Scottish theologian (d. 1892)
March 31 – Henry Dunning Macleod, Scottish economist (d. 1902)
April 1 – Princess Anka Obrenović, Serbian princess (d. 1868)
April 3 – Fr. Thomas Pelham Dale English mystic (d. 1892)
April 9 – Charles Baudelaire, French poet, writer (d. 1867)
May 6
- Edmund Colhoun, American admiral (d. 1897)
- Emilie Hammarskjöld, Swedish-American musician (d. 1854)
May 8 – William Henry Vanderbilt, American entrepreneur (d. 1885)
May 16 – Pafnuty Chebyshev, Russian mathematician (d. 1894)
May 17 – Sebastian Kneipp, German naturopath (d. 1897)
June 2 – Ion C. Brătianu, 2-Time Prime Minister of Romania (d. 1891)
June 16 – Old Tom Morris, Scottish golfer (d. 1908)
June 26 – Bartolomé Mitre, Argentine statesman, military figure, and author, 6th President of Argentina (d. 1906)

1887 (MDCCCLXXXVII) was a common year starting on Saturday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Thursday of the Julian calendar, the 1887th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 887th year of the 2nd millennium, the 87th year of the 19th century, and the 8th year of the 1880s decade. As of the start of 1887, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

January 8 is the eighth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. There are 357 days remaining until the end of the year.

James Longstreet was one of the foremost Confederate generals of the American Civil War and the principal subordinate to General Robert E. Lee, who called him his "Old War Horse." He served under Lee as a corps commander for many of the famous battles fought by the Army of Northern Virginia in the Eastern Theater, and briefly with Braxton Bragg in the Army of Tennessee in the Western Theater.