1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake

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1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake
UTC  time1842-05-07
Local date7 May 1842 (1842-05-07)
Magnitude8.1 Ms [1]
Epicenter 19°45′N72°12′W / 19.75°N 72.20°W / 19.75; -72.20
Areas affectedHaiti
Max. intensity MMI IX (Violent)
TsunamiYes
Casualties5,300

The 1842 Cap-Haïtien earthquake occurred at 17:00 local time (21:00 UTC) on 7 May. It had an estimated magnitude of 8.1 on the Ms scale and triggered a destructive tsunami. It badly affected the northern coast of Haiti and part of what is now the Dominican Republic. Port-de-Paix suffered the greatest damage from both earthquake and tsunami. Approximately 5,000 people were killed by the effects of the earthquake shaking and another 300 by the tsunami.

Contents

Tectonic setting

The island of Hispaniola lies across the complex transform plate boundary between the North American plate and the Caribbean plate. The overall four cm per year displacement along this boundary is split nearly equally between two major dextral (right lateral) strike-slip zones either side of the Gonâve microplate. To the south is the Enriquillo–Plantain Garden fault zone, which extends from Jamaica in the west to the south-east of Hispaniola to the east. In the north the fault zone is the Septentrional-Oriente fault zone passing along the southern margin of Cuba and along the northern part of Hispaniola. Both of these fault zones have been associated with several major historical earthquakes. [2]

Earthquake

The earthquake was felt over a wide area, including southern Cuba, Jamaica, Puerto Rico and across the Antilles. The estimated intensity reached IX (Violent) on the Mercalli intensity scale along the northern coast from Cap-Haïtien to Santiago de los Caballeros. [3]

The earthquake appears to have been caused by movement on the Septentrional Fault, with the rupture extending from the Cibao valley in the present day Dominican Republic, along the whole of the northern coast of Haiti. [4]

Tsunami

The tsunami affected the northern coast of Haiti and present-day Dominican Republic. The highest run-up of 4.6 m was observed at Port-de-Paix, with 2 m run-ups seen along much of the northern coast. At Saint John in the United States Virgin Islands, the run-up was 3.1 m. [5]

Damage

The ruins of the Sans-Souci Palace, severely damaged in the earthquake and never rebuilt Sans Souci Palace.jpg
The ruins of the Sans-Souci Palace, severely damaged in the earthquake and never rebuilt

The region that suffered the greatest damage was the northern Cape area, although there was significant damage along the northern coast as far as Santiago de los Caballeros (now in the Dominican Republic). The towns of Cap-Haïtien, Port-de-Paix, Môle-Saint-Nicolas and Fort-Liberté were also severely affected. [1] Henri Christophe's Sans-Souci Palace was badly damaged and was never rebuilt. [6]

At Port-de-Paix, the sea drew back 60 m, before returning and flooding the city in 5 m of water, killing between 200–300 of the inhabitants. [5] The effect of the tsunami at Môle-Saint-Nicolas was catastrophic, leaving almost none of the town standing. [7]

Aftermath

Despite the devastation caused by the earthquake President Boyer did not visit the affected areas and this led to an increase in opposition to his rule. [8] The chaos also allowed groups allied to Juan Pablo Duarte to link up with others opposed to Boyer. [9]

Future seismic hazard

The results of trenching across the Septentrional Fault in the Ciabo valley have identified large earthquakes, similar in character to that in 1842, at around 1230 and another historical event in 1562. Assuming that these earthquakes were caused by displacement on the same segment of the fault, a recurrence interval of about 300 years is indicated, similar to that proposed for the Enriquillo fault in the southern part of the island. [3]

See also

Related Research Articles

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At 02:10 PM local time (UTC-5) on 28 January 2020, an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.7 Mw struck the north side of the Cayman Trough, north of Jamaica and west of the southern tip of Cuba, with the epicenter being 80 miles (130 km) east-southeast of Cayman Brac, Cayman Islands, and 83 miles (134 km) north of Montego Bay, Jamaica. Schools in Jamaica, as well as corporate and public buildings in Miami, were evacuated after shaking was experienced in parts of the U.S. state of Florida, a region not typically thought of in-relation to seismic activity. Light shaking was also reported on the Yucatán Peninsula in Mexico. The quake was the largest seismic event in the Caribbean since 1946. A tsunami warning for the Caribbean Sea was initially issued by the Pacific Tsunami Warning Center, later being withdrawn.

The southern part of Cuba was struck by a major earthquake on 12 June 1766 at midnight local time. It had an estimated magnitude of 6.8 Ms and a maximum felt intensity of IX (destructive) on the MSK scale. Its epicenter was offshore, near Santiago de Cuba, with a focal depth of 25 km. Santiago de Cuba suffered the worst damage, although large areas of Cuba were affected. It was felt in both Havana (800 km) and on Jamaica (140 km). Between 34 and 40 people died and a further 700 were injured.

References

  1. 1 2 National Geophysical Data Center. "Significant Earthquake" . Retrieved 6 December 2011.
  2. ↑ DeMets, C.; Wiggins-Grandison W. (2007). "Deformation of Jamaica and motion of the Gonâve microplate from GPS and seismic data". Geophysical Journal International . 168 (1): 362–378. Bibcode:2007GeoJI.168..362D. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-246X.2006.03236.x .
  3. 1 2 ten Brink, U.S.; Bakun W.H. & Flores C.H. (2011). "Historical perspective on seismic hazard to Hispaniola and the northeast Caribbean region" (PDF). Journal of Geophysical Research. 116 (B12). American Geophysical Union: B12318. Bibcode:2011JGRB..11612318T. doi: 10.1029/2011jb008497 . hdl:1912/5022 . Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  4. ↑ Tuttle, M.P.; Prentice C.S.; Dyer-Williams K.; Peña L.R. & Burr G. (2003). "Late Holocene Liquefaction Features in the Dominican Republic: A Powerful Tool for Earthquake Hazard Assessment in the Northeastern Caribbean". Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America. 93 (1): 27–46. Bibcode:2003BuSSA..93...27T. doi:10.1785/0120010233 . Retrieved 20 January 2021.
  5. 1 2 NGDC. "Comments for the Tsunami Event" . Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  6. ↑ Crain, E.E. (1884). Historic architecture in the Caribbean Islands. University Press of Florida. p. 122. ISBN   978-0-8130-1293-3 . Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  7. ↑ NGDC. "Comments for the Tsunami Runup at Mole Saint Nicholas" . Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  8. ↑ Bethell, L. (1985). The Cambridge History of Latin America. From Independence to 1870. Vol. 3. Cambridge University Press. p. 264. ISBN   978-0-521-23224-1 . Retrieved 7 December 2011.
  9. ↑ Matibag, E. (2003). Haitian-Dominican counterpoint: nation, state, and race on Hispaniola. Palgrave Macmillan. p. 107. ISBN   978-0-312-29432-8 . Retrieved 7 December 2011.
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