1865

1865 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1865; MDCCCLXV
Ab urbe condita	2618
Armenian calendar	1314; ԹՎ ՌՅԺԴ
Assyrian calendar	6615
Bahá'í calendar	21–22
Balinese saka calendar	1786–1787
Bengali calendar	1272
Berber calendar	2815
British Regnal year	28 Vict. 1 – 29 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2409
Burmese calendar	1227
Byzantine calendar	7373–7374
Chinese calendar	甲子年 (Wood Rat); 4561 or 4501; — to —; 乙丑年 (Wood Ox); 4562 or 4502
Coptic calendar	1581–1582
Discordian calendar	3031
Ethiopian calendar	1857–1858
Hebrew calendar	5625–5626
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1921–1922
- Shaka Samvat	1786–1787
- Kali Yuga	4965–4966
Holocene calendar	11865
Igbo calendar	865–866
Iranian calendar	1243–1244
Islamic calendar	1281–1282
Japanese calendar	Genji 2 / Keiō 1; (慶応元年)
Javanese calendar	1793–1794
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4198
Minguo calendar	47 before ROC ; 民前47年
Nanakshahi calendar	397
Thai solar calendar	2407–2408
Tibetan calendar	阳木鼠年; (male Wood-Rat); 1991 or 1610 or 838; — to —; 阴木牛年; (female Wood-Ox); 1992 or 1611 or 839

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century ; 19th century ; 20th century ;
Decades:	1840s ; 1850s ; 1860s ; 1870s ; 1880s ;
Years:	1862 ; 1863 ; 1864 ; 1865 ; 1866 ; 1867 ; 1868 ;

Last updated August 17, 2019

1865 ( MDCCCLXV ) was a common year starting on Sunday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Friday of the Julian calendar , the 1865th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 865th year of the 2nd millennium , the 65th year of the 19th century , and the 6th year of the 1860s decade. As of the start of 1865, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value:

A common year is a calendar year with 365 days, as distinguished from a leap year, which has 366. More generally, a common year is one without intercalation. The Gregorian calendar,, employs both common years and leap years to keep the calendar aligned with the tropical year, which does not contain an exact number of days.

A common year starting on Sunday is any non-leap year that begins on Sunday, 1 January, and ends on Sunday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is A. The most recent year of such kind was 2017 and the next one will be 2023 in the Gregorian calendar, or, likewise, 2018 and 2029 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. Any common year that starts on Sunday, Monday or Tuesday has two Friday the 13ths. This common year contains two Friday the 13ths in January and October.

Events

January–March

January 4 – The New York Stock Exchange opens its first permanent headquarters at 10-12 Broad near Wall Street, in New York City.
January 13 – American Civil War – Second Battle of Fort Fisher: United States forces launch a major amphibious assault against the last seaport held by the Confederates, Fort Fisher, North Carolina.
January 15 – American Civil War: United States forces capture Fort Fisher.
January 31
- The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (conditional prohibition of slavery and involuntary servitude) passes narrowly, in the House of Representatives.
- American Civil War: Confederate General Robert E. Lee becomes general-in-chief.
The Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution abolished slavery and involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The amendment was ratified by the required number of states on December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary of State William H. Seward proclaimed its adoption. It was the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following the American Civil War.
The American Civil War was a civil war fought in the United States from 1861 to 1865, between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy). The most studied and written about episode in U.S. history, the Civil War began primarily as a result of the long-standing controversy over the enslavement of black people. War broke out in April 1861 when secessionist forces attacked Fort Sumter in South Carolina shortly after Abraham Lincoln had been inaugurated as the President of the United States. The loyalists of the Union in the North, which also included some geographically western and southern states, proclaimed support for the Constitution. They faced secessionists of the Confederate States in the South, who advocated for states' rights to uphold slavery.
Robert Edward Lee was an American and Confederate soldier, best known as a commander of the Confederate States Army. He commanded the Army of Northern Virginia in the American Civil War from 1862 until its surrender in 1865.
February
- American Civil War: Columbia, South Carolina burns, as Confederate forces flee from advancing Union forces.
Columbia is the capital and second largest city of the U.S. state of South Carolina, with a population estimate of 134,309 as of 2016. The city serves as the county seat of Richland County, and a portion of the city extends into neighboring Lexington County. It is the center of the Columbia metropolitan statistical area, which had a population of 767,598 as of the 2010 United States Census, growing to 832,666 by July 1, 2018, according to 2018 U.S. Census estimates. This makes it the 70th largest metropolitan statistical areas in the nation, as estimated by the United States Census Bureau as of July 1, 2018. The name Columbia is a poetic term used for the United States, originating from the name of Christopher Columbus.
The United States of America (USA), commonly known as the United States or America, is a country comprising 50 states, a federal district, five major self-governing territories, and various possessions. At 3.8 million square miles, the United States is the world's third or fourth largest country by total area and is slightly smaller than the entire continent of Europe's 3.9 million square miles. With a population of over 327 million people, the U.S. is the third most populous country. The capital is Washington, D.C., and the most populous city is New York City. Most of the country is located contiguously in North America between Canada and Mexico.
February 3 – American Civil War – Hampton Roads Conference: Union and Confederate leaders discuss peace terms.
February 8 & March 8 – Gregor Mendel reads his paper on Experiments on Plant Hybridization at two meetings of the Natural History Society of Brünn in Moravia, subsequently taken to be the origin of the theory of Mendelian inheritance.^[1]
February 21 – John Deere receives a patent for ploughs.
February 22 – Tennessee adopts a new constitution, that abolishes slavery.
March 3 – The U.S. Congress authorizes formation of the Bureau of Refugees, Freedmen and Abandoned Lands.
March – Hamm's Brewery opens in Milwaukee, Wisconsin.
March 4 – Abraham Lincoln is sworn in for a second term as President of the United States.
March 4 – Washington College and Jefferson College are merged, to form Washington & Jefferson College.^[2]
March 13 – American Civil War: The Confederate States of America agrees to the use of African American troops.
March 18 – American Civil War: The Congress of the Confederate States of America adjourns for the last time.
March 19 – 21 – American Civil War – Battle of Bentonville: Union troops compel Confederate forces to retreat from Four Oaks, North Carolina.
March 25
- The Claywater Meteorite explodes just before reaching ground level in Vernon County, Wisconsin; fragments having a combined mass of 1.5 kg (3.3 lb) are recovered.
- American Civil War: In Virginia, Confederate forces capture Fort Stedman from the Union. Lee's army suffers heavy casualties: about 2,900, including 1,000 captured in the Union counterattack. Confederate positions are weakened. After the battle, Lee's defeat is only a matter of time.
Vernon County is a county in the U.S. state of Wisconsin. As of the 2010 census, the population was 29,773. Its county seat is Viroqua.
Virginia, officially the Commonwealth of Virginia, is a state in the Southeastern and Mid-Atlantic regions of the United States located between the Atlantic Coast and the Appalachian Mountains. The geography and climate of the Commonwealth are shaped by the Blue Ridge Mountains and the Chesapeake Bay, which provide habitat for much of its flora and fauna. The capital of the Commonwealth is Richmond; Virginia Beach is the most populous city, and Fairfax County is the most populous political subdivision. The Commonwealth's estimated population as of 2018 is over 8.5 million.
The Battle of Fort Stedman, also known as the Battle of Hare's Hill, was fought on March 25, 1865, during the final weeks of the American Civil War. The Union Army fortification in the siege lines around Petersburg, Virginia, was attacked in a pre-dawn Confederate assault by troops led by Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon. The attack was the last serious attempt by Confederate troops to break the Siege of Petersburg. After an initial success, Gordon's men were driven back by Union troops of the IX Corps commanded by Maj. Gen. John G. Parke.

January 4 is the fourth day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 361 days remain until the end of the year.

The New York Stock Exchange is an American stock exchange located at 11 Wall Street, Lower Manhattan, New York City, New York. It is by far the world's largest stock exchange by market capitalization of its listed companies at US$30.1 trillion as of February 2018. The average daily trading value was approximately US$169 billion in 2013. The NYSE trading floor is located at 11 Wall Street and is composed of 21 rooms used for the facilitation of trading. A fifth trading room, located at 30 Broad Street, was closed in February 2007. The main building and the 11 Wall Street building were designated National Historic Landmarks in 1978.

Broad Street is a narrow street located in the Financial District in the New York City borough of Manhattan. It stretches from South Street to Wall Street.

April–June

April 1 – American Civil War – Battle of Five Forks: In Petersburg, Virginia, Confederate General Robert E. Lee begins his final offensive.
April 2 – American Civil War: Confederate President Jefferson Davis and most of his Cabinet flee the Confederate capital of Richmond, Virginia, which is taken by Union troops the next day.
April 6 – German chemicals producer Badische Anilin- und Sodafabrik (BASF) is founded in Mannheim.
April 9 – American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Robert E. Lee surrenders to Union Army General Ulysses S. Grant at Appomattox Court House, effectively ending the American Civil War.
April 14
- Assassination of Abraham Lincoln: President of the United States Abraham Lincoln is shot while attending an evening performance of the farce Our American Cousin at Ford's Theatre in Washington, D.C., by actor and Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth.
- United States Secretary of State William H. Seward and his family are attacked in his home, by Lewis Powell.
April 15 – President Lincoln dies early this morning from his gunshot wound. Vice President Andrew Johnson becomes the 17th President of the United States, upon Lincoln's death. Johnson is sworn in later that morning.
April 18 – Confederate President Jefferson Davis and his entire cabinet arrive in Charlotte, North Carolina, with a contingent of 1,000 soldiers.
April 21 – German Chemicals producer BASF moves its headquarters and factories from Mannheim, to the Hemshof District of Ludwigshafen.
April 26
- American Civil War: Confederate States Army General Joseph E. Johnston surrenders to Union Army Major General William Tecumseh Sherman, at Durham Station, North Carolina.
- Union cavalry corner John Wilkes Booth in a Virginia barn, and cavalryman Boston Corbett fatally shoots the assassin.
April 27
- The steamboat Sultana , carrying 2,300 passengers, explodes and sinks in the Mississippi River, killing 1,800, mostly Union survivors of the Andersonville Prison.
  
  April 27: Steamboat Sultana sinks.
- Governor of New York Reuben Fenton signs a bill formally creating Cornell University.
May 1 – The Triple Alliance of Argentina, Brazil, and Uruguay against Paraguay is formally signed; the Paraguayan War has already begun.
May 4 – American Civil War: Lieutenant General Richard Taylor, commanding all Confederate forces in Alabama, Mississippi, and eastern Louisiana, surrenders his forces to Union General Edward Canby at Citronelle, Alabama, effectively ending all Confederate resistance east of the Mississippi River.
May 5
- In North Bend, Ohio (a suburb of Cincinnati), the first train robbery in the United States takes place.
- Jefferson Davis meets with his Confederate Cabinet (14 officials) for the last time, in Washington, Georgia, and the Confederate Government is officially dissolved.
May 10 – American Civil War: Jefferson Davis is captured by the Union Army near Irwinville, Georgia.
May 12 – 13 – American Civil War – Battle of Palmito Ranch: In far south Texas, more than a month after Confederate General Lee's surrender, the last land battle of the civil war with casualties, ends with a Confederate victory.
May 17
- The International Telegraph Union is founded.
- French missionary Father Armand David first observes Père David's deer in Peking, China.^[3]
May 23 – Grand Review of the Armies: Union Army troops parade down Pennsylvania Avenue (Washington, D.C.) to celebrate the end of the American Civil War.
May 25 – Mobile magazine explosion: 300 are killed in Mobile, Alabama, when an ordnance depot explodes.
May 28 – The Mimosa sets sail with emigrants from Wales for Patagonia.^[4]
May 29 – American Civil War: President of the United States Andrew Johnson issues a proclamation of general amnesty for most citizens of the former Confederacy.
June –August – English polymath Francis Galton formulates eugenics.^[5]
June 2 – American Civil War: Confederate forces west of the Mississippi River under General Edmund Kirby Smith surrender at Galveston, Texas, under terms negotiated on May 26, becoming the last to do so.
June 10 – Richard Wagner's opera Tristan und Isolde debuts at the Munich Court Theatre.
June 11 – Battle of the Riachuelo: The Brazilian Navy squadron defeats the Paraguayan Navy.

April 1 is the 91st day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 274 days remain until the end of the year.

The Battle of Five Forks was fought on April 1, 1865, southwest of Petersburg, Virginia, around the road junction of Five Forks, Dinwiddie County, at the end of the Siege of Petersburg, near the conclusion of the American Civil War.

Petersburg, Virginia Independent city in Commonwealth of Virginia, United States

Petersburg is an independent city in the Commonwealth of Virginia in the United States. As of the 2010 census, the population was 32,420. The Bureau of Economic Analysis combines Petersburg with Dinwiddie County for statistical purposes. It is located on the Appomattox River. The city is just 21 miles (34 km) south of the historic commonwealth (state) capital city of Richmond. The city's unique industrial past and its location as a transportation hub combined to create wealth for Virginia and the Middle Atlantic and Upper South regions of the nation.

June 19 – American Civil War: Union Major General Gordon Granger lands at Galveston, Texas, and informs the people of Texas of the Emancipation Proclamation (an event celebrated in modern times each year as Juneteenth).
June 23 – American Civil War: At Fort Towson in Oklahoma Territory, Confederate General Stand Watie, a Cherokee Indian, surrenders the last significant Rebel army.
June 25 – James Hudson Taylor founds the China Inland Mission at Brighton, England.
June 26 – Jumbo, a young male African elephant, arrives at London Zoo and becomes a popular attraction.

July–September

July – The Christian Mission, later renamed The Salvation Army, is founded in Whitechapel, London, by William and Catherine Booth.
July 4 – Lewis Carroll publishes his children's novel Alice's Adventures in Wonderland in England^[6]^[7] (first trade editions in December).
July 5
- The U.S. Secret Service is founded.
- The first speed limit is introduced in Britain: 2 mph (3.2 km/h) in town and 4 mph (6.4 km/h) in the country.
July 7 – Following Abraham Lincoln's assassination on April 14, the four conspirators condemned to death during the trial are hanged, including David Herold, George Atzerodt, Lewis Payne and Mary Surratt. Her son, John Surratt, escapes execution by fleeing to Canada, and ultimately to Egypt.
July 14 – First ascent of the Matterhorn: The summit of the Matterhorn in the Alps is reached for the first time, by a party of 7 led by the Englishman Edward Whymper; 4 die in a fall during the descent.

July 14: Matterhorn climbed. Matterhorn.jpg — July 14: Matterhorn climbed.

July 21 – Wild Bill Hickok – Davis Tutt shootout: In the market square of Springfield, Missouri, Wild Bill Hickok shoots Little Dave Tutt dead over a poker debt, in what is regarded as the first true western fast draw showdown.
July 23 – The SS Great Eastern departs on a voyage to lay a transatlantic telegraph cable.^[6]
July 27 – Welsh settlers arrive in Argentina at Chubut Valley.
July 30 – The steamer Brother Jonathan sinks off the California coast, killing 225.
July 31 – The first narrow gauge mainline railway in the world opens at Grandchester, Australia.
August 16 – The Dominican Republic regains independence from Spain.
August 25 – The Shergotty meteorite Mars meteorite falls in Sherghati, Gaya, Bihar, India.
September 19 – Union Business College (now Peirce College) is founded in Philadelphia.
September 26 – Champ Ferguson becomes the first person (and one of only two) to be convicted of war crimes for actions taken during the American Civil War, found guilty by a U.S. Army tribunal on 23 charges, arising from the murder of 53 people. He is hanged on October 20, two days after the conviction of Henry Wirz for war crimes.^[8]

October–December

October 11 – Morant Bay rebellion: Paul Bogle leads hundreds of black men and women in a march in Jamaica; the rebellion is brutally suppressed by the British governor Edward John Eyre with 400 executed.^[7]
October 25 – Florida drafts its constitution in Tallahassee.
October 26
- The Standard Oil Company opens.
- The paddlewheel steamer SS Republic sinks off the Georgia coast, with a cargo of $400,000 in coins.
November 6 – American Civil War: Confederate captain James Waddell surrenders the commerce raider CSS Shenandoah to the British at Liverpool.
November 10 – Captain Henry Wirz, the superintendent of the Confederate prison camp in Andersonville, Georgia, is hanged, becoming the first of two American Civil War soldiers to be executed for war crimes.
November 11 – Duar War between Britain and Bhutan ends with the Treaty of Sinchula, in which Bhutan cedes control of its southern passes to Britain in return for an annual subsidy.^[6]
November 26 – Battle of Papudo: The Spanish ship Covadonga is captured by the Chileans and the Peruvians, north of Valparaíso, Chile.
December 11 – The United States Congress creates the United States House Committee on Appropriations and the Committee on Banking and Commerce, reducing the tasks of the House Committee on Ways and Means.
December 17 – Leopold II becomes King of the Belgians, following the death (on December 10) of his father, King Leopold I.
December 18 – Secretary Seward declares the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution ratified by three-quarters of the states (including those in secession) as of December 6; slavery is legally outlawed in the last two slave states of Kentucky and Delaware, and the remaining 45,000 slaves are freed.
December 21 – The Kappa Alpha Order is founded at Washington College, Lexington, Virginia.
December 24 – Jonathan Shank and Barry Ownby form the Ku Klux Klan in the American South, to resist Reconstruction and intimidate carpetbaggers and scalawags , as well as to repress the freedpeople.

Francis Galton. Francis Galton2.jpg — Francis Galton.

Date unknown

A forest fire near Silverton, Oregon destroys about one million acres (4,000 km²) of timber.
The National Temperance Society and Publishing House is founded by James Black in the U.S.