1874

1874 in various calendars
Gregorian calendar	1874; MDCCCLXXIV
Ab urbe condita	2627
Armenian calendar	1323; ԹՎ ՌՅԻԳ
Assyrian calendar	6624
Bahá'í calendar	30–31
Balinese saka calendar	1795–1796
Bengali calendar	1281
Berber calendar	2824
British Regnal year	37 Vict. 1 – 38 Vict. 1
Buddhist calendar	2418
Burmese calendar	1236
Byzantine calendar	7382–7383
Chinese calendar	癸酉年 (Water Rooster); 4570 or 4510; — to —; 甲戌年 (Wood Dog); 4571 or 4511
Coptic calendar	1590–1591
Discordian calendar	3040
Ethiopian calendar	1866–1867
Hebrew calendar	5634–5635
Hindu calendars
- Vikram Samvat	1930–1931
- Shaka Samvat	1795–1796
- Kali Yuga	4974–4975
Holocene calendar	11874
Igbo calendar	874–875
Iranian calendar	1252–1253
Islamic calendar	1290–1291
Japanese calendar	Meiji 7; (明治７年)
Javanese calendar	1802–1803
Julian calendar	Gregorian minus 12 days
Korean calendar	4207
Minguo calendar	38 before ROC ; 民前38年
Nanakshahi calendar	406
Thai solar calendar	2416–2417
Tibetan calendar	阴水鸡年; (female Water-Rooster); 2000 or 1619 or 847; — to —; 阳木狗年; (male Wood-Dog); 2001 or 1620 or 848

Millennium:	2nd millennium
Centuries:	18th century ; 19th century ; 20th century ;
Decades:	1850s ; 1860s ; 1870s ; 1880s ; 1890s ;
Years:	1871 ; 1872 ; 1873 ; 1874 ; 1875 ; 1876 ; 1877 ;

Last updated July 15, 2019

1874 ( MDCCCLXXIV ) was a common year starting on Thursday of the Gregorian calendar and a common year starting on Tuesday of the Julian calendar , the 1874th year of the Common Era (CE) and Anno Domini (AD) designations, the 874th year of the 2nd millennium , the 74th year of the 19th century , and the 5th year of the 1870s decade. As of the start of 1874, the Gregorian calendar was 12 days ahead of the Julian calendar, which remained in localized use until 1923.

Roman numerals Numbers in the Roman numeral system

Roman numerals are a numeral system that originated in ancient Rome and remained the usual way of writing numbers throughout Europe well into the Late Middle Ages. Numbers in this system are represented by combinations of letters from the Latin alphabet. Modern usage employs seven symbols, each with a fixed integer value:

A common year is a calendar year with 365 days, as distinguished from a leap year, which has 366. More generally, a common year is one without intercalation. The Gregorian calendar,, employs both common years and leap years to keep the calendar aligned with the tropical year, which does not contain an exact number of days.

A common year starting on Thursday is any non-leap year that begins on Thursday, 1 January, and ends on Thursday, 31 December. Its dominical letter hence is D. The most recent year of such kind was 2015 and the next one will be 2026 in the Gregorian calendar or, likewise, 2010 and 2021 in the obsolete Julian calendar, see below for more. This common year contains the most Friday the 13ths; specifically, the months of February, March, and November. Leap years starting on Sunday share this characteristic. From February until March in this type of year is also the shortest period that occurs within a Friday the 13th.

Events

January–March

January – The Pangkor Treaty (also known as the Pangkor Engagement), by which the British extended their control over first the Sultanate of Perak, and later the other independent Malay States, is signed.
January 1 – New York City annexes The Bronx.
January 2 – Ignacio María González becomes head of state of the Dominican Republic for the first time.
January 3 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Caspe: Campaigning on the Ebro in Aragon for the Spanish Republican Government, Colonel Eulogio Despujol surprises a Carlist force under Manuel Marco de Bello at Caspe, northeast of Alcañiz. In a brilliant action the Carlists are routed, losing 200 prisoners and 80 horses, while Despujol is promoted to Brigadier and becomes Conde de Caspe.
January 23
- Prince Alfred, Duke of Edinburgh, second son of Queen Victoria, marries Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia, only daughter of Tsar Alexander III of Russia.
- Camille Saint-Saëns' composition Danse macabre receives its première.
Alfred reigned as Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha from 1893 to 1900. He was the second son and fourth child of Queen Victoria of the United Kingdom and Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha. He was known as the Duke of Edinburgh from 1866 until he succeeded his paternal uncle Ernest II as the reigning Duke of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in the German Empire.
Victoria was Queen of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland from 20 June 1837 until her death. On 1 May 1876, she adopted the additional title of Empress of India.
Grand Duchess Maria Alexandrovna of Russia was the fifth child and only surviving daughter of Emperor Alexander II of Russia and his first wife Princess Marie of Hesse and by Rhine. She was the younger sister of Alexander III of Russia and the paternal aunt of Russia's last emperor, Nicholas II.
February 21 – The Oakland Daily Tribune publishes its first issue.
February 23 – Walter Clopton Wingfield patents a game called "sphairistike", which is more commonly called lawn tennis.
February 24 – 25 – Third Carlist War – First Battle of Somorrostro: Determined to raise the siege of Bilbao by the Pretender Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano sends General Domingo Moriones with a relief force of 14,000 men. Carlists, under General Nicolás Ollo, entrenched at Somorrostro outside Bilbao, drive back a courageous assault by General Fernando Primo de Rivera and then the entire Republican army. The republicans lose 1,200 men, and Moriones loses his nerve, demanding reinforcements and a replacement for himself. Moriones, men entrench and wait.
March 14 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Castellfollit de la Roca: Appointed to command the Spanish Republican army in the north, General Ramón Nouvilas attempts to relieve the Carlist siege of Olot in Girona. But at Castellfollit de la Roca, in one of the Government's worst defeats, Nouvilas is routed by Carlist General Francesc Savalls, and captured along with about 2,000 of his men. Olot capitulates two days later.
March 15 – France and Viet Nam sign the Second Treaty of Saigon, further recognizing the full sovereignty of France over Cochinchina.
March 18
- Hawaii signs a treaty with the United States, granting exclusive trading rights.
- The Dresden English Football Club is founded, the first soccer club on the European mainland.
The Dresden English Football Club was a football club founded in 1874 in Dresden, the first in Germany and likely the first outside Great Britain.
March 25 – 27 – Third Carlist War – Second Battle of Somorrostro: In a renewed attempt to raise the siege of Bilbao by Don Carlos VII, Republican commander Marshal Francisco Serrano himself arrives with 27,000 men and 70 cannon. However, in three days of fierce fighting, the Carlist General Joaquín Elío, with just 17,000 men, once again drives off the attack at nearby Somorrostro, and it is another six weeks before Serrano manages to relieve Bilbao.
March – The Young Men's Hebrew Association in Manhattan (which still operates today as the 92nd Street Y) is founded.

January is the first and first month of the year in the Julian and Gregorian calendars and the first of seven months to have a length of 31 days. The first day of the month is known as New Year's Day. It is, on average, the coldest month of the year within most of the Northern Hemisphere and the warmest month of the year within most of the Southern Hemisphere. In the Southern hemisphere, January is the seasonal equivalent of July in the Northern hemisphere and vice versa.

Perak, also known by its honorific Darul Ridzuan or "Abode of Grace", is one of the thirteen states of Malaysia, and the fourth-largest one. It borders Kedah at the north; Thailand's Yala and Narathiwat provinces to the northeast; Penang to the northwest; Kelantan and Pahang to the east; Selangor to the south, and the Straits of Malacca to the west.

January 1 is the first day of the year in the Gregorian Calendar. There are 364 days remaining until the end of the year. This day is known as New Year's Day since the day marks the beginning of the year. It is also the first day of the first quarter of the year and the first half of the year.

April–June

April 15 – May 15 – A group of young painters, Société Anonyme Coopérative des Artistes, Peintres, Sculpteurs, Graveurs, gives their first exhibition, at the studio of the photographer Nadar in Paris. Louis Leroy's critical review of it published on 25 April gives rise to the term Impressionism for the movement, with reference to Claude Monet's Impression, Sunrise .
May 2 – Third Carlist War – Siege of Bilbao: The siege is lifted.
May 9 – The first commercial horse-drawn carriage debuts in the city of Bombay, plying two routes.
May 20 – Levi Strauss and Jacob Davis receive a U.S. patent for blue jeans, with copper rivets. The price is $13.50 per dozen.
May 27 – The first group of Dorsland Trekkers, a series of expeditions by Trekboere in search of political independence and better farming conditions, departs South Africa to settle in Angola, led by Gert Alberts.^[1]
June 14 – Michel Domingue becomes head of state of Haiti.
June 22 – Andrew Taylor Still starts the movement for osteopathic medicine in the United States at Kirksville, Missouri.
June 25 – June 27 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Monte Muro: Carlist forces entrenched around Abárzuza, on the approach to Estella in Navarre, repel an attack by Isabelino/Liberal (supporters of Queen Isabella II) troops led by General Manuel Gutiérrez de la Concha, Marqués del Duero, who is killed on the third day of fighting.

April 15 is the 105th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 260 days remain until the end of the year.

May 15 is the 135th day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 230 days remain until the end of the year.

Louis Leroy French engraver, painter, and playwright

Louis Leroy (1812–1885) was a French 19th-century printmaker, painter, and successful playwright. However, he is remembered as the journalist and art critic for the French satirical newspaper Le Charivari, who coined the term "impressionists" to satirise the artists now known by the word.

July–September

July 1
- The Universal Postal Union is established.
- The Philadelphia Zoo opens, the first public zoo in the United States.
- The Sholes and Glidden typewriter, with cylindrical platen and QWERTY keyboard, is first marketed in the United States.
- The Bank of Spain emits the first peseta banknotes.^[2]
July 14 – The Chicago Fire of 1874 burns down 47 acres of the city, destroying 812 buildings, killing 20, and resulting in the fire insurance industry demanding municipal reforms from Chicago's city council.
July 23 – Aires de Ornelas e Vasconcelos is appointed Archbishop of the Portuguese colonial enclave of Goa.
July 24
- Mathew Evans and Henry Woodward patent the first incandescent lamp, with an electric light bulb.
- Third Carlist War – Sack of Cuenca: After Carlist forces successfully defend Estella, Don Alfonso de Bourbon, brother of the Don Carlos VII, leads 14,000 Catalan Carlists south to attack Cuenca (136 km from Madrid), held by Republicans under Don Hilario Lozano. After two days the outnumbered garrison capitulates, but Don Alfonso permits a terrible slaughter. The city is sacked. Subsequently, another republican force defeats the disorderly Catalans, who flee back to the Ebro.
July 31 – Patrick Francis Healy, S.J., the first Black man to receive a PhD, is inaugurated as president of Georgetown University, the oldest Catholic University in America, and becomes the first Black to head a predominantly White university.
August 11 – Third Carlist War – Battle of Oteiza: Two months after Government forces were repulsed from Carlist-held Estella, in Navarre, Republican General Domingo Moriones makes a fresh diversionary attack a few miles to the southeast at Oteiza. In heavy fighting Moriones secures a costly tactical victory over Carlist General Torcuato Mendíri, but the war continues another 18 months, before Estella finally falls.
September 9 – Captain Lyman's wagon train besieged by Indians in Hemphill County, Texas.
September 14 – Battle of Liberty Place: In New Orleans, former Confederate Army members of the White League temporarily drive Republican Governor William P. Kellogg from office, replacing him with former Democratic Governor John McEnery. U.S. Army troops restore Kellogg to office five days later.^[3]
September 28 – Texas–Indian wars: U.S. Army Colonel Ranald S. Mackenzie leads his force of 600 men on the successful raid of the last sanctuary of the Kiowa, Comanche and Cheyenne Indian tribes, a village inside the Palo Duro Canyon in Texas, and carries out their removal to the designated Indian reservations in Oklahoma.^[4]

July 1 is the 182nd day of the year in the Gregorian calendar. 183 days remain until the end of the year.

The Universal Postal Union, established by the Treaty of Bern of 1874, is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) that coordinates postal policies among member nations, in addition to the worldwide postal system. The UPU contains four bodies consisting of the Congress, the Council of Administration (CA), the Postal Operations Council (POC) and the International Bureau (IB). It also oversees the Telematics and Express Mail Service (EMS) cooperatives. Each member agrees to the same terms for conducting international postal duties. The UPU's headquarters are located in Bern, Switzerland.

The Philadelphia Zoo, located in the Centennial District of Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, on the west bank of the Schuylkill River, was the first true zoo in the United States. Chartered by the Commonwealth of Pennsylvania on March 21, 1859, its opening was delayed by the American Civil War until July 1, 1874. The zoo opened with 1,000 animals and an admission price of 25 cents. For a brief time, the zoo also housed animals brought over from safari on behalf of the Smithsonian Institution, which had not yet built the National Zoo.

October–December

October 9 – The Treaty of Bern establishes the General Postal Union, to coordinate the exchange of international mail.
October 19 – The modern University of Zagreb is founded in Zagreb.
November 2 – The first issue of Japanese language newspaper Yomiuri Shinbun is published in Tokyo, Japan.^[5]
November 4 – Democrats gain control of the United States House of Representatives for the first time since 1860.
November 7 – Harper's Weekly publishes a cartoon by Thomas Nast which is the first use of an elephant as a symbol for the Republican Party in the United States.^[6]
November 9 – The New York Zoo hoax, a supposed breakout of animals from the Central Park Zoo, is perpetrated on the public.
November 10 – John Ernst Worrell Keely demonstrates his "induction resonance motion motor", a perpetual motion machine, which eventually turns out to be a fraud.
November 11 – The Gamma Phi Beta sorority is founded at Syracuse University. This is the first women's Greek letter organization to be called a sorority.
November 25 – The United States Greenback Party is established as a political party, made primarily of farmers financially hurt by the Panic of 1873.
December 1 – Iceland is granted a constitution, and limited home rule from Denmark.
December 29 – General Martínez and Brigadier General Luís Daban stage a pronunciamento at Sagunto, and proclaim Isabel's son Alfonso as King of Spain. Subsequently, the Madrid garrison follows suit, and the First Spanish Republic comes to an end.

Date unknown

The Agra Canal opens in India.
St. Nicholas' Church, Hamburg, designed by English architect George Gilbert Scott, is completed. Its 147 metres (482 ft)-tall spire makes it (briefly, and by 5m) the world's tallest building (a title held since 1647 by Strasbourg Cathedral).
The House of Keys, lower house of the Tynwald, the legislature of the Isle of Man, moves from Castletown to Douglas.^[7]
Charles Taze Russell and the Bible Student movement claim this year marks the invisible return of Jesus Christ to earth.
Gold is discovered in the Black Hills.
DDT is first synthesized.
The San Diego Natural History Museum is founded.
The following Association football clubs are founded in Great Britain:
- Aston Villa.
- Bolton Wanderers (as Christ Church F.C.)
- Greenock Morton.
- Heart of Midlothian.
English chemist C. R. Alder Wright synthetizes heroin for the first time.
The Supreme Council 33° Ancient and Accepted Scottish Rite of Freemasonry of Canada is founded.
The medieval Frankish Tower on the Acropolis of Athens is demolished.