1921 Polish census

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Polish census of 1921
1921 Census of Poland, vol. 31: Population by Religion and Nationality (go to p. 80: PDF)
Tablice panstwowe-Polska spis powszechny 1921.pdf

The Polish census of 1921 or First General Census in Poland (Polish : Pierwszy Powszechny Spis Ludności) was the first census in the Second Polish Republic, performed on September 30, 1921, by the Main Bureau of Statistics (Główny Urząd Statystyczny). It was followed by the Polish census of 1931.

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Due to war, not all of interwar Poland was enumerated. Upper Silesia was formally assigned to Poland by the League of Nations after the census was conducted elsewhere. Meanwhile, the conditions in eastern Galicia were still unstable and chaotic, and the census data had to be adjusted after the fact, wrote Joseph Marcus, thus leading to more questions than answers. [1] The army and personnel under military jurisdiction were not included in the results. Also, specific areas of considerable size lacked complete returns due to absence of war refugees. [2]

Entire categories considered essential today were absent from the questionnaires, subject to historic interpretation at any given time. For example, the Ukrainian ethnicity was not surveyed. The census followed all previous Habsburg censuses and surveyed only the Rusyns (as Ruthenes) with the only possible distinguishing factor for Ukrainians being religion. Within a single total number of Ruthenes (narodowość rusińska), separate categories existed only for Greek Catholics (68.4 percent or 2,667,840 of them) and Orthodox Christians (31 percent or 1,207,739 of the total), [page 80] but did not address language in the same way as the next Polish census of 1931. Neither the Ukrainians, Carpatho-Rusyns (or Rusnaks), nor Polesians were defined by their name. The categories listed in the census included verbatim: Narodowość: polska (polonais), rusińska (ruthènes), żydowska (juifs), białoruska (biėlorusses), niemiecka (allemands), litewska (lithuaniens), rosyjska (russes), tutejsza (indigène), czeska (tchèques), inna (autre), niewiadoma (inconnue). [3]

Some scholars claim that minorities had been undercounted, with some claiming as much as 40% of Poland's population was a minority, 18 percent Ukrainian, 10 percent Jewish, 6 percent Byelorussian, and 5 percent German. [4]

Results

Nationality

Religion/NationalityTotalPolesRutheniansJewsBelarusiansGermansLithuaniansRussiansLocal peoplesCzechsOthersNot specified
Total25,694,70017.789.2873.898.4282.048.8781.035.693769.39224.04448.92038.94330.6289.856631
Roman Catholics16.057.22915.850.89016.2391.31660.12394.01721.6391.1441137.3984.31040
Greek Catholics3.031.057361.2942,667,84012519738360348323253
Orthodox2.815.817545.4571.207.739140960.5393032.2273.59738.13518.40489114
Jews2,771,949707.4003.7512.044.6373.9839937741.081346916445
Protestants940.234274.4711.992300205656.865761213.9521.96831
Mariavites33.00332.865955111141.9680430
Ost. Orthodox21.7077.87547210.07850637300511
Evangelicals12.4263.37472041417.375317807261331
Beyond Confessions5.9723.309502.287101357460171110
Other non-Christians4.3972.09835165101732191011.3701
Not specified90925469243340350535
AllPolishRuthenians [5] JewishBelarusianGermanLithuanian [6] Russian Tutejszy [6] Czechotherunknown
25.694.70017.789.2873.898.4282.048.8781.035.693769.39224.04448.92038.94330.6289.856631
100%69,23%15,17%7,97%4,03%2,99%0,09%0,19%0,15%0,12%0,04%~0,002%

Religion

AllRoman CatholicsGreco CatholicsOther Catholic (Mariavite and others)OrthodoxOther Eastern Christians Evangelicals Other EvangelicalsJewsOther Non-Christians Agnostics Unknown
25 694 70016 057 2293 031 05733 0032 815 81721 707940 23412 4262 771 9494 3975 972909

Source: [3]

References

  1. ↑ Joseph Marcus (1983). Social and Political History of the Jews in Poland, 1919-1939. Walter de Gruyter. p. 17. ISBN   90-279-3239-5.
  2. ↑ Henry J. Dubester (1948). National censuses and vital statistics in Europe, 1918-1939: an annotated bibliography. Washington: U.S. Government Printing Office. p. 145 – via Google Books.
  3. 1 2 Central Statistical Office of the Polish Republic (1927). Population of Poland according to religious denominations and nationality [Ludność według wyznania religijnego i narodowości](PDF). Warsaw: GUS. page 80/109 in PDF, page 56 in census results: Table XI. Retrieved 14 October 2015.
  4. ↑ Blanke, Richard (7 July 2014). Orphans of Versailles. The Germans in Western Poland 1918-1939. Lexington: University of Kentucky Press. pp. 32–33. ISBN   978-0-8131-5633-0.
  5. ↑ The exonym Ruthenians (Ruthenes in the 1921 census) have been applied to East Slavic nationalities, including Ukrainians, Rusyns and related ethnic groups: see Rusyn, Ruthenian, Carpatho-Rusyn, Lemko or Rusnak in Britannica.
  6. 1 2 Data do not include: city of Vilnius, county of Vilnius-Trakai, Ashmyany, Švenčionys, Vilnius Region and Upper Silesia
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