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Presidential elections were held in the Chechen Republic on 27 October 1991. At the same time, elections to the Parliament of the republic were also held. The result was a victory for Dzokhar Dudayev.
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Presidential elections were held in the Chechen Republic on 27 October 1991. At the same time, elections to the Parliament of the republic were also held. The result was a victory for Dzokhar Dudayev.
On 8 June 1991, a nationalist opposition Chechen National Congress, albeit lacking a legal authority, passed a resolution dissolving the Supreme Soviet of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic and proclaiming the Chechen Republic (Nokhchi-Cho). [1] In August and September 1991, the protests organized by Chechen National Congress and its leader Dzokhar Dudayev ousted the Communist Party and its leader Doku Zavgayev from power in Checheno-Ingushetia. The leadership of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic also supported removing Doku Zavgayev from office. A subsequent conflict between the supporters of Dudayev and Russian authorities led to the Chechen National Congress proclaiming itself as a provisional government in Chechnya before the elections, which were scheduled by the Congress for October 1991. Initially, the executive committee of the CNC scheduled presidential elections for 19 October and parliamentary elections for 27 October, but both were ultimately held on the same date on 27 October 1991. [2]
On 15 September 1991, the Assembly of Ingush Deputies passed a resolution, announcing its secession from Checheno-Ingushetia to remain within the RSFSR, thus forming the "Ingush Autonomous Republic". A referendum held in Ingushetia on 30 November to 1 December confirmed this decision, and it was finalized on 4 June 1992 with the Russian law “On the Creation of the Ingush Republic in the Russian Federation”. [3] The Ingush feared that joining the independent Chechnya would have meant compromising territorial claims on Prigorodny District, which is a subject of a dispute between the Ingush and Ossetians. The Ingush lost the land following their deportation to Central Asia in 1944, and then recent Russian law On the Rehabilitation of Repressed Peoples, passed in April 1991, gave them hopes of returning the territory. [4] Thus, the Ingush did not take part in Chechen election. [5]
Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia and Georgia sent their observers, and the representatives of non-governmental organizations from several countries also attended the elections. They declared the elections to be free and democratic. [6] According to John B. Dunlop, although some flaws had been observed, the election still could be regarded as reflecting the will of Chechen people. [7] Ruslan Khasbulatov claimed that the elections were undemocratic. [8]
| Candidate | Party | Votes | % | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Dzhokhar Dudayev | Vainakh Democratic Party | 412,671 | 90.07 | |
| Shamil Basayev | 45,473 | 9.93 | ||
| Ramzan Goytemirov | ||||
| Mamaka Sulayev | ||||
| Total | 458,144 | 100.00 | ||
| Total votes | 458,144 | – | ||
| Registered voters/turnout | 638,608 | 71.74 | ||
| Source: Dzidzoev [9] | ||||
/ 
Russia – On 2 November, the Fifth Congress of RSFSR Deputies under the chairmanship of the too Chechen Ruslan Khasbulatov declared the elections to be unlawful and unconstitutional. [10] 
Georgia – Georgian President Zviad Gamsakhurdia congratulated Dzokhar Dudayev on victory and attended his inauguration. [11] On 1 November, Dzokhar Dudayev issued a decree declaring the independence of the Chechen Republic. [12] [13]
Dudayev's inauguration was scheduled for 9 November. With an apparent goal of prevent Dudayev's inauguration, [14] Russian President Boris Yeltsin declared the state of emergency in Chechnya on 8 November and ordered the introduction of troops to restore the order, while banning rallies and ordering the confiscation of firearms. [15] 532 Russian Interior Ministry troops arrived to Khankala military airport in Chechnya, but they were isolated by the Chechen National Guard, which blockaded the roads to a military airfield. The Russian troops were bussed to the Russian border by Chechen militiamen. [14] Amidst the news of the blockade of Russian troops in Khankala, other Russian troops landed in Vladikavkaz, North Ossetia. [14]
Russia issued a warrant for the arrest of Dudayev. Inauguration took place and Dudayev took an oath on the Koran. Dudayev responded by declaring the martial law in Chechnya and announcing a general mobilization. The Dudayev's troops began to build street barricades out of buses and trucks to prevent Russian troops from entering Grozny. Chechen activists hijacked a Tupolov-154 Aeroflot airliner in Mineralnye Vody with a goal of bringing international attention to the Chechen situation. Police patrols were issued automatic rifles and security was strengthened around Russian Parliament in Moscow in face of threats against Yeltsin's life coming from Grozny. [14] The decision to send the troops was not supported by the Soviet leaders, with the Soviet Interior Minister Viktor Barannikov saying that he and Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev wanted to see the conflict resolved by "political means". [16] On 11 November, Russian Supreme Soviet voted 177 to 4 to abolish the state of emergency.
Chechnya, officially the Chechen Republic, is a republic of Russia. It is situated in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe, between the Caspian Sea and Black Sea. The republic forms a part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; with the Russian republics of Dagestan, Ingushetia, and North Ossetia-Alania to its east, north, and west; and with Stavropol Krai to its northwest.
Grozny is the capital city of Chechnya, Russia.
The First Chechen War, also referred to as the First Russo-Chechen War, was a struggle for independence waged by the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria against the Russian Federation from December 11th, 1994 to August 31st, 1996. This conflict was preceded by the battle of Grozny in November 1994, during which Russia covertly sought to overthrow the new Chechen government. Following the intense Battle of Grozny in 1994–1995, which concluded as a pyrrhic victory for the Russian federal forces, their subsequent efforts to establish control over the remaining lowlands and mountainous regions of Chechnya were met with fierce resistance from Chechen guerrillas who often conducted surprise raids.
The history of Chechnya may refer to the history of the Chechens, of their land Chechnya, or of the land of Ichkeria.
Dzhokhar Musayevich Dudayev was a Chechen politician, statesman and military leader of the 1990s Chechen Independence movement from Russia. He served as the first president of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, from 1991 until his assassination in 1996. Previously he had been a Major General of Aviation in the Soviet Armed Forces.
Ingushetia or Ingushetiya, officially the Republic of Ingushetia, is a republic of Russia located in the North Caucasus of Eastern Europe. The republic is part of the North Caucasian Federal District, and shares land borders with the country of Georgia to its south; and borders the Russian republics of North Ossetia–Alania to its west and north and Chechnya to its east and northeast.
When the Soviet Union existed, different governments had ruled the southern Caucasus regions of Chechnya and Ingushetia. Within the Mountain Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic, later annexed into the Russian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic, they were known as the Chechen Autonomous Oblast and the Ingush Autonomous Oblast, which were unified on January 15, 1934 to form the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Oblast. It was elevated to an autonomous republic as the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic from 1936 to 1944 and again from 1957 to 1993. Its capital was Grozny.
Doku Gapurovich Zavgayev is a Soviet and Russian diplomat and politician from Chechnya. He was the leader of the Checheno-Ingush ASSR.
The Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, known simply as Ichkeria, and also known as Chechnya, is a former de facto state that controlled most of the former Checheno-Ingush ASSR.
The Republic of Chechnya is a constituent republic and federal subject of the Russian Federation. It is located in the Caucasus region in southwest Russia. It is the political successor of the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. From a centralized form of government during the existence of the Soviet Union, the republic's political system went upheavals during the 1990s with the establishment of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria, leading to the First Chechen War and the Second Chechen War which left the republic in total devastation. In 2000, following Russia's renewed rule, a local, republican form of government was established in the republic under the control of the Russian federal government.
The November 1994 Battle of Grozny was a covert attempt by Russian Intelligence services to oust the Chechen government of Dzhokhar Dudayev, by seizing the Chechen capital of Grozny. The attack was conducted by armed formations of the opposition Provisional Council, led by Umar Avturkhanov, with a clandestine support of Russian Federation armor and aircraft on 26 November 1994. The fighting subsided after the first 10 hours, with the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria decisively repelling the assault.
Abuzar Abdulkhakimovich Aydamirov was a Soviet and Chechen novelist and poet, author of a historical trilogy dedicated to the Caucasian Wars and of the Anthem of the Chechen Republic of Ichkeria.
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The Decree of Sovereignty of the Chechen Republic was a formal declaration of independence for the autonomous Soviet Republic of Checheno-Ingush ASSR. Between 1991 and 2000 Chechnya was de facto an independent state. The declaration was issued on 1 November 1991, by the head of the All-National Congress of the Chechen People, Dzokhar Dudayev.
The Chechen Revolution was a series of anti-government protests in the Checheno-Ingush Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic of Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic against the local Communist Party officials.
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