Disputed territories and their resolution
The border territories that were disputed (arranged clockwise):
Western border
After the breakup of the Soviet Union,the former Sino-Soviet border was now shared by Tajikistan,Kyrgyzstan,Kazakhstan,and Russia. While the majority of the disputed territories lay in the west,the Russian Federation inherited only about 50 km (31 mi) of the former western Sino-Soviet border. China negotiated[ when? ] separate border agreements with each of the post-Soviet republics on its western borders. (See e.g. the China–Kazakhstan border).
Argun River
Menkeseli was a 17.5 km2 (6.8 sq mi) region along the Argun River that according to the agreement should have been transferred to China. However,this was opposed by local Russian civilians,who used this area for fishing. The dispute was finally finalized in 1996,in which the region would be transferred to China but local Russian residents would be guaranteed special usage rights to the region.
413 islands and islets along the river were disputed. The final apportionment has 204 islands in Soviet territory and 209 islands in Chinese territory.
Specifically excluded from the agreement was the status of 5 km2 (1.9 sq mi) Abagaitu Islet,on the border between China's Inner Mongolia and Russia's Chita Oblast and near the cities of Zabaykalsk and Manzhouli. In Chinese it is known by the Mongolian name of Abaigaitui,while the name in Russian is Bolshoy. This island would be transferred to China in subsequent agreements in 2004.
Amur River
The islands of the Amur river were subject to some border clashes between Soviet and Japanese forces during the Manchukuo period. After the invasion of Manchukuo during World War II,the Soviet Union unilaterally occupied many of the islands along the Amur River and prevented Chinese locals from entering. [3] These islands were the site of several military skirmishes during the 1960s. Most of the disputed islands have been transferred to China. Of the 1,680 islands along the Amur,the agreement now recognizes 902 Chinese islands and 708 Russian islands.
The two islands of Bolshoy Ussuriysky Island (32 km2) and Tarabarov island (4 km2) near Khabarovsk,along the junction of the Amur and Ussuri rivers were specifically excluded from the agreement. The two islands are referred to collectively in Chinese as Heixiazi,although the smaller Tarabarov is sometimes called Yinlong. The status of these islands was resolved in 2004,when Tarabarov and approximately 50% of Bolshoy Ussuriysky were transferred to China.
In addition to the islands in the Amur River,the original Treaty of Aigun-Blagovaschensk retained the right of residency of over 15,000 subjects of the Qing Empire in the 64 villages north and east of the Amur River. These treaty conditions were subsequently reneged and the Manchu,Han,and Daur residents were deported,or massacred in pogroms Sixty-Four Villages East of the River
The PRC relinquished claims to these lands during border negotiations.
Ussuri River
Of almost 150 island groups on the Ussuri river,almost forty lay disputed. Many of these islands were the site of numerous skirmishes and clashes before and during the Sino-Soviet border conflict. Of the 320 islands along this river,the agreement recognizes 167 Russian islands and 153 Chinese islands.
Kutsuzov is the largest island along the Ussuri. Under former Chinese possession it was known as Daxitong dao. Control was transferred to the Soviet Union during the Manchukuo period. Under the terms of the agreement,the island remained in Russia's possession.
Damansky,or Zhenbao Island along the Ussuri River,was the site of the 1969 Damansky Island incident. After the conflict,the Chinese appear to have retained de facto control over the island. The agreement recognized China's de jure as well as de facto control.
Lake Khanka
Around 3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) of territory at Lake Khanka near the village of Tury Rog was transferred to Chinese control.
West of Lake Khanka lay a section of territory unilaterally seized from Manchukuo by the Soviet Union in 1933. This territory,about 0.70 to 0.90 square kilometres (170 to 220 acres),has been transferred to Chinese control.
Suifen River
A delta forms at the junction of the Suifen and Granitnaya Rivers,which is also the location of the border. In 1903,the Russian Empire acquired control of the delta. The delta was later given to Manchukuo,which was then restored to China,but the Soviet Union retained control of the islands along the river. These islands have been transferred to China.
Granitnaya River
This dispute involves a section of the former land border near the Granitnaya River,which borders part of Heilongjiang Province and Ussuriysky District (now Ussuriysk urban district) of Primorsky Krai. The original Convention of Peking (Beijing) states this section of the border lies along the Granitnaya,but the origin of the river de facto lay inside Russian territory. With the 1991 agreement,Russia transferred 9 km2 (3.5 sq mi) to China so that now the Sino-Russian border runs along the entire length of the river.
Tumen River
The Khasansky District lies near the Sino-North Korean border and the Sino-Russian border and included two disputed regions along the Tumen River. According to the agreement,3 km2 (1.2 sq mi) of territory would be transferred to China,and Chinese ships would gain the right to navigate the Tumen river. The territory transfer would connect a previously enclaved piece of Chinese territory to the rest of China (Fangchuancun). This portion of the agreement stirred up some controversy among some Russian officials from Primorsky Krai,as they felt that direct Chinese access to the Sea of Japan (through the Tumen River) would decrease the economic importance of Vladivostok and Nakhodka. Other arguments protested at potential pollution from Chinese economic development,the possibility of Chinese military vessels navigating the river,and the presence of a Russian cemetery commemorating the Lake Khasan Incident in the area. Finally,in June 1997,the Russian side proposed a resolution which would divide the disputed territory in half. This was accepted by China in September of the same year,and in November,when the border demarcation work was declared finished,1.6 km2 (0.62 sq mi) were transferred to China,and 1.4 km2 (0.54 sq mi) were retained by Russia. The Lake Khasan cemetery remained on the Russian side,and the Chinese officials underwent informal agreements to not build a port along the Tumen River.
Sino-Russian-North Korean border
The exact location of the Sino-Russian border along the left bank of the Tumen River was an area of contention (the entirety of the right bank of the river belonging to North Korea). The Convention of Peking (Beijing) set the location of border at 24 km (15 mi) above the mouth of the river,where it enters the Sea of Japan,but through Chinese negotiation was later moved to about 15 or 16 km (9.9 mi) above the mouth. In 1964,both sides agreed to a border about 17 km (11 mi) above the mouth,and these terms were kept in the 1991 agreement. However,the Russian side preferred it to be set at 24 km,and the Chinese at 15 km. The final position was set at 18.3 km (11.4 mi) above the mouth of the river.
The final position of the triangular border,where China,Russia,and North Korea meet,was successfully demarcated in 1998 after trilateral negotiations from all three countries,and went into effect in 1999.
