1993 Pacific hurricane season

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1993 Pacific hurricane season
1993 Pacific hurricane season summary.png
Season summary map
Seasonal boundaries
First system formedJune 11, 1993
Last system dissipatedOctober 14, 1993
Strongest storm
Name Lidia
 • Maximum winds150 mph (240 km/h)
(1-minute sustained)
 • Lowest pressure930 mbar (hPa; 27.46 inHg)
Seasonal statistics
Total depressions18
Total storms15
Hurricanes11
Major hurricanes
(Cat. 3+)		9
Total fatalities50 total
Total damage$45 million (1993 USD)
Related articles
Pacific hurricane seasons
1991, 1992, 1993, 1994, 1995

The 1993 Pacific hurricane season included more than double the average number of major hurricanes – Category 3 or stronger cyclones on the Saffir–Simpson scale. This activity was the result of an El Niño event, which is the main factor contributing to above-average activity across the Pacific basin. [1] The season featured 15 named storms, 11 hurricanes, and 9 major hurricanes. While the number of named storms was near the long-term average, the number of hurricanes was above the average of 8, and the number of major hurricanes far exceeded the long-term average of 4. [2] Seasonal activity began on May 17 and ended on November 8, within the confines of a traditional hurricane season which begins on May 15 in the East Pacific and June 1 in the Central Pacific. The season ends on November 30 in both basins. These dates conventionally delimit the period during each year when most tropical cyclones form. [3]

Contents

A majority of the season's storms formed from tropical waves between 10°N and southern coast of Mexico. While they generally followed the typical path away from Mexico before dissipating over cooler waters near 25°N, a persistent upper-level trough across the Western United States periodically curved storms into land. [4] Tropical Storm Beatriz produced heavy rainfall and downed trees across Southern Mexico, causing 6 fatalities. In July, Hurricane Calvin struck Southwestern Mexico, prompting the evacuation of 42,000 residents, the displacement of 1,600 people, and 37 deaths. This area was later affected by Hurricane Jova in September, which flooded houses. Hurricanes Dora, Eugene, and Fernanda produced generally minor rainfall across the Hawaiian Islands, alleviating drought conditions. However, their large swells caused damage to beachfront homes and caused the death of a fisherman offshore. Hurricane Hilary produced heavy rainfall across portions of Mexico and California in August. The next month, Hurricane Lidia destroyed hundreds of homes, displaced over 10,000 people, and resulted in 7 deaths.

Storms

Hurricane GertHurricane Lidia (1993)Hurricane Hilary (1993)Hurricane Fernanda (1993)Hurricane Calvin (1993)Saffir–Simpson scale1993 Pacific hurricane season

Hurricane Adrian

Category 1 hurricane (SSHWS)
Adrian 1993-06-15 1630Z.png   Adrian 1993 track.png
DurationJune 11 – June 19
Peak intensity85 mph (140 km/h) (1-min);
979  mbar  (hPa)

A low-pressure area and associated convection developed within the Intertropical Convergence Zone as early as June 9. Additionally, a tropical wave from Africa is estimated to have entered the East Pacific basin around this time. The combination of disturbances led to the formation of a tropical depression on June 11. Embedded within weak steering flow, the depression initially drifted towards the west and began to organize amid warm sea surface temperatures and low wind shear. Eighteen hours after formation, the depression strengthened into Tropical Storm Adrian. Turning towards the northwest, Adrian gradually strengthened to attain hurricane status by 12:00 UTC on June 15. The storm reached a peak intensity of 85 mph (137 km/h) early the next day. It veered toward the southeast, encountering stronger wind shear which began to take toll on the cyclone. The system became nearly stationary and dissipated at 1800 UTC on June 19 without any effects to land. [5]

Tropical Storm Beatriz

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Beatriz 1993-06-19 1630Z.png   Beatriz 1993 track.png
DurationJune 18 – June 20
Peak intensity65 mph (100 km/h) (1-min);
995  mbar  (hPa)

On June 14, satellite imagery revealed an increase in thunderstorm activity to the south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec, which may have been aided by the passage of a tropical wave. Moving little, a broad surface low developed with the cloud mass. Although the disturbance remained disorganized, a second tropical wave moved into the region on June 18, when the cloudiness there became better concentrated. A tropical depression formed at 06:00 UTC on June 18 while located approximately 150 mi (240 km) south-southeast of Huatulco, Oaxaca. Quickly strengthening, the depression intensified into Tropical Storm Beatriz six hours later. [6]

Moving generally towards the northwest, partially due to Tropical Storm Arlene's large circulation in the Gulf of Mexico, Beatriz reached a peak intensity of 65 mph (105 km/h) by 18:00 UTC on June 19. Shortly thereafter, the system made landfall near Puerto Escondido, Oaxaca, and rapidly weakened to a tropical depression over the mountainous terrain of Mexico. Beatriz dissipated at 06:00 UTC on June 20, although the remnant cloudiness and associated convection from the storm spread across portions of the western Gulf of Mexico that same day. Beatriz caused extensive damage in southwest Mexico, especially from heavy rains and flooding. Accumulations generally varied between 5–10 in (0.13–0.25 m) across Oaxaca, with higher totals of 11.97 and 15.46 in (304 and 393 mm) in Las Pilas and Salina Cruz, respectively. Six deaths were reported in the Mexican states of Morelos and Veracruz from flooding and downed trees attributed to Beatriz. [7]

Tropical Depression Three-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
03E 1993-06-30 1800Z.png   3-E 1993 track.png
DurationJune 27 – July 2
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1006  mbar  (hPa)

A large area of disturbed weather persisted south of Mexico for several days, perhaps enhanced by a westward-moving tropical wave that departed Africa on June 12. The disturbance organized into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on June 27 while located about 115 mi (185 km) south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec. The newly designated cyclone moved generally toward the northwest, passing about 60 mi (97 km) offshore Mexico near Puerto Escondido on its closest approach. [8] Although the depression developed a symmetrical area of convection on June 30, [9] it soon passed over cooler ocean waters and began to become disheveled. [10] The system dissipated a short distance north of La Paz, Baja California Sur, around 00:00 UTC on July 2. [8]

The precursor disturbance to Three-E produced heavy rainfall along coastal sections of Mexico, peaking at 8.80 in (224 mm) in Santa María Jacatepec, Oaxaca. As the designated system paralleled Mexico, it contributed to multiple days of rainfall, including in Acapulco, Guerrero where 11.89 in (302 mm) fell between June 26–29. [8] Satellite rainfall estimates exceeded 20 in (510 mm) on June 28. [11] No deaths or damage were reported, but some 300 families were evacuated in an unspecified area of the country. [8]

Hurricane Calvin

Category 2 hurricane (SSHWS)
Calvin 1993-07-06 1831Z.png   Calvin 1993 track.png
DurationJuly 4 – July 9
Peak intensity110 mph (175 km/h) (1-min);
966  mbar  (hPa)

Hurricane Calvin was first identified as an area of disturbed weather south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on July 2. Following the development of banding features, the disturbance organized into a tropical depression around 12:00 UTC on July 2 while situated 315 mi (505 km) southeast of Acapulco. The depression intensified into Tropical Storm Calvin twelve hours later. After initially tracking westward, Calvin turned north and attained hurricane status before reinstating a westward component. [12] Situated just off the coast of Mexico, Calvin attained its peak intensity with winds of 110 mph (180 km/h) on July 7 but weakened slightly before moving onshore about 45 mi (72 km) west-northwest of Manzanillo, Colima, only the second July hurricane to make landfall on record at the time. The hurricane rapidly weakened and emerged back offshore in a much weakened state. Now a tropical depression, Calvin made its final landfall just south of La Paz before dissipating over cold waters in the region. [13]

Following Calvin's closest approach, a weather station in Manzanillo recorded a wind gust of 84 mph (135 km/h); tropical storm-force winds were recorded in a few other locations. Several ships reported rough weather during Calvin's existence, with the Pacific Sandpiper reporting a maximum wave height of 44 ft (13 m) and winds of 98 mph (158 km/h). In Acapulco, waves in excess of 15 ft (4.6 m) affected the city. In several states, heavy rainfall between 5–10 in (130–250 mm) was recorded, with a maximum accumulation of 16.34 in (415 mm) observed in Las Pilas. A state of emergency was declared in at least ten states in Mexico following Calvin's passage, and the Mexican Defense Department said that 42,063 people were evacuated in 11 states. Additionally, at least 1,600 people were left homeless. Rough seas near Lázaro Cárdenas caused all 4,000 t (4,000,000 kg) of sulfuric acid to leak aboard the previously beached cargo tanker, Betula. Calvin was responsible for $32 million in damage. [14] It killed 37 people, [15] of which most deaths were the result of heavy rainfall. [16]

Hurricane Dora

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Dora 16 July 1993.jpg   Dora 1993 track.png
DurationJuly 14 – July 20
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
945  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave departed Africa on June 27 and reached the East Pacific on June 9. It began to show signs of organization and developed into a tropical depression at 12:00 UTC on July 14. The system followed a west to west-northwest course for much of its duration under the influence of a subtropical ridge. It intensified into Tropical Storm Dora at 18:00 UTC and further strengthened into a hurricane 30 hours later. [17] Dora intensified rapidly thereafter, with its winds increasing from 80 mph (130 km/h) to a peak of 130 mph (215 km/h) – equivalent to Category 4 intensity – during a 24-hour period ending at 18:00 UTC on July 16. [18] After maintaining that strength for 18 hours, the cyclone encountered an upper-level trough to its west, which caused an abrupt uptick in wind shear while Dora simultaneously moved over colder waters. [19] It gradually weakened and dissipated about 575 mi (925 km) east of the Hawaiian Islands at 00:00 UTC on July 21. [17] The remnants of Dora interacted with a cold-core low near those islands, causing an outbreak of thunderstorms that alleviated ongoing drought conditions there. [20]

Hurricane Eugene

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Eugene 1993-07-19 1700Z.png   Eugene 1993 track.png
DurationJuly 15 – July 25
Peak intensity125 mph (205 km/h) (1-min);
948  mbar  (hPa)

Tropical Depression Six-E developed south-southwest of the Baja California Peninsula at 18:00 UTC on July 15. [18] Its genesis may have been related to a tropical wave that departed Africa on June 30 and reached the vicinity of the cyclone that day. After banding features improved, [21] the depression was upgraded to Tropical Storm Eugene at 12:00 UTC on July 16. [18] Eugene alternated on a west to northwest course for several days and gradually intensified, [21] becoming a hurricane around 06:00 UTC on July 17 and a major hurricane by 00:00 UTC on July 18. The system peaked with winds of 125 mph (201 km/h) the next day, [18] when it displayed a well-defined eye pattern on satellite. [22] As the system peaked, it abruptly slowed and turned to the northwest under the influence of a cold-core low. [23]

After peak intensity, Eugene began to weaken due to increasing wind shear and cooler ocean waters. It entered the Central Pacific on July 22 and continued to lose organization on satellite, making a later landfall on the southern side of the Big Island at 12:00 UTC on July 24 as a tropical depression. Across the Hawaiian Islands, the system produced beneficial rainfall and no major damage, though broken tree limbs and minor power outages were reported. A 45-year-old fisherman may have drowned when his 24 ft (7.3 m) boat was smashed in the storm's rough seas. [20] Eugene continued rapidly westward past Hawaii and dissipated on July 25. [21]

Hurricane Keoni

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Keoni 15 August 1993.jpg   Keoni 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 9 – August 19 (Exited basin)
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
942  mbar  (hPa)

An area of disturbed weather developed into Tropical Depression One-C at 00:00 UTC on August 9. The depression remained steady state until 18:00 UTC on August 12, at which time it intensified into Tropical Storm Keoni. The cyclone moved west-northwest and continued to gain organization, becoming a hurricane around 18:00 UTC on August 14 and a major hurricane by 06:00 UTC on August 16. Six hours later, Keoni became a powerful Category 4 hurricane with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). It passed about 150 mi (240 km) south of Johnston Atoll on August 18, where 1,000 people had been evacuated in advance of the storm. On account of Keoni's small stature, the island only experienced gusts up to 45 mph (70 km/h) and rough surf along its southeastern shoreline. The hurricane continued west-northwest, and although it had weakened substantially, it crossed the International Date Line around 18:00 UTC on August 19, when it was reclassified as a typhoon. [20] In the West Pacific, the system alternated between Category 1–3 intensity for a while. [18] It executed clockwise loops along the northern fringes of Typhoon Vernon before losing its status as a tropical cyclone on August 28. The remnant circulation continued to persist north of Wake Island into early September. [20]

Hurricane Fernanda

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Fernanda 1993-08-11 2300Z.png   Fernanda 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 9 – August 19
Peak intensity145 mph (230 km/h) (1-min);
934  mbar  (hPa)

Fernanda formed from a tropical wave that moved off Africa on July 28 and crossed into the East Pacific. The developing disturbance became a tropical depression about 405 mi (650 km) south of Manzanillo at 06:00 UTC on August 9. It became Tropical Storm Fernanda later that day and strengthened into a hurricane on August 10. Fernanda developed a large and well-defined eye, reaching its peak of 145 mph (233 km/h) on August 12. The potent hurricane crossed into the Central Pacific on August 14. [24] Fernanda later curved to the northwest beginning on August 16 ahead of an upper-level trough. It crossed into higher wind shear and cooler waters, transitioning into an extratropical cyclone on August 19. The remnant circulation merged with a frontal boundary two days later. [20]

Although it did not make landfall in the Hawaiian Islands, Fernanda's close approach prompted a hurricane warning for the Big Island and a hurricane watch elsewhere in the islands. Heavy surf affected the islands, with waves as high as 5–10 ft (1.5–3.0 m) reported on Kauai. These swells inflicted damage to shoreline roads on all of the islands, allowing water intrusion into some homes and washing one house several feet off its foundation. Many beach parks were also inundated. Moisture induced by the interaction of Fernanda and an upper-level trough produced rainfall across the islands, leading to localized flooding on Kauai. In total, Fernanda caused $5 million in damage to the Hawaiian Islands. [20]

Hurricane Greg

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Greg 19 August 1993.jpg   Greg 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 15 – August 28
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
948  mbar  (hPa)

On August 10, Tropical Storm Bret made landfall in Nicaragua with winds of 45 mph (72 km/h). The system moved inland and dissipated over the mountainous terrain of Central America, but an area of convection emerged into the East Pacific on August 11. The disturbance moved west and coalesced once again, developing into a tropical depression around 00:00 UTC on August 15 and further strengthening into Tropical Storm Greg twelve hours later. The system continued to intensify as it moved west-northwest parallel to the Mexico coastline, attaining hurricane status at 12:00 UTC on August 16 when an eye was first observable on satellite imagery. The system reached Category 2 strength on August 16 but weakened thereafter. Following a brief reprieve in development, Greg began to intensify rapidly on August 18, [25] and it became yet another major hurricane at 06:00 UTC on August 19. Six hours later, Greg peaked as a Category 4 cyclone with winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). [18] The eye became obscured from view shortly thereafter, an indication that the storm had begun a weakening trend. [26] However, owing to its roughly parallel track to 79 °F (26 °C) ocean waters, Greg only slowly weakened over ensuing days. [27] The cyclone curved west-southwest and crossed into the Central Pacific as a tropical depression on August 28. The system dissipated about 700 mi (1,100 km) east of Hawaii that day, though its remnant circulation meandered east of the island through early September. [20]

Hurricane Hilary

Category 3 hurricane (SSHWS)
Hilary 20 August 1993.jpg   Hilary 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 17 – August 27
Peak intensity120 mph (195 km/h) (1-min);
957  mbar  (hPa)

Hilary originated from a tropical wave that crossed Central America on August 14. Three days after entering the East Pacific, the wave was sufficiently organized to be declared Tropical Depression Nine-E. The system moved west and then west-northwest around a ridge to its northeast while gradually strengthening. It developed into Tropical Storm Hilary on August 18 and attained hurricane status the next day. The system displayed first hints of an eye on August 20, which became well-defined the next day. On August 21, Hilary intensified into the sixth consecutive major hurricane, attaining peak winds of 120 mph (190 km/h). [28]

After August 23, the hurricane executed a small counter-clockwise loop as it underwent binary interaction with the newly developed Tropical Storm Irwin. Hilary then took a northerly track for the remainder of its existence, [28] bringing the system over cooler waters and causing weakening. [29] The storm made two landfalls in Mexico, one in Baja California Sur on August 25 and again near Hermosillo, Sonora, the following day. The remnants of Hilary were last noted over the northern Gulf of California on August 27. [30] Heavy rains, peaking at 11.35 in (288 mm), accompanied the storm. [30] In California, accumulations of 3–4 in (76–102 mm) in 2 hours caused flash flooding across Yucaipa and Morongo Valley. [31]

Tropical Storm Irwin

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Irwin 1993-08-21 1800Z.png   Irwin 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 21 – August 22
Peak intensity70 mph (110 km/h) (1-min);
999  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave spawned Tropical Storm Cindy in the Atlantic and continued west, likely leading to an uptick in convection south of the Gulf of Tehuantepec on August 20. Around 06:00 UTC the next day, that disturbance organized into a tropical depression; six hours later, it developed into Tropical Storm Irwin. The cyclone maintained a poorly organized appearance for its duration, but observations along the Mexico coastline and from nearby ships suggest Irwin reached winds of 70 mph (110 km/h) at its peak. The system moved northwest parallel to the coastline of Mexico and underwent binary interaction with nearby Hurricane Hilary. That stronger, larger system absorbed Irwin around 18:00 UTC on August 22. [32] Irwin produced a maximum rainfall total of 7 in (180 mm) in Jala, Colima, along with a wind gust to 66 mph (106 km/h) in nearby Manzanillo. [33]

Hurricane Jova

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Jova 31 August 1993.jpg   Jova 1993 track.png
DurationAugust 29 – September 5
Peak intensity130 mph (215 km/h) (1-min);
948  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave moved off Africa on August 14 and remained a distinct feature on its voyage across the Atlantic. The wave spawned an area of disturbed weather south of Mexico that began to show signs of organization by August 26. Three days later, at 00:00 UTC, the system developed into a tropical depression. [34] An upper-level anticyclone provided a low wind shear environment around the cyclone, [35] facilitating its quick intensification over later days. It became Tropical Storm Jova at 18:00 UTC on August 29, a hurricane around 06:00 UTC on August 31, and a major hurricane – the fifth in August alone – eighteen hours later. [18] On September 1, Jova became a Category 4 hurricane with peak winds of 130 mph (210 km/h). The system encountered increasingly cool waters as it moved northwest parallel to the Mexico coastline and began to weaken accordingly, [36] though this process was temporarily interrupted by a reappearance of its eye on September 2 and restrengthening into a Category 2 hurricane on September 3. [18] [37] As the system passed about 805 mi (1,295 km) south of Baja California Sur around 00:00 UTC on September 6, it was reduced to a bare swirl of statrocumulus clouds. [34] The outer bands of Jova produced heavy rainfall in Durango, particular in its capital Durango City, prompting the evacuation of 1,500 people across 20 neighborhoods because of flooded homes. [38]

Hurricane Kenneth

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Kenneth 11 September 1993.jpg   Kenneth 1993 track.png
DurationSeptember 5 – September 17
Peak intensity150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min);
932  mbar  (hPa)

On August 30, a tropical disturbance developed south of Panama. Around 12:00 UTC on September 5, the system organized into a tropical depression as thunderstorms coalesced into loosely defined rainbands. These bands increased in intensity over subsequent hours, signaling the cyclone's intensification into Tropical Storm Kenneth by 06:00 UTC on September 6. Over the coming days, the cyclone moved on a sinussoidal-like path across the East Pacific, alternating between west and west-northwest. On September 8, Kenneth attained hurricane strength, which was followed by its development into a major hurricane on September 10, shortly after an eye first appeared on satellite. Early the following day, it became a powerful Category 4 cyclone with peak winds of 150 mph (240 km/h). [39] Kenneth displayed a small but well-defined eye embedded within a very cold central dense overcast at this time. [40] Soon, the cyclone encountered cooler waters and southwesterly wind shear on its northwest trek, [41] which caused the system to decay. Kenneth dissipated at 00:00 UTC on September 18, though its remnant circulation persisted for a few more days. [39]

Hurricane Lidia

Category 4 hurricane (SSHWS)
Lidia 1993-09-11 0600Z.jpg   Lidia 1993 track.png
DurationSeptember 8 – September 14
Peak intensity150 mph (240 km/h) (1-min);
930  mbar  (hPa)

A tropical wave departed Africa on August 24 and reached the East Pacific on September 4, where it began to organize. The system congealed into a tropical depression by 12:00 UTC on September 8 after it developed tightly curled rainbands. It intensified into Tropical Storm Lidia six hours after formation, and it became a hurricane by 06:00 UTC on September 10. The cyclone paralleled the coastline of Mexico on a west-northwest course, and it continued to strengthen as outflow expanded in all directions. [42] In a 24-hour period ending at 06:00 UTC on September 11, Lidia underwent a period of rapid intensification, with its winds increasing from 80 mph (130 km/h) to a peak of 150 mph (240 km/h). [18] Satellite imagery around this time showed a hurricane with a large, well-defined eye surrounded by intense convection. [43] After peak, the cyclone recurved northeast ahead of an upper-level trough, bringing Lidia onshore south-southwest of Culiacan, Sinaloa, with winds of 100 mph (160 km/h) around 08:00 UTC on September 13. The system dissipated over central Texas on September 14 as it merged with a cold front. [44]

Though no measurements were recorded, winds near hurricane force were reported near the storm's landfall point. Heavy rainfall accompanied Lidia, peaking at 8.17 in (208 mm) in La Cruz, [44] where 100 houses were reportedly destroyed. The combination of wind and rain were said to have demolished hundreds of shanty-style houses in the Mazatlan area. Across Durango, 16 homes were destroyed and some 4,000 others were damaged. In Nayarit, agriculture was declared a complete loss across four counties, and in Sinaloa, about 1,200 head of cattle were killed. A 150 ft (46 m) broadcasting tower in Culiacan was toppled. [45] At least 10,000 people were displaced throughout Mexico. [44] Up to seven people were reportedly killed, [46] including one from electrocution and one from the collapse of a structure. One person was injured as well. [44]

Tropical Depression Fourteen-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
14-E 1993.jpg   Gert-14E 1993 track.png
DurationSeptember 21 – September 25
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1002  mbar  (hPa)

The large circulation of the Atlantic's Hurricane Gert survived its trek over Mexico and re-emerged into the East Pacific on September 21. It organized offshore and as such was reclassified as Tropical Depression Fourteen-E at 00:00 UTC on September 22. The system moved west to west-northwest initially, and it developed a small collection of thunderstorms the next day that suggested it was close to tropical storm intensity. The depression became increasingly disorganized by September 24, though, and it curved southwest in a weakened state. The cyclone dissipated around 00:00 UTC on September 26. [47]

Tropical Storm Max

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Max 1993-10-01 2000Z.png   Max 1993 track.png
DurationSeptember 30 – October 3
Peak intensity45 mph (75 km/h) (1-min);
1000  mbar  (hPa)

Max's origin appears to be related to an area of convection south of Mexico that likely spawned from a tropical wave. The disturbance formed around 00:00 UTC on September 30 and intensified into Tropical Storm Max twelve hours later. In close proximity to strong upper-level winds, the newly designated cyclone was stripped it of its convection and weakened back to tropical depression strength on October 1. As it moved erratically over the open East Pacific, it soon became nestled underneath an expansive anticyclone aloft, which provided a low wind shear environment. Max regained tropical storm strength and reached peak winds of 45 mph (72 km/h) on October 2. Throughout its duration, the system moved erratically as it interacted with the larger circulation of Tropical Storm Norma to the east until finally it was absorbed by that cyclone around 00:00 UTC on October 4. [48]

Tropical Storm Norma

Tropical storm (SSHWS)
Norma 1993-10-03 2000Z.png   Norma 1993 track.png
DurationOctober 2 – October 6
Peak intensity50 mph (85 km/h) (1-min);
1000  mbar  (hPa)

A large area of disturbed weather was identified south of Acapulco on September 29, potentially spawned by a tropical wave that left Africa 12 days earlier. The disturbance was upgraded to a tropical depression at 1800 UTC on October 2 while centered about 690 mi (1,110 km) south of Baja California Sur. The system was originally embedded underneath a large anticyclone aloft, which provided a low wind shear environment for it to become Tropical Storm Norma on October 3 and reach peak winds of 50 mph (80 km/h) the next day. Around this time, the system absorbed the smaller Tropical Storm Max. Norma moved generally northwest and encountered strong southwesterly wind shear, which caused it to dissipate after 18:00 UTC on October 6. [49]

Tropical Depression Seventeen-E

Tropical depression (SSHWS)
17-E 1993.jpg   17-E 1993 track.png
DurationOctober 11 – October 13
Peak intensity35 mph (55 km/h) (1-min);
1009  mbar  (hPa)

At 18:00 UTC on October 11, the season's final tropical depression formed over the East Pacific and moved northwest. [50] The system was poorly organized, with a circulation elongated west to east, and embedded within an environment of strong wind shear. [51] Thus, it never became a tropical storm and instead dissipated around 00:00 UTC on October 14. [50]

Storm names

The following list of names was used for named storms that formed in the North Pacific Ocean east of 140°W in 1993. [52] This is the same list used for the 1987 season [53] except for Kenneth, which replaced Knut. The name Kenneth was used for the first time in 1993. [54] No names were retired from this list following the season, [55] and it was used again for the 1999 season. [56]

  • Irwin
  • Jova
  • Kenneth
  • Lidia
  • Max
  • Norma
  • Otis (unused)
  • Pilar (unused)
  • Ramon (unused)
  • Selma (unused)
  • Todd (unused)
  • Veronica (unused)
  • Wiley (unused)
  • Xina (unused)
  • York (unused)
  • Zelda (unused)

For storms that form in the North Pacific from 140°W to the International Date Line, the names come from a series of four rotating lists. Names are used one after the other without regard to year, and when the bottom of one list is reached, the next named storm receives the name at the top of the next list. [57] One named storm, listed below, formed in the central North Pacific in 1993. Named storms in the table above that crossed into the area during the year are noted (*). [20]

  • Keoni

Season effects

This is a table of all of the tropical cyclones that formed in the 1993 Pacific hurricane season. It includes their name, duration, peak classification and intensities, areas affected, damage, and death totals. Deaths in parentheses are additional and indirect (an example of an indirect death would be a traffic accident), but were still related to that storm. Damage and deaths include totals while the storm was extratropical, a wave, or a low, and all of the damage figures are in 1993 USD.

Saffir–Simpson scale
TDTSC1C2C3C4C5
1993 Pacific tropical cyclone season statistics
Storm
name		Dates activeStorm category
at peak intensity		Max 1-min
wind
mph (km/h)		Min.
press.
(mbar)		Areas affectedDamage
(USD)		DeathsRef(s)
AdrianJune 11–19Category 1 hurricane85 (130)979NoneNoneNone
BeatrizJune 18–20Tropical storm65 (100)995Southwestern MexicoUnknown6
Three-EJune 27 – July 2Tropical depression35 (55)1006Southwestern Mexico, Baja California Peninsula NoneNone
Calvin July 4–9Category 2 hurricane110 (175)966Western Mexico, Baja California Sur$32 million37
DoraJuly 14–20Category 4 hurricane130 (215)945NoneNoneNone
EugeneJuly 15–25Category 3 hurricane125 (205)948NoneNoneNone
KeoniAugust 9–19Category 4 hurricane130 (215)942NoneNoneNone
Fernanda August 9–19Category 4 hurricane145 (230)934 Hawaiian Islands $5 millionNone
GregAugust 15–28Category 4 hurricane130 (215)948NoneNoneNone
Hilary August 17–27Category 3 hurricane120 (195)957Baja California Peninsula, California, Iowa NoneNone
IrwinAugust 21–22Tropical storm70 (110)999Southwestern MexicoNoneNone
JovaAugust 29 – September 5Category 4 hurricane130 (215)948Southwestern MexicoNoneNone
KennethSeptember 5–17Category 4 hurricane150 (240)932NoneNoneNone
Lidia September 8–14Category 4 hurricane150 (240)930Southwestern Mexico, California$8 million6 (1)
Fourteen-E September 21–25Tropical depression35 (55)1002Southwestern MexicoNoneNone
MaxSeptember 30 – October 4Tropical storm45 (75)1000NoneNoneNone
NormaOctober 2–6Tropical storm50 (85)1000NoneNoneNone
Seventeen-EOctober 11–14Tropical depression35 (55)1009NoneNoneNone
Season aggregates
18 systemsJune 11 – October 14 150 (240)930$45 million49 (1) 

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was a very active Atlantic hurricane season, and is considered to be the start of an ongoing era of high-activity tropical cyclone formation. The season produced twenty-one tropical cyclones, nineteen named storms, as well as eleven hurricanes and five major hurricanes. The season officially began on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones develop in the Atlantic basin. The first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 2, while the season's final storm, Hurricane Tanya, transitioned into an extratropical cyclone on November 1. The very active Atlantic hurricane activity in 1995 was caused by La Niña conditions, which also influenced an inactive Pacific hurricane season. It was tied with 1887 Atlantic hurricane season with 19 named storms, which was later equalled by the 2010, 2011, and 2012 seasons.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1993 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1993 Atlantic hurricane season was a below average Atlantic hurricane season that produced ten tropical cyclones, eight tropical storms, four hurricanes, and one major hurricane. It officially started on June 1 and ended on November 30, dates which conventionally delimit the period during which most tropical cyclones form in the Atlantic Ocean. The first tropical cyclone, Tropical Depression One, developed on May 31, while the final storm, Tropical Depression Ten, dissipated on September 30, well before the average dissipation date of a season's last tropical cyclone; this represented the earliest end to the hurricane season in ten years.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2005 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2005 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season which produced fifteen named storms, seven hurricanes and two major hurricanes. It was also the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclone of at least tropical storm intensity made landfall. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1992 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1992 Pacific hurricane season is the most active Pacific hurricane season on record, featuring 27 named storms. The season also produced the second-highest ACE value on record in the basin, only surpassed by the 2018 season. The 1992 season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as demonstrated by the development of Hurricane Ekeka on January 28, and Tropical Storm Hali two months later.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">1990 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1990 Pacific hurricane season was a very active season which observed 21 named storms within the basin. The season also produced the fourth highest ACE index value on record. The season was officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central Pacific, and lasted until November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the northeastern Pacific Ocean. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 1990 by the formation of the season's first named storm, Hurricane Alma, on May 12. At the time, this was the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the eastern Pacific

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2008 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2008 Pacific hurricane season was a near-average Pacific hurricane season which featured seventeen named storms, though most were rather weak and short-lived. Only seven storms became hurricanes, of which two intensified into major hurricanes. This season was also the first since 1996 to have no cyclones cross into the central Pacific. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the central Pacific. It ended in both regions on November 30. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical cyclone formation occurs in these regions of the Pacific. This season, the first system, Tropical Storm Alma, formed on May 29, and the last, Tropical Storm Polo, dissipated on November 5.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2012 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2012 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season that saw an unusually high number of tropical cyclones pass west of the Baja California Peninsula. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the central Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line, north of the equator; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in these regions of the Pacific Ocean. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This season's first system, Tropical Storm Aletta, formed on May 14, and the last, Tropical Storm Rosa, dissipated on November 3.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1995 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1995 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. This Atlantic hurricane season saw a near-record number of named tropical storms. This extremely active season followed four consecutive years in which there was below normal activity. The season officially began on June 1, 1995 and ended on November 30, 1995. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical systems form. The season's first system, Hurricane Allison, developed on June 3; its last, Hurricane Tanya, became extratropical on November 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1993 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1993 Atlantic hurricane season consisted of the events that occurred in the annual cycle of tropical cyclone formation over the Atlantic Ocean north of the Equator. The official bounds of each Atlantic hurricane season are dates that conventionally delineate the period each year during which tropical cyclones tend to form in the basin according to the National Hurricane Center, beginning on June 1 and ending on November 30. However, tropical cyclogenesis is possible at any time of the year, as evidenced by the development of Tropical Depression One on May 31, one day before the official start of the season. By contrast, the dissipation of Tropical Depression Ten on September 30 effectively concluded the season two months before it officially ended. September 21 was the final date on which a system of at least tropical storm strength was active; this was described in a 1995 retrospective from Monthly Weather Review as the earliest such occurrence since 1930. Seasonal activity was below average – of the season's 10 tropical depressions, eight strengthened further to become named tropical storms and four became hurricanes, compared to contemporary long-term averages of 10 tropical storms and six hurricanes, and modern averages of 14 tropical storms and seven hurricanes. Hurricane Emily was the only Atlantic major hurricane in 1993; this is slightly below the contemporary average of two major hurricanes per season, while modern seasons produce three on average.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1998 Atlantic hurricane season</span>

The 1998 Atlantic hurricane season was an event in the annual tropical cyclone season in the north Atlantic Ocean. This Atlantic hurricane season saw an above-average number of named tropical storms, and included a single-day record for number of hurricanes simultaneously in progress, with four active on September 25: Georges, Ivan, Jeanne and Karl. The season officially began on June 1, 1998 and ended on November 30, 1998. These dates, adopted by convention, historically describe the period in each year when most tropical systems form. Even so, this season's first storm, Tropical Storm Alex, did not form until July 27, while its last, Hurricane Nicole, dissipated on December 1.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2013 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2013 Pacific hurricane season was an above average Pacific hurricane season with 21 tropical cyclones forming. Of these, 20 became named storms – 18 in the Eastern Pacific basin, and 2 in the Central Pacific basin. Of the 18 named storms in the east, 9 became hurricanes, with one, Raymond, becoming the season's only major hurricane. In the central, neither named storm became a hurricane. It was also a below-normal season in terms of Accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), as many of its systems were weak and short-lived. The season officially began on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and started on June 1 in the Central Pacific; both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical development occurs in these North Pacific basins. The first cyclone, Tropical Storm Alvin, formed on May 15, and the last, Tropical Storm Sonia, dissipated on November 4. It was below average only Category 3 storm was since 1981.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2014 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2014 Pacific hurricane season was one of the busiest and costliest Pacific hurricane seasons since the keeping of reliable records began in 1949. The season officially started on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in these regions of the Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2015 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2015 Pacific hurricane season is the second-most active Pacific hurricane season on record, with 26 named storms, only behind the 1992 season. A record-tying 16 of those storms became hurricanes, and a record 11 storms further intensified into major hurricanes throughout the season. The Central Pacific, the portion of the Northeast Pacific Ocean between the International Date Line and the 140th meridian west, had its most active year on record, with 16 tropical cyclones forming in or entering the basin. Moreover, the season was the third-most active season in terms of accumulated cyclone energy, amassing a total of 290 units. The season officially started on May 15 in the Eastern Pacific and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Northeast Pacific basin. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year. This was shown when a tropical depression formed on December 31. The above-average activity during the season was attributed in part to the very strong 2014–2016 El Niño event.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2017 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2017 Pacific hurricane season was an above average Pacific hurricane season in terms of named storms, though less active than the previous three, featuring eighteen named storms, nine hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. Despite the considerable amount of activity, most of the storms were weak and short-lived. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the respective regions. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 2017 by the formation of the season's first named storm, Tropical Storm Adrian, on May 9. At the time, this was the earliest formation of a tropical storm on record in the eastern Pacific basin proper. The season saw near-average activity in terms of accumulated cyclone energy (ACE), in stark contrast to the extremely active seasons in 2014, 2015, and 2016; and for the first time since 2012, no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin. However, for the third year in a row, the season featured above-average activity in July, with the ACE value being the fifth highest for the month. Damage across the basin reached $375.28 million (2017 USD), while 45 people were killed by the various storms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 2010 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2010 Pacific hurricane season was one of the least active seasons on record, featuring the fewest named storms since 1977. The season officially started on May 15 in the eastern Pacific—east of 140°W—and on June 1 in the central Pacific—between the International Date Line and 140°W—and lasted until November 30. These dates typically cover the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the eastern Pacific basin. The season's first storm, Tropical Storm Agatha, developed on May 29; the season's final storm, Tropical Storm Omeka, degenerated on December 21.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of the 1990 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 1990 Pacific hurricane season saw a then-record 16 hurricanes form. Throughout the year, 21 tropical cyclones became named storms in the eastern Pacific Ocean. Hurricane Alma formed on May 12, 1990, three days before the season's official start on May 15. The Central Pacific hurricane season began on June 1, covering tropical cyclone formation in the region between 140°W and International Dateline. Hurricane Trudy was the last storm to dissipate, doing so on November 1, nearly a month before the Pacific hurricane season officially ended on November 30.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2019 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2019 Pacific hurricane season was an above average season which produced nineteen named storms, most of which were rather weak and short-lived. Only seven hurricanes formed, the fewest since 2010. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the Pacific basin. This season was one of the latest-starting Pacific hurricane seasons on record, with the first tropical cyclone, Hurricane Alvin, forming on June 25. The final system, Tropical Depression Twenty-One-E, dissipated on November 18.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2020 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2020 Pacific hurricane season was a near average Pacific hurricane season in terms of named storms, featuring 17, but well below average season for hurricanes and major hurricanes, with only 4 hurricanes and 3 major hurricanes forming. Additionally, no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific basin for the first time since 2017. The season officially began on May 15 in the East Pacific Ocean, and on June 1 in the Central Pacific (from 140°W to the International Date Line, north of the equator; they both ended on November 30. These dates conventionally delimit the period of each year when most tropical cyclones form in the respective regions. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated in 2020 by the formation of the season's first system, Tropical Depression One-E, on April 25. This was the earliest formation of a tropical cyclone on record in the eastern Pacific basin proper. The final system of the season was Tropical Storm Polo, which dissipated on November 19.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2021 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2021 Pacific hurricane season was a moderately active Pacific hurricane season, with above-average activity in terms of number of named storms, but below-average activity in terms of major hurricanes, as 19 named storms, 8 hurricanes, and 2 major hurricanes formed in all. It also had a near-normal accumulated cyclone energy (ACE). The season officially began on May 15, 2021 in the Eastern Pacific Ocean, and on June 1, 2021, in the Central Pacific in the Northern Hemisphere. The season ended in both regions on November 30, 2021. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific and are adopted by convention. However, the formation of tropical cyclones is possible at any time of the year, as illustrated by the formation of Tropical Storm Andres on May 9, which was the earliest forming tropical storm on record in the Eastern Pacific. Conversely, 2021 was the second consecutive season in which no tropical cyclones formed in the Central Pacific.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">2022 Pacific hurricane season</span>

The 2022 Pacific hurricane season was a slightly above average hurricane season in the eastern North Pacific basin, with nineteen named storms, ten hurricanes, and four major hurricanes. Two of the storms crossed into the basin from the Atlantic. In the central North Pacific basin, no tropical cyclones formed. The season officially began on May 15 in the eastern Pacific, and on June 1 in the central; both ended on November 30. These dates historically describe the period each year when most tropical cyclogenesis occurs in these regions of the Pacific and are adopted by convention.

References

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