The Mikhail Gorbachev presidential campaign, 1996 was an electoral campaign effort by former President of the Soviet Union and General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet UnionMikhail Gorbachev in the 1996 Russian presidential election. Gorbachev's candidacy was beset by the obstacles of both minimal media coverage and a high level of distain towards him amongst the Russian populace. Gorbachev's candidacy ended in defeat during the first round of the election. The effort was the first, and only, electoral campaign of Gorbachev's post-Soviet political career.
The President of the Soviet Union, officially called President of the USSR or President of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, was the head of state of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics from 15 March 1990 to 25 December 1991. Mikhail Gorbachev was the only person to occupy the office. Gorbachev was also General Secretary of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union between March 1985 and August 1991. He derived an increasingly greater share of his power from his position as president until he finally resigned as General Secretary after the 1991 coup d'état attempt.
General Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union was an office of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) that by the late 1920s had evolved into the most powerful of the Central Committee's various secretaries. With a few exceptions, from 1929 until the union's dissolution the holder of the office was the de facto leader of the Soviet Union, because the post controlled both the CPSU and the Soviet government. Joseph Stalin elevated the office to overall command of the Communist Party and by extension the whole Soviet Union. Nikita Khrushchev renamed the post First Secretary in 1953; the change was reverted in 1966.
Mikhail Sergeyevich Gorbachev is a Russian and formerly Soviet politician. The seventh and last leader of the Soviet Union, he was General Secretary of the governing Communist Party of the Soviet Union from 1985 until 1991. He was the country's head of state from 1988 until 1991, serving as Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet from 1988 to 1989, Chairman of the Supreme Soviet from 1989 to 1990, and President of the Soviet Union from 1990 to 1991. Ideologically a socialist, he initially adhered to Marxism-Leninism although following the Soviet collapse moved toward social democracy.
Gorbachev had led the Soviet Union from 1985 until its dissolution in December 1991. Following the dissolution of the Soviet Union, Boris Yeltsin (whose rise to power Gorbachev had tried to prevent) became the Russian head-of-state.[1]
The dissolution of the Soviet Union occurred on 26 December 1991, officially granting self-governing independence to the Republics of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR). It was a result of the declaration number 142-Н of the Supreme Soviet of the Soviet Union. The declaration acknowledged the independence of the former Soviet republics and created the Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS), although five of the signatories ratified it much later or did not do so at all. On the previous day, 25 December, Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev, the eighth and final leader of the USSR, resigned, declared his office extinct and handed over its powers—including control of the Soviet nuclear missile launching codes—to Russian President Boris Yeltsin. That evening at 7:32 p.m., the Soviet flag was lowered from the Kremlin for the last time and replaced with the pre-revolutionary Russian flag.
Boris Nikolayevich Yeltsin was a Soviet and Russian politician and the first President of the Russian Federation, serving from 1991 to 1999. Originally a supporter of Mikhail Gorbachev, Yeltsin emerged under the perestroika reforms as one of Gorbachev's most powerful political opponents. During the late 1980s, Yeltsin had been a candidate member of the Politburo, and in late 1987 tendered a letter of resignation in protest, making him the first ever Politburo member to resign. This act branded Yeltsin as a rebel and led to his rise in popularity as an anti-establishment figure.
Gorbachev had, reportedly, been contemplating a political return since sometime in the middle of 1993.[2] Gorbachev was still a vigorous and opinionated man. He desired to escape from his political exile and to repair his image.[3] Gorbachev was also motivated, amid chaotic reform efforts by Yeltsin, by a belief that he could implement far superior (and less disastrous) reform than Yeltsin.[4] Gorbachev also had a strong personal animosity towards Yeltsin.[4] All of these factors motivated him to run for president.
The Communist Party of the Soviet Union (CPSU) was the founding and ruling political party of the Soviet Union. The CPSU was the sole governing party of the Soviet Union until 1990, when the Congress of People's Deputies modified Article 6 of the most recent 1977 Soviet constitution, which had granted the CPSU a monopoly over the political system.
Campaigning
On March 1, 1996, Gorbachev published an open letter outlining the need for an alternative to the candidacies of Boris Yeltsin and the Communist Party's Zyuganov.[6] He announced his candidacy the following day,[2] marking the first time he had campaigned for a democratically elected office.[3]
An open letter is a letter that is intended to be read by a wide audience, or a letter intended for an individual, but that is nonetheless widely distributed intentionally.
Gorbachev resented both the incumbent independent Yeltsin and Zyuganov, who were the front-runners in the election.[3] Gorbachev regarded the Communist Party and Yeltsin as being the two forces that thrust him out of power, and encouraged his supporters to abstain from voting in a second round if it were to be between those two candidates.[3]
Gorbachev believed that with a majority of Russians being dissatisfied with both front-runners, there was a viability for a third candidate, and viewed himself to be a suitable individual to fill that role.[7]
Upon announcing his campaign, Gorbechev proclaimed that, despite polls showing him having immense unpopularity, he would be able to win as the leader of a democratic coalition.[2] He called for all democratic forces to unite and form a wide coalition, indicated his readiness to lead such a grouping. He claimed that there would be immense consequences for an election that merely presented the, "false choice" between Yeltsin and Communists. Gorbachev declared, "What they are offering is not a democratic future for Russia. That is why we must unite."[2][8] Gorbachev clarified that he intended to run even if such a coalition failed to materialize.[2]
A spokesperson for democratic political figure Grigory Yavlinsky indicated that with Gorbachev's unpopularity, such a coalition was, "not very realistic".[2] Yavilinsky, however, did unsuccessfully attempt to form such a third force coalition with the campaigns of Alexander Lebed and Svyatoslav Fyodorov.[9]
Despite his unpopularity and low poll numbers, Gorbachev was quickly able to collect signatures. At a campaign appearance St. Petersburg, less than a month after declaring his candidacy, he announced that he had finished collecting more than the one million signatures needed to register his candidacy.[10] Gorbachev soon after turned in more than 1.4 signatures, officially registering his candidacy.[11] His candidacy was officially certified by the Central Election Commission on April 13.[6]
During the course of his candidacy, Gorbachev, accompanied by his wife Raisa, traveled the country to deliver stump speeches.[3] Gorbachev regularly encountered hecklers.[3] Gorbachev once responded to hecklers by exclaiming,
"I will fight to the bitter end, even if you crucify me. I am reminded of Jesus Christ on the way to Golgotha, how he walked through the streets and people spit on him."[3]
On the stump, Gorbachev defended his record, claiming that he had tried to save the Soviet Union, but that he had been betrayed by both communist hard-liners and an ambitious Yeltsin.[3] He additionally placed blame on the 1991 coup attempt for undermining his efforts to preserve the Soviet Union.[3] In his speeches Gorbachev would often refer to himself in third-person.[3] He spent most of his time on the campaign trail criticizing Yeltsin.[8]
Rather than being devoted to Gorbachev's candidacy, many audience members at Gorbachev's campaign events were motivated to attend out of the pure curioisity of seeing such a historically significant individual.[5]
Throughout his campaign Gorbachev would frequently face hasselers, and many times was spat on by individuals.<rer name=don/>
At the end of April, in Moscow, Gorbachev delivered a speech in which he strongly criticized Yeltsin, accusing him of using illegal means to retain power. Gorbachev argued that Yeltsin had broken the law by creating an election committee consisting of serving government officials. He also stated having the chief of Independent Television serve on the president's reelection committee poses a threat to freedom of the press. He also claimed that he had held talks with the those seeking to form a third force coalition. He also indicated that would be willing to step aside for a stronger candidate.[10]
Incidents
In the month of April, while campaigning in Omsk, a man struck Gorbachev. The incident was deemed by the press to have been a slap, however, Gorbechev insisted that it was an assassination attempt.[3][5] Gorbechev alleged that the man was a special forces agent and had been attempting to deliver a fatal blow to his neck.[3] The perpetrator was arrested.[3]Vladimir Zhirinovsky's Liberal Democratic Party proposed legislation to grant the man amnesty. Boris Finko, the sponsor of the bill, declared that, "He did what many dream of".[3] Gorbachev alleged that the Liberal Democratic Party had been responsible for the incident, which he continued to refer to as an assassination attempt.[7]
On Victory Day, Gorbachev paid visit to Volgograd (formerly Stalingrad).[7][5] He was met by hostile crowds, some of which jeerer him with chants deriding him as a "traitor".[5] As he tried to place flowers at the city's war memorial, he was confronted by Viktor Anpilov and a group of Anpilov's supporters.[7][5] They condemned Gorbachev for his role in the collapse of the Soviet Union, and held signs which read "No Place for Traitors on the Holy Ground of Stalingrad".[7] Anpilov tried to get Gorbachev's wife Raisa to take flowers from him, and mocked her and her husband for being "rude ingrates" when she refused them.[5]
During a campaign trip through St. Petersburg local officials refused to allow Gorbachev to embark on visits that he had planned to take to three factories, with the officials telling Gorbachev that the factories were closed to visitors.[5]
Level of support
Since leaving office, Gorbachev had become a celebrated figure in the West, receiving much credit for his role in peacefully ending the Cold War.[3][12] However, Gorbachev had, at the same time, become a loathed figure in Russia, receiving blame for the collapse of the Soviet Union.[3][8][12] Upon declaring his intent to run, Gorbachev polled at a mere 1%, and ultimately failed to subsequently build a greater level support.[3] Opinion polling showed Gorbachev having immense unpopularity amongst the Russian people.[2]
Many communists blamed him for the collapse of the Soviet Communist Party and the Soviet Union itself.[5] Many market reform supporters blamed him for failing to finish reforms, plunging the Russian economy into chaos.[5] Others disapproved of his candidacy, fearing he would do little more than split the anti-communist vote (playing the role of a spoiler).[5]
Even Gorbachev's hometown of Privolnoye greeted his candidacy with a cold reception.[3] In Privolnoye, the New York Times quoted Mariak Gopkala, a second-cousin of Gorbachev, as expressing her support for the candidacy of Zyguyanov, declaring that Gorbachev,
"has already been President...He's retired, let him rest...He's tried to do good, of course, but they wouldn't let him. Now it's time for a younger, stronger man to take over."[3]
Gorbachev blamed the public's animosity towards him on a conspiracy between the Communist Party, Yeltsin's government and the media, which he alleged both was trying to silence him and was pushing what he alleged was a false narrative that blamed the end of the Soviet Union on him.[3]
Gorbechev claimed his low approval rating was a fabrication of a government plot against him, and insisted that he enjoyed a much greater level of support than was reflected in opinion polling.[2]
Gorbachev expressed confidence in his prospects, declaring,
"I will not lose if they are genuinely free elections. I have a good chance of getting there, I feel it. But even if I am not elected, if there are free elections Gorbachev will still have won, for this is what Gorbachev was fighting for."
Besides from Gorbachev himself, relatively nobody believed him to have any chance of succeeding in his campaign.[9][13] By some accounts, not even Gorbachev's own campaign team had much faith in his prospects.[9] Weeks before the election, Gorbachev's wife Raisa, reportedly, had begun selling gowns that she had worn as the first lady of the Soviet Union, declaring that she did not believe she would be needing them again.[8] In addition to having an outright lack of popular support, Gorbachev also lacked the financial support to mount a competitive campaign.[14]
Media coverage
Gorbachev's campaign was given almost no national or local coverage.[3] The rare coverage he did receive generally involved embarrassing incidents on the campaign trail.[3] Gorbachev endured this lack of coverage throughout his candidacy. Izvestia failed to report on his initial declaration of candidacy, while evening news broadcasts gave it only a passing mention.[2] Gorbachev received such little media coverage that many were unaware he was even running.[8]
At a press conference announcing his platform, Yeltsin criticized his lack of press coverage. He implored journalists to provide fair coverage to all candidates. Remarking on the lack of fair press, he claimed that media manipulation by Yeltsin was as severe as the media manipulation that the Soviet government oversaw during Leonid Brezhnev's leadership, saying, "I think the situation is much worse than in the years of Perestroika. We are watching the presidential campaign of a single candidate."[7]
At one point, Gorbachev complained that he believed that there was less press freedom than when he was leader of the Soviet Union.[15]
Political positions
Gorbachev described himself as a social democrat.[3][16] This was in diametric contrast to Zyuganov, who strongly rebuked any implications of being a social democrat, and whose policies eschewed social democratic stances.[9]
Gorbachev asserted that, of those running for president, his was the voice of responsibility and moderation.[14]
Domestic affairs
Without many specifics, Gorbechev pledged to increase industrial and agricultural production, & reform taxation.[3] One of his top stated priorities was to reign in government corruption. Another top-priority of his was to ramp-up the nation's the "war on crime".[7]
As leader of the Soviet Union, Gorbachev had desired to implement more gradual reforms in an effort to preserve the country's socialism while providing a democratization of its society.[4] This contrasted with many of the reforms which Yeltsin had implemented, which sought rapid change and disregarded the country's socialist structure.[4] Gorbachev hoped that, if elected, he would be able to halt course and implement his own, more mild, vision of reforms.[4] He hoped to create a social democratic state structure in Russia.[4]
Military affairs
One of Gorbachev's top stated priorities was to put an end to the war in Chechnya.[3][7]
International affairs
In early 1996, commenting on the expansion of the North Atlantic Treaty Organization, Gorbechev had declared that Russians viewed NATO as, "a war machine that is trying to take advantage of our troubled political and economic situation."[17]
Conclusion
Gorbachev cast his own vote on election day, June 16, 1996. He declared that he had voted for, "the most worthy candidate". He spent the night of the election in Moscow, with the company of Alexander Haig. Haig was in Moscow as part of an election monitoring team.[8]
Gorbachev received 386,069 votes (0.5% of the overall vote), placing seventh out of eleven candidates, and was, therefore, eliminated from campaigning in the second-round of the election.[18][19]
Gorbachev did not deliver a concession speech after the results of the election came in.[8]
Aftermath
Gorbechev, subsequently, has questioned the validity of the election results. While he acknowledges that he lost by a significant margin, Gorbechev suspects that his actual vote count still exceeded what was reported in the official tally.[20] In 2017, Gorbachev wrote in his book The New Russia that he believes that, "there have been no fair and free elections in Russia since those of 1989, 1990 and the election of 1991 when Boris Yeltsin became the first president of Russia."[20]
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1 2 3 4 McFaul, Michael (1997). Russia's 1996 Presidential Election: The End of Polarized Politics. Stanford University in Stanford, California: Hoover Institution Press.
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