2016 Southern Taiwan earthquake

Last updated

2016 Taiwan earthquake
2016 Kaohsiung earthquake shakemap.png
UTC  time2016-02-05 19:57:27
ISC  event 608315432
USGS-ANSS ComCat
Local date6 February 2016 (2016-02-06)
Local time
Magnitude6.4 Mw
Depth23.0 km (14.3 mi)
Epicenter 22°56′N120°35′E / 22.94°N 120.59°E / 22.94; 120.59 Coordinates: 22°56′N120°35′E / 22.94°N 120.59°E / 22.94; 120.59
Areas affectedRepublic of China (Taiwan)
Max. intensity VII (Very strong)
Peak acceleration0.22 g
Peak velocity38.99 cm/s
Casualties117 dead
550 injured
Citations [1] [2] [3] [4] [5]

At 03:57 local time on 6 February 2016, an earthquake with a moment magnitude of 6.4 struck 28 km (17 mi) northeast of Pingtung City in southern Taiwan, [6] in the Meinong District of Kaohsiung. The earthquake struck at a depth of around 23 km (14 mi). Its comparatively shallow depth caused more intense reverberations on the surface. [7] The earthquake had a maximum intensity of VII (Very strong) on the Mercalli intensity scale, causing widespread damage and 117 deaths. Almost all of the deaths were caused by a collapsed residential building, named Weiguan Jinlong in Yongkang District, except two others, who were killed in Guiren District. [1] [3] Sixty-eight aftershocks have occurred. [8] The earthquake was the deadliest earthquake in Taiwan since the 1999 Jiji earthquake.

Time in Taiwan timezone of Taiwan

National Standard Time is the official time zone in Taiwan defined by an UTC offset of +08:00. This standard is also known as Taiwan Time (臺灣時間), Taipei Time (臺北時間) and historically as Chungyuan Standard Time (中原標準時間) until the early 2000s.

Earthquake Shaking of the surface of the earth caused by a sudden release of energy in the crust

An earthquake is the shaking of the surface of the Earth, resulting from the sudden release of energy in the Earth's lithosphere that creates seismic waves. Earthquakes can range in size from those that are so weak that they cannot be felt to those violent enough to toss people around and destroy whole cities. The seismicity, or seismic activity, of an area is the frequency, type and size of earthquakes experienced over a period of time. The word tremor is also used for non-earthquake seismic rumbling.

Pingtung City County-administered city in Pingtung County, Republic of China

Pingtung City is a county-administered city and the county seat of Pingtung County, Taiwan.

Contents

Geology

Taiwan is located on the Ring of Fire, making it prone to intense earthquakes. However, the February 2016 event was particularly destructive and deadly. [9]

Ring of Fire the area around the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur

The Ring of Fire is a major area in the basin of the Pacific Ocean where many earthquakes and volcanic eruptions occur. In a large 40,000 km (25,000 mi) horseshoe shape, it is associated with a nearly continuous series of oceanic trenches, volcanic arcs, and volcanic belts and plate movements. It has 452 volcanoes. The Ring of Fire is sometimes called the circum-Pacific belt.

Taiwan lies on the boundary between the Eurasian Plate and the Philippine Sea Plate, which are converging at 80 mm per year. [1] The island is the result of uplift caused by the collision between the northern end of the Luzon Arc and the continental margin of China. [10] The earthquake's focal mechanism indicates oblique thrust faulting in the mid to upper crust. [1]

Eurasian Plate A tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia

The Eurasian Plate is a tectonic plate which includes most of the continent of Eurasia, with the notable exceptions of the Indian subcontinent, the Arabian subcontinent, and the area east of the Chersky Range in East Siberia. It also includes oceanic crust extending westward to the Mid-Atlantic Ridge and northward to the Gakkel Ridge.

Philippine Sea Plate An oceanic tectonic plate to the east of the Philippines

The Philippine Sea Plate or the Philippine Plate is a tectonic plate comprising oceanic lithosphere that lies beneath the Philippine Sea, to the east of the Philippines. Most segments of the Philippines, including northern Luzon, are part of the Philippine Mobile Belt, which is geologically and tectonically separate from the Philippine Sea Plate.

Volcanic arc A chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate

A volcanic arc is a chain of volcanoes formed above a subducting plate, positioned in an arc shape as seen from above. Offshore volcanoes form islands, resulting in a volcanic island arc. Generally, volcanic arcs result from the subduction of an oceanic tectonic plate under another tectonic plate, and often parallel an oceanic trench. The oceanic plate is saturated with water, and volatiles such as water drastically lower the melting point of the mantle. As the oceanic plate is subducted, it is subjected to greater and greater pressures with increasing depth. This pressure squeezes water out of the plate and introduces it to the mantle. Here the mantle melts and forms magma at depth under the overriding plate. The magma ascends to form an arc of volcanoes parallel to the subduction zone.

The earthquake's epicenter was in the Meinong District in Kaohsiung City. The earthquake waves traveled northwest from the epicenter to Tainan City through the soft soil in the Chianan Plain. Due to the soft soil nature of Tainan, surface ground motion due to the traveling wave was strongly amplified, thus creating more devastating effects in Tainan. [11]

Meinong District District in Southern Taiwan, Taiwan

Meinong District is a Hakka district in Kaohsiung, Taiwan. Meinong is one of the four districts in Kaohsiung that is the central focus of Hakka cultural development. In March 2012, it was named one of the "Top 10 Small Tourist Towns" by the Tourism Bureau.

Damage

The worst affected city was Tainan, where numerous buildings reportedly collapsed, [12] [13] [14] including at least one 17-story residential building in Yongkang District, [3] with hundreds of people trapped in the collapsed buildings. [15] 115 people died inside the Weiguan Jinlong building (zh) in Tainan City, including a six-month-old infant who died a few hours later in a hospital. [16] [17] Officials reported that 397 people were rescued, with 104 of them taken to a hospital. More than 500 people in total were injured from a disaster that struck during the most important family holiday in the Chinese calendar — the Lunar New Year holiday. [18]

Tainan Special municipality in Southern Taiwan, Republic of China

Tainan, officially Tainan City, is a special municipality of Taiwan, facing the Formosan Strait or Taiwan Strait in the west and south. Tainan is the oldest city on the island of Taiwan and also commonly known as the "Capital City" for its over 200 years of history as the capital of Taiwan under Koxinga and later Qing dynasty rule. Tainan's complex history of comebacks, redefinitions and renewals inspired its popular nickname "the Phoenix City".

Yongkang District District

Yongkang District is a district in Tainan, Taiwan.

An infant is the more formal or specialised synonym for "baby", the very young offspring of a human. The term may also be used to refer to juveniles of other organisms.

A total of 34 historical buildings around Taiwan were damaged, in which 23 of them are located in Tainan. [19] Public Work Bureau of Kaohsiung City Government discovered 314 broken bridges in the city and 5 of them deemed unusable anymore. [20]

Kaohsiung City Government The local government of Kaohsiung

The Kaohsiung City Government is the top-tier local government administrative body of the Republic of China from December 2010 that governs Kaohsiung City. It consists of a directly elected executive Mayor of Kaohsiung. It replaced the earlier Kaohsiung County Government and Kaohsiung City Government which had covered a much bigger area and governed more citizens.

Taiwan Power Company initially reported that 168,000 households experienced power outage after the quake, but since then has restored the electricity to most of the houses. [21] National Fire Agency reported that about 400,000 households were left without water supply. [22]

Taiwan High Speed Rail (THSR) cancelled all train services between Taichung Station and Zuoying Station starting Saturday due to damage to the train power systems and extensive damage to its tracks north of Tainan. [23] [24] Later in the day, THSR made an announcement that the service between Taichung and Chiayi Station resumed after successful repair works. [25]

Taiwan Semiconductor Manufacturing Company reported that the silicon wafers at its Tainan factory were damaged, although it did not affect much of its shipment. [26] United Microelectronics Corporation said that the earthquake triggered its plant safety measures to shut down the machines and that they would need recalibrating afterwards. [26]

Disaster response

Rescue efforts

The collapsed 17-story Weiguan Jinlong residential building at 23deg00'20''N 120deg15'37''E / 23.005433degN 120.2603917degE / 23.005433; 120.2603917 in Yongkang District, Tainan. Weiguan Jinlong residential building.jpg
The collapsed 17-story Weiguan Jinlong residential building at 23°00′20″N120°15′37″E / 23.005433°N 120.2603917°E / 23.005433; 120.2603917 in Yongkang District, Tainan.

The Ministry of the Interior immediately set up the Central Emergency Operation Center (CEOC) shortly after 4 a.m. once the earthquake had occurred. From the CEOC, President Ma Ying-jeou coordinated the rescue efforts and is expected to head to Tainan. Tainan Mayor William Lai also set up emergency response minutes after the quake. Premier Chang San-cheng has cancelled his original itinerary and is expected to head to Tainan as well. [27] The Ministry of Health and Welfare had launched six regional emergency operation centers. [28] The last survivors, a woman and her niece, were found 60 hours after the earthquake. [29] [30]

Ministry of National Defense confirmed that army units were dispatched for the rescue efforts consisting of 810 personnel, 11 medical teams, 24 search and rescue teams and 38 vehicles. [22] The Army Command Headquarters in Guiren District sent two helicopters to survey the damaged areas. Kaohsiung Armed Forces General Hospital dispatched 30 medical personnel to Tainan. Gen. Yen Teh-fa, Armed Forces Chief of the General Staff, was planned to be stationed at the joint military operations command center to oversee the rescue efforts. [31] A total of 1,200 beds in four locations were prepared by the military for people who lost their homes due to the earthquake. [32] Tainan Air Force Base had been turned into a temporary shelter that could accommodate up to 1,400 people left homeless by the quake. [28]

Rescue teams from Japan and People's Republic of China provided advice on the search and rescue efforts. [33] Rescuers used sensors to detect signs of life and avoided using heavy machinery for fear of further collapsing the rubble and potentially trapping any survivors. [34] On 13 February 2016, Tainan Mayor William Lai declared the search and rescue mission for the earthquake victims was over. [35]

Reactions

Hsinhua branch of King's Town Bank Hsinhua branch of King's Town Bank.jpg
Hsinhua branch of King's Town Bank

Taipei 101 put on a lighting display on Saturday night to pay tribute to the earthquake victims. [36] Tennis athletes Chan Yung-jan and Chan Hao-ching dedicated their Fed Cup Asia/Oceania Group I victory to the earthquake victims. [37]

During her visit to Tainan, President-elect Tsai Ing-wen said that safety checks of old buildings and urban renewal will be the top priority of her administration, later stating that Taiwan has become a developed society that demands improved public infrastructure and better quality of life. [38] When meeting with the quake victims treated at hospital, Tsai promised that rescue efforts will continue and that rescue teams will not give up hope. [39]

Donations

To assist with post-earthquake relief and reconstruction efforts, Japan donated US$1 million, United States pledged US$500,000, and People's Republic of China donated 2 million yuan (approx. 295857.99 USD). [40]

Tsai Ing-wen donated NT$1 million to the earthquake relief efforts. [41] New Taipei Mayor Eric Chu also donated NT$1 million to earthquake victims. [42] Changhua County Magistrate Wei Ming-ku donated one month of his salary to the earthquake victims. [22]

Yulon Group pledged NT$10 million while Acer donated NT$1 million. [43] Foxconn and Yunglin Healthcare Foundation donated NT$100 million each. [44] Lin Rung San Foundation of Culture and Social Welfare pledged NT$100 million for the victims. Formosa Plastics Corp pledged NT$50 million to help the rescue efforts. Taishin Financial Holdings and Himax each pledged NT$10 million to the Tainan City Government. [45]

Buddhist Compassion Relief Tzu Chi Foundation sent more than 1,000 volunteers to 15 locations in Tainan with blankets, winter bedding, clothes and food for the earthquake survivors. Taiwan's Red Cross Society mobilized more than 100 employees and volunteers to help with the relief efforts, while the Red Cross Society of China and Macau Red Cross have pledged US$303,030 and US$50,000 respectively. [44] In addition, some Taiwanese and foreign celebrities, like Jay Chou or Huang Xiaoming, donated to the relief efforts. [46]

Hotels around Tainan provided temporary free rooms for earthquake survivors to stay in. [44] Restaurant owners setup temporary kitchens to provide hot foods for rescue workers and relatives of the people who are still trapped under the building rubble. Heating pads and hand warmers were also distributed to the traffic police around the collapsed building. [47]

Aftermath

Reconstruction

The government allocated NT$25 billion for the reconstruction after the damaged caused by the earthquake. The government will also provide rent assistance and banks will provide interest-free long-term loans. The government will also release report on land around Taiwan affected by soil liquefaction and submersion. [48]

Criminal investigation

On 9 February 2016, Tainan District Court approved prosecutors' request to detain three executives of a now-defunct Weiguan developer company that built the collapsed Weiguan Jinlong apartment complex. The prosecutors detained Lin Ming-hui (林明輝), former chairman of the Weiguan company, as well as two other former executives Chang Kui-an (張奎安) and Cheng Chin-kui (鄭進貴), on charges of professional negligence resulting in death. [49] Reuters reported that witnesses saw large rectangular cooking-oil cans packed inside wall cavities of the collapsed apartment building, apparently having been used as building material, while Taiwan media reported the presence of polystyrene in supporting beams, mixed in with concrete. [50]

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References

  1. 1 2 3 4 "M6.4 – 28km NE of Pingtung, Taiwan". United States Geological Survey. 5 February 2016. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  2. ↑ "Body of last victim of apartment collapse in Tainan found". Focus Taiwan. 18 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  3. 1 2 3 "Taiwan earthquake: Rescuers in frantic search for missing". BBC News. Retrieved 5 February 2016.
  4. ↑ "Magnitude 6.4 earthquake strikes southern Taiwan; at least 2 buildings collapse". Los Angeles Times. 6 February 2016.
  5. ↑ "Dozens missing, 15 dead after quake rattles Taiwan". USA TODAY. 6 February 2016.
  6. ↑ Global Earthquake Epicenters (6 February 2016). "Map of the earthquake M6.4 – 28km NE of Pingtung, Taiwan". Geographic.org.
  7. ↑ "Powerful earthquake rocks southern Taiwan". www.aljazeera.com. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  8. ↑ "68 aftershocks recorded after major earthquake". Focus Taiwan. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  9. ↑ "Taiwan earthquake: Toppled high-rise built with tin cans". CNN. Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  10. ↑ Lin A.T.; Yao B.; Hsu S.-K.; Liu C.-S.; Huang S.-Y. (2009). "Tectonic features of the incipient arc-continent collision zone of Taiwan: Implications for seismicity". Tectonophysics. 479 (1–2). doi:10.1016/j.tecto.2008.11.004.
  11. ↑ "Earthquake Aftermath: Destruction in Tainan caused by 'site effect': experts". Taipei Times. 9 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  12. ↑ "Magnitude 6.4 earthquake hits southern Taiwan: USGS". Reuters. 5 February 2016.
  13. ↑ "Taiwan: Earthquake measuring 6.4 hits island". BBC News. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
  14. ↑ "Multiple buildings collapse, casualties unknown in 6.4 quake in Taiwan". RT International. Retrieved 18 March 2016.
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  17. ↑ "Taiwan earthquake: Officials investigate collapsed building - BBC News". BBC News. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  18. ↑ "Death toll from Taiwan quake hits 34, hunt on for survivors | Fox News". Fox News. 7 February 2016. Retrieved 8 February 2016.
  19. ↑ "34 historic monuments damaged in southern Taiwan quake". Focus Taiwan. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  20. ↑ "Five bridges cordoned off in Kaohsiung following fatal earthquake". Focus Taiwan. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  21. ↑ "Quake fells Taiwan apartment building, at least two dead". SWI swissinfo.ch. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
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  23. ↑ "[Update] Bullet train services restored from North to Chiayi after earthquake in South". China Post . Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  24. ↑ "Earthquake paralyzes high-speed rail in southern Taiwan". Focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  25. ↑ "[Update] Bullet train services restored from North to Chiayi after earthquake in South". China Post . Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  26. 1 2 "Silicon wafers damaged in earthquake, TSMC says" . Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  27. ↑ "[Update] Tremor rattles Southern Taiwan, at least 7 dead, 437 injured". China Post . Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  28. 1 2 "Tainan reels after 6.4 quake". Taipei Times. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  29. ↑ "業報現前困樓中 念佛蒙救心境轉──陳美日脫離2016年台南地震60小時受困之經歷". Pureland Buddhism (in Chinese).
  30. ↑ "台湾地震废墟下念佛 60小时后生还" (in Chinese). 11 April 2016. Archived from the original on 3 June 2016. Retrieved 3 May 2016.
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  32. ↑ "President wants all-out efforts in earthquake rescue". Focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
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  34. ↑ Bradsher, Keith (9 February 2016). "Taiwan Earthquake Investigators Arrest Developer of Collapsed Building". The New York Times. ISSN   0362-4331 . Retrieved 4 April 2016.
  35. ↑ "Search for Taiwan quake victims ends with death toll at 116". Nikkei Asian Review. 13 February 2016. Archived from the original on 14 February 2016. Retrieved 14 February 2016.
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  37. ↑ Carroll, Dave (8 February 2016). "Fed Cup win dedicated to Tainan quake victims". Taipei Times. Reuters. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  38. ↑ "Building check, urban renewal to be new government's priority: Tsai". Focus Taiwan. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  39. ↑ "President-elect Tsai Ing-wen visits quake-struck Tainan". Focus Taiwan. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
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  41. ↑ "President-elect, political parties donate to quake relief". Focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  42. ↑ "President wants all-out efforts in earthquake rescue". China Post . Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  43. ↑ "Yulon Group donates NT$10 million to help Tainan quake victims". Focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  44. 1 2 3 "Quake death toll climbs to 14; rescue work continues in Tainan". Focus Taiwan. 6 February 2016. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  45. ↑ "Donations flood in after Tainan disaster" . Retrieved 7 February 2016.
  46. ↑ "Donations pour in from celebrities after southern Taiwan quake". Focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 6 February 2016.
  47. ↑ "Earthquake Aftermath: Soup kitchens spring up to feed rescuers". Focus Taiwan. 8 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  48. ↑ "Gov't to pump NT$25 bil. into quake reconstruction". The China Post. 15 February 2016. Retrieved 18 July 2016.
  49. ↑ "Developers of collapsed building detained". focustaiwan.tw. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
  50. ↑ J.R. Wu (9 February 2016). "Taiwan developer in custody after deadly quake fells building". Reuters. Retrieved 10 February 2016.
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