3D printed firearm

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The Liberator, a 3D-printable single-shot handgun which was the first printable firearm design made widely available online in 2013 DD Liberator.png
The Liberator, a 3D-printable single-shot handgun which was the first printable firearm design made widely available online in 2013
The Come and Take It (Folder) flag, a symbol used by Deterrence Dispersed (now Gatalog), as well as 3D-printed gun proponents and hobbyists Folder Come and Take It.svg
The Come and Take It (Folder) flag, a symbol used by Deterrence Dispersed (now Gatalog), as well as 3D-printed gun proponents and hobbyists

A 3D printed firearm is a firearm that is partially or primarily produced with a 3D printer. While plastic printed firearms are associated with improvised firearms, or the politics of gun control, digitally-produced metal firearms are more associated with commercial manufacturing or experiments in traditional firearms design. [1]

Contents

Although it is possible to create fully-printed plastic firearms, these tend to have short working lives. [2] At present, 3D printed gun culture is built more around the printing of common firearm frames and receivers, and the use of standard commercial components, like an action and barrel. Metal build parts can be made or bought in the form of a parts kit. [3] [lower-alpha 1]

While 3D-printed parts are made in the development and production of conventional firearms, it is more common to see mention of them in the context of American gun politics. 3D printed parts complicate the debates regarding high-capacity magazine and assault weapons bans, as well as recent federal regulations like the ATF's pistol brace rule.

History

The FGC-9 is a 9x19 mm semiautomatic carbine first developed in 2020. JStark1809s FGC-9 MkI Protoype Right Side.jpg
The FGC-9 is a 9x19 mm semiautomatic carbine first developed in 2020.

In May 2013, the American company Defense Distributed published plans for the first complete firearm that could be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with a desktop 3D printer. [4] [5] Defense Distributed also designed the first generation of 3D printed AR-15-type rifle receivers and magazines. [6] With these early online publications, the United States Department of State demanded removal of the files from the company's website DEFCAD, deeming the activity a violation of the Arms Export Control Act. [7] [8] In 2015, Defense Distributed sued the State Department on free speech grounds, and in 2018 the Department of Justice settled, acknowledging the American right to publish instructions for the production of 3D printed firearms online. [9] [10]

Legal action against Defense Distributed inspired the creation of additional decentralized 3D-printed firearm communities, including FOSSCAD and Deterrence Dispensed, in 2019. Members of these internet-based communities remain anonymous, [11] and are often based in non-US jurisdictions. [12] [3]

In 2013 a Texas company, Solid Concepts, demonstrated a 3D printed version of an M1911 pistol made of metal, using an industrial 3D printer. [13] In 2014, a New Zealand company, Oceania Defence, demonstrated 3D printed titanium suppressors that are 50% lighter than conventional ones. [1]

The Grizzly, a 3D printed .22-caliber rifle created around August 2013, was made using a Stratasys Dimension 1200es printer. [14] It was created by a Canadian known by the pseudonym "Matthew" who told The Verge that he was in his late 20s, and his main job was making tools for the construction industry. [14] [15] The original Grizzly fired a single shot before breaking. Grizzly 2.0 fired fourteen bullets before getting damaged due to the strain. [15]

In October 2020, another 3D-printed 9mm rifle known as the "FGC-9" was created. It is reported that it can be made in 2 weeks with $500 of tools. A second model was later made in April 2021. [16]

Effect on gun control

After Defense Distributed released its first generation of files, world media questioned the effects that 3D printing and widespread, consumer-level CNC machining [17] [18] would have on international gun control laws. [19] [20] [21] [22]

The U.S. Department of Homeland Security and the Joint Regional Intelligence Center released a memo stating "Significant advances in three-dimensional (3D) printing capabilities, availability of free digital 3D printer files for firearms components, and difficulty regulating file sharing may present public safety risks from unqualified gun seekers who obtain or manufacture 3D printed guns," and that "proposed legislation to ban 3D printing of weapons may deter, but cannot completely prevent their production. Even if the practice is prohibited by new legislation, online distribution of these digital files will be as difficult to control as any other illegally traded music, movie or software files." [23]

Internationally, where gun controls are generally tighter than in the United States, some commentators have said the impact may be more strongly felt, as alternative firearms are not as easily obtainable. [24] European officials have noted that producing a 3D printed gun would be illegal under their gun control laws, [25] and that criminals have access to other sources of weapons, but noted that as the technology improved the risks of an effect would increase. [26] [27] Downloads of the plans from the UK, Germany, Spain, and Brazil were heavy. [28] [29]

Attempting to restrict the distribution over the Internet of gun plans has been likened to the futility of preventing the widespread distribution of DeCSS which enabled DVD ripping. [30] [31] [32] [33] After the US government had Defense Distributed take down the plans, they were still widely available via The Pirate Bay and other file sharing sites. [34] Some US legislators have proposed regulations on 3D printers to prevent their use for printing guns. [35] [36] 3D printing advocates have suggested that such regulations would be futile, could cripple the 3D printing industry, and could infringe on free speech rights. [37] [38] [39] [40]

3D printing pioneer Professor Hod Lipson suggested that gunpowder could be controlled instead. [41]

Chelsea Parsons at the Center for American Progress advocated technical countermeasures designed to prevent owners from printing guns. [42] The EURion constellation is used in a similar way to prevent color photocopiers from producing counterfeit currency, and the Counterfeit Deterrence System is used in image editing software. [43]

In 2022, 3D-printing led to the proliferation of the Glock switch, which converts a Glock pistol into a select-fire weapon. The ATF commented in February 2023 that converted Glocks were found "on a weekly basis". [44]

Australia

In Australia, the state law of New South Wales criminalizes the possession of the digital plans and files to 3D print firearms under Section 51F of the Firearms Act 1996. [45] In one case in 2015, a loaded 3D printed firearm was found during a police raid on a meth lab. [46]

In another case in February 2017, Sicen Sun was arrested on charges related to 3D printable guns. During trial in December 2017, he pleaded guilty to charges including possessing a digital blueprint for the manufacture of firearms, manufacturing a pistol without a licence permit, and possessing an unauthorised pistol. In a sentence hearing on August 6, 2018, he told the court he initially wanted to replicate a gun from the videogame Halo and when he started searching blueprints online he downloaded plans for other guns which looked "cool". [47] Sun had previously posted an advertisement on the internet to sell one of his imitation weapons for "$1 million negotiable" on a Facebook buy, swap and sell group, which set off the investigation.

Canada

The Canadian Criminal Code makes it a crime for a person to manufacture (or offer to manufacture) any firearm or ammunition knowing that the person is not authorized to do so under Canadian laws or regulations. [48] Authorizations to manufacture can be obtained, for example, as a capability attached to a firearms business license. The Canadian government moreover has stated that "regardless of manufacturing method, a business licence is required to produce a firearm". [49] At least two separate cases during 2020 have led to charges for 3D printing of firearms. [50] [51]

Germany

The Halle synagogue shooting gained particular notoriety for the use of improvised firearms by the perpetrator. [3] [52] One of the firearms he brought along (though did not use) was a hybrid design where the lower receiver was 3D printed, and he also had 3D printed magazines. [53] He also had manufactured several more 3D printed guns that were not brought along. [54] This sparked questions over the legal status of such firearms, though the consensus in most parties represented in the Bundestag was that no additional legislation would be necessary, [55] as the current German gun law explicitly prohibits the unlicensed manufacture of firearms regardless of method. [56]

Italy

3D-printed firearms in Italy are subjected to the same laws as typical gunsmithed firearms, only requiring a license, as long as the firearms stay within legal limits. In November 2021, it was reported that in Naples and other areas of Campania, the local Camorra has begun using 3D-printed firearms and ammunition due to ease of access and for selling on to other gangs. This was found out via the discovery of videos and images on a seized iPhone of said firearms. [57]

Japan

In Japan, in May 2014, Yoshitomo Imura was the first person to be arrested for possessing printed guns. [58] Imura had five guns, two of which were capable of being fired, but had no ammunition. [58] Imura had previously posted blueprints and video of his Zig Zag revolvers to the Internet, which set off the investigation. [59]

Singapore

The Singaporean government passed a law in January 2021 that made it an offence for anyone in Singapore to possess a digital blueprint of a gun or gun part without a license under the Guns, Explosives and Weapons Control Act. [60] [61]

United Kingdom

In the United Kingdom, the Firearms Act 1968 bans the manufacturing of guns and gun parts without government approval. [62] Hence, 3D printed weapons are de facto banned because the law bans all manufacturing, regardless of method. However, the Home Office updated its Guide on Firearms Licensing Law to specifically mention the ban on 3D printed weapons. [63]

In June 2019, Tendai Muswere, aged 26, became the first person in the United Kingdom charged with making a gun with a 3D printer. The firearm in question, which he claims was merely a movie-prop for a dystopian film he was working on, was found during a raid following claims he was growing and selling cannabis. Originally in October 2017, he claimed he was only printing gun-like models, however in February 2018, following another raid, it was found his intentions were to make a working firearm based on his browser history and some working gun components found in his house along with homemade gunpowder. [64] [65]

United States

Under the Undetectable Firearms Act any firearm that cannot be detected by a metal detector is illegal to manufacture, so legal designs for firearms such as the Liberator require a metal plate to be inserted into the printed body. The Act was renewed for five years in 1998, and ten years in 2003 and 2013. [66] The subject of 3D printed guns gained such attention that in 2014, Netflix included it in its documentary "Print the Legend", a film about the significance of 3D printing technology. [67]

The company Defense Distributed, founded by Cody Wilson, started posting 3D-printed gun blueprints on the Internet in 2013. The Obama Administration decided to amend International Traffic in Arms Regulations to include 3D-printed firearms in 2015. [68] [69] With these changes in place, the United States Department of State Directorate of Defense Trade Controls ordered Defense Distributed to remove the plans since it was not licensed to export them. Various federal courts ruled in Defense Distributed v. United States Department of State which claimed the regulations violated the First and Second Amendments to the United States Constitution. The State Department settled the case by giving an export license to Defense Distributed, prevailing despite lawsuits from several states to prevent it.

On August 1,  2018, the US District Court blocked the re-publication of the 3D design of firearms online due to the potential risk to the public. [70] In January 2020, the Trump Administration published a rule change to remove 3D-printed gun blueprints from the munitions list and transfer administrative authority over them to the Commerce Department. A U.S. District judge blocked the rule change on procedural grounds in March 2020, [71] but the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals overturned that ruling in April 2021. [72] As a result, online posting of plans for 3D-printed firearms now requires a license under the Export Administration Regulations issued by the Bureau of Industry and Security. [73]

Laws related to the manufacture, sale, and possession of firearms generally apply to 3D-printed firearms. Some state and local laws apply more specifically to 3D-printed guns:

Currently, it is not federally prohibited by law to manufacture firearms for personal use in the United States, as long as the firearm is not produced with the intent to be sold or transferred, and meets a few basic requirements. [77] A license is required to manufacture firearms for sale or distribution. The law prohibits a person from assembling a non–sporting semiautomatic rifle or shotgun from 10 or more imported parts, as well as firearms that cannot be detected by metal detectors or x–ray machines. In addition, the making of an NFA firearm requires a tax payment and advance approval by ATF. [77]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">National Firearms Act</span> 1934 US law regulating firearms including machine guns

The National Firearms Act (NFA), 73rd Congress, Sess. 2, ch. 757, 48 Stat. 1236 was enacted on June 26, 1934, and currently codified and amended as I.R.C. ch. 53. The law is an Act of Congress in the United States that, in general, imposes an excise tax on the manufacture and transfer of certain firearms and mandates the registration of those firearms. The NFA is also referred to as Title II of the federal firearms laws, with the Gun Control Act of 1968 ("GCA") as Title I.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">3D printing</span> Additive process used to make a three-dimensional object

3D printing or additive manufacturing is the construction of a three-dimensional object from a CAD model or a digital 3D model. It can be done in a variety of processes in which material is deposited, joined or solidified under computer control, with the material being added together, typically layer by layer.

A Federal Firearms License (FFL) is a license in the United States that enables an individual or a company to engage in a business pertaining to the manufacture or importation of firearms and ammunition, or the interstate and intrastate sale of firearms. Holding an FFL to engage in certain such activities has been a legal requirement within the United States since the enactment of the Gun Control Act of 1968. The FFL is issued by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms, and Explosives

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Improvised firearm</span> Makeshift ranged weapon

Improvised firearms are firearms manufactured other than by a firearms manufacturer or a gunsmith, and are typically constructed by adapting existing materials to the purpose. They range in quality from crude weapons that are as much a danger to the user as the target to high-quality arms produced by cottage industries using salvaged and repurposed materials.

In the United States, the right to keep and bear arms is modulated by a variety of state and federal statutes. These laws generally regulate the manufacture, trade, possession, transfer, record keeping, transport, and destruction of firearms, ammunition, and firearms accessories. They are enforced by state, local and the federal agencies which include the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives (ATF).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Stratasys</span>

Stratasys, Ltd. is an American-Israeli manufacturer of 3D printers, software, and materials for polymer additive manufacturing as well as 3D-printed parts on-demand. The company is incorporated in Israel. Engineers use Stratasys systems to model complex geometries in a wide range of polymer materials, including: ABS, polyphenylsulfone (PPSF), polycarbonate (PC) and polyetherimide and Nylon 12.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Thingiverse</span> Design-sharing website

Thingiverse is a website dedicated to the sharing of user-created digital design files. Providing primarily free, open-source hardware designs licensed under the GNU General Public License or Creative Commons licenses, the site allows contributors to select a user license type for the designs that they share. 3D printers, laser cutters, milling machines and many other technologies can be used to physically create the files shared by the users on Thingiverse.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Defense Distributed</span> American non-profit developing digital firearm schematics

Defense Distributed is an online, open-source hardware and software organization that develops digital schematics of firearms in CAD files, or "wiki weapons", that may be downloaded from the Internet and used in 3D printing or CNC milling applications. Among the organization's goals is to develop and freely publish firearms-related design schematics that can be downloaded and reproduced by anyone with a 3D printer or milling machine, facilitating the popular production of homemade firearms.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cody Wilson</span> American weapons developer

Cody Rutledge Wilson is an American gun rights activist, and crypto-anarchist. He is a founder and director of Defense Distributed, a non-profit organization that develops and publishes open source gun designs, so-called "wiki weapons", suitable for 3D printing and digital manufacture. Defense Distributed gained international notoriety in 2013 when it published plans online for the Liberator, the first widely available functioning 3D-printed pistol.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">DEFCAD</span> American technology company

DEFCAD, Inc. is an American startup that has created a search engine and web portal for designers and hobbyists to find and develop 3D printable and other CAD models online.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Liberator (gun)</span> 3D printed firearm design

The Liberator is a 3D-printable single-shot handgun, the first such printable firearm design made widely available online. The open source firm Defense Distributed designed the gun and released the plans on the Internet on May 6, 2013. The plans were downloaded over 100,000 times in the two days before the United States Department of State demanded that Defense Distributed retract the plans.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Undetectable Firearms Act</span> US law

The United States Undetectable Firearms Act of 1988 makes it illegal to manufacture, import, sell, ship, deliver, possess, transfer, or receive any firearm that is not as detectable by walk-through metal detection as a security exemplar containing 3.7 oz of steel, or any firearm with major components that do not generate an accurate image before standard airport imaging technology.

The Feinstein AK Mag is a 3D printed magazine for the AK-47 rifle. It was created by Defense Distributed and made public in March 2013. The magazine was created using a Stratasys Dimension SST 3-D printer via the fused deposition modeling (FDM) method.

The Cuomo Mag is a 3D printed AR-15 magazine named after the Governor of New York, Andrew Cuomo, who signed the NY SAFE Act into law banning magazines capable of holding more than 10 rounds of ammunition. It was created by Defense Distributed and made public around January 2013

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Applications of 3D printing</span>

In recent years, 3D printing has developed significantly and can now perform crucial roles in many applications, with the most common applications being manufacturing, medicine, architecture, custom art and design, and can vary from fully functional to purely aesthetic applications.

<i>Defense Distributed v. United States Department of State</i> 2018 US federal court case about 3D printing of firearms

Defense Distributed v. U.S. Dept. of State is a set of court cases brought by Defense Distributed challenging the federal export control of 3D gun files on the Internet.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Privately made firearm</span> Firearm made by a private individual

A privately made firearm is a legal term for a firearm produced by a private individual as opposed to a corporate or government entity. The term "ghost gun" is used mostly in the United States by gun control advocates, but it is being adopted by gun rights advocates and the firearm industry because of recent regulations adopted by the Bureau of Alcohol, Tobacco, Firearms and Explosives.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">FGC-9</span> 3D-printable firearm

The FGC-9 is a physible, 3D-printable semiautomatic pistol caliber carbine, first released in early 2020. Based on the Shuty AP-9 by Derwood, the FGC-9 was designed and first manufactured by a German-Kurdish gun designer named Jacob Duygu, under the pseudonym JStark1809.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Deterrence Dispensed</span> Online group developing open-source firearm technology

Deterrence Dispensed (DetDisp) is a decentralized, online collective that promotes and distributes open-source 3D printed firearms, gun parts, and handloaded cartridges. The group describes itself as aligned with the freedom of speech movement.

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