# AND gate

Last updated
INPUTOUTPUT
ABA AND B
000
010
100
111

The AND gate is a basic digital logic gate that implements logical conjunction - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results only if all the inputs to the AND gate are HIGH (1). If none or not all inputs to the AND gate are HIGH, a LOW output results. The function can be extended to any number of inputs.

## Symbols

There are three symbols for AND gates: the American (ANSI or 'military') symbol and the IEC ('European' or 'rectangular') symbol, as well as the deprecated DIN symbol. Additional inputs can be added as needed. For more information see Logic Gate Symbols. It can also be denoted as symbol "^" or "&".

 MIL/ANSI Symbol IEC Symbol DIN Symbol

The AND gate with inputs A and B and output C implements the logical expression ${\displaystyle C=A\cdot B}$. This expression also may be denoted as C=A^B or C=A&B.

## Implementations

An AND gate is usually designed using N-channel (pictured) or P-channel MOSFETs. The digital inputs a and b cause the output F to have the same result as the AND function.

### Analytical representation

${\displaystyle f(a,b)=a*b}$ is the analytical representation of AND gate:

• ${\displaystyle f(0,0)=0*0=0}$
• ${\displaystyle f(0,1)=0*1=0}$
• ${\displaystyle f(1,0)=1*0=0}$
• ${\displaystyle f(1,1)=1*1=1}$

### Alternatives

If no specific AND gates are available, one can be made from NAND or NOR gates, because NAND and NOR gates are "universal gates," [1] meaning that they can be used to make all the others.

Desired gateNAND constructionNOR construction

## IC package

AND gates are available in IC packages. The 7408 IC is a well known QUAD 2-Input AND GATES and contains four independent gates each of which performs the logic AND function.

## Related Research Articles

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In Boolean functions and propositional calculus, the Sheffer stroke denotes a logical operation that is equivalent to the negation of the conjunction operation, expressed in ordinary language as "not both". It is also called nand or the alternative denial, since it says in effect that at least one of its operands is false. In digital electronics, it corresponds to the NAND gate. It is named after Henry M. Sheffer and written as ↑ or as |. In Bocheński notation it can be written as Dpq.

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The OR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical disjunction – it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if one or both the inputs to the gate are HIGH (1). If neither input is high, a LOW output (0) results. In another sense, the function of OR effectively finds the maximum between two binary digits, just as the complementary AND function finds the minimum.

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The NOR gate is a digital logic gate that implements logical NOR - it behaves according to the truth table to the right. A HIGH output (1) results if both the inputs to the gate are LOW (0); if one or both input is HIGH (1), a LOW output (0) results. NOR is the result of the negation of the OR operator. It can also in some senses be seen as the inverse of an AND gate. NOR is a functionally complete operation—NOR gates can be combined to generate any other logical function. It shares this property with the NAND gate. By contrast, the OR operator is monotonic as it can only change LOW to HIGH but not vice versa.

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In logic, a functionally complete set of logical connectives or Boolean operators is one which can be used to express all possible truth tables by combining members of the set into a Boolean expression. A well-known complete set of connectives is { AND, NOT }, consisting of binary conjunction and negation. Each of the singleton sets { NAND } and { NOR } is functionally complete.

AND-OR-Invert (AOI) logic and AOI gates are two-level compound logic functions constructed from the combination of one or more AND gates followed by a NOR gate. Construction of AOI cells is particularly efficient using CMOS technology where the total number of transistor gates can be compared to the same construction using NAND logic or NOR logic. The complement of AOI Logic is OR-AND-Invert (OAI) logic where the OR gates precede a NAND gate.

A truth table is a mathematical table used in logic—specifically in connection with Boolean algebra, boolean functions, and propositional calculus—which sets out the functional values of logical expressions on each of their functional arguments, that is, for each combination of values taken by their logical variables. In particular, truth tables can be used to show whether a propositional expression is true for all legitimate input values, that is, logically valid.

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## References

1. Mano, M. Morris and Charles R. Kime. Logic and Computer Design Fundamentals, Third Edition. Prentice Hall, 2004. p. 73.