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Shaykhul Islam Abdullah Ibn Jebreen | |
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| Born | 1929 |
| Died | 13 September 2009 (aged 75–76) |
| Title | Allamah |
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Ibn Jibrīn or Abdullah ibn Abdulrahman ibn Jebreen (Arabic : عبد الله بن عبد الرحمن بن جبرين) (2009-1929), was a Salafi Saudi-based cleric [1] and a member of the powerful Senior Clerics Association [2] and Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas in Saudi Arabia.
Ibn Jebreen was born in 1929 in a village near the town of Al-Quway'iyah in the Nejd region in Saudi Arabia.
He received his secondary school certificate in 1958, a bachelor's degree in Shariah in 1961, master's degree in 1970 from the Higher Institute for the Judiciary, and a doctorate in 1987. "Several judges, teachers and religious callers were taught by him". [3]
He has been described as a member of the "hard-line orthodox schools of Sunni Islam who have deemed Shiite as infidels. [2] Commenting on Shias in 2007 (during height of Shia Sunni sectarian violence in Iraq [4] ), ibn Jebreen said: "Some people say that the rejectionists (Rafidha) are Muslims because they believe in God and his prophet, pray and fast. But I say they are heretics. They are the most vicious enemy of Muslims, who should be wary of their plots. They should be boycotted and expelled so that Muslims spared of their evil." [5] He has been criticized by Abdul-Aziz al-Hakim, the political leader of Iraqi Shias. [6] Ali al-Sistani, the religious leader of Iraqi Shias, has also criticized ibn Jebreen, accusing him of exacerbating tensions between Shiites and Sunnis in Iraq. [7]
After the 2001 9/11 attacks Ibn Jebreen, issued a fatwa against hijackings. In regard to Muslims having contact with non-Muslims he states that "being a companion to them and showing love for them" may be forgiven if the goal of these acts is to convert them to Islam:
"It is allowed to mix with the disbelievers, sit with them and be polite with them as means of calling them to Allah, explaining to them the teachings of Islam, encouraging them to enter this religion and to make it clear to them the good result of accepting the religion and the evil result of punishment for those who turn away. For this purpose, being a companion to them and showing love for them is overlooked in order to reach that good final goal." [8]
Wahhabism is a term used to refer to the Islamic revivalist and fundamentalist movement within Sunni Islam; which is associated with the Hanbali reformist doctrines of the Arabian scholar Muhammad ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab (1703-1792). It has been variously described as "orthodox", "puritan(ical)"; and as an Islamic "reform movement" to restore "pure monotheistic worship" by devotees. The term Wahhabi(sm) was not used by Ibn 'Abd al-Wahhab himself, but it is chiefly used by outsiders polemically as an exonym and adherents reject its use, preferring to be called "Salafi", and view themselves as Muwahhid', to emphasize the principle of Tawhid. The term has also been described as a Sunniphobic slur. It adheres to the Athari theology.
Abd al-Aziz ibn Abdullah Bin Baz, also known as Sheikh Bin Baz, was a Saudi Arabian Islamic scholar. He was the Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia from 1993 until his death in 1999. According to French political scientist Gilles Kepel, Baz was a "figurehead" whose "immense religious erudition and his reputation for intransigence" gave him prestige among the population of Saudi Arabia and he "could reinforce the Saud family's policies through his influence with the masses of believers", and his death left the government without a comparable figure from amongst Salafi scholars to "fill his shoes".
Rafida is a term that broadly refers to Shīʿi Muslims who reject (rafḍ) the caliphates of the first two successors of the Islamic prophet Muḥammad: Abū Bakr and ʿUmar. Many Islamic scholars, however, have stated that the term Rāfiḍah cannot be applied to the Shīʿites in general but only to the extremists among them who believe in the divine right of ʿAlī to succeed Muḥammad and who condemn Abū Bakr and ʿUmar as unlawful rulers of the Muslim community. To the majority of the Shīʿite Muslims, who do not condemn Muḥammad’s immediate successors and only assert ʿAlī’s right to the caliphate over Muʿāwiyah, the term Rāfiḍah is derogatory, coined by their opponents to cast the shadow of extremism on them.
Abdul Rahman Ibn Abdul Aziz al-Sudais, better known as Al-Sudais, is the imam of the Grand Mosque Masjid al-Haram in Makkah, Saudi Arabia; the president of the General Presidency for the Affairs of the Two Holy Mosques; a renowned Qāriʾ ; and was the Dubai International Holy Qur'an Award's "Islamic Personality Of the Year" in 2005.
Sunni and Shia are different sects among Muslims and the difference of opinions have resulted in many Fatwas, non-binding but authoritative legal opinion or learned interpretation issues pertaining to the Islamic law. Fatwas are based on the question and answer process found in the Quran, which seeks to enlighten on theological and philosophical issues, hadith, legal theory, duties, and the Sharia law. Sunni fatwas have been used to justify the persecution of Shia throughout their history.
The 2006 al-Askari Shrine bombing occurred on 22 February 2006 at approximately 6:44 a.m. local Iraqi time, and targeted the al-Askari Shrine in the city of Samarra, Iraq. The attack on the mosque, one of the holiest sites in Shia Islam, has not been claimed by any group; the then President of the United States, George W. Bush, suggested from "evidence" that the bombing was an al-Qaeda plot. Although the mosque was severely damaged from the blast, there were no casualties.
Abdulaziz bin Abdullah Al-Sheikh, is a Muslim scholar and the current Grand Mufti of Saudi Arabia. As such he is head of the Council of Senior Religious Scholars and its sub-committee, the Permanent Committee for Islamic Research and Issuing Fatwas.
Shia and Sunni Islam are the two major denominations of Islam. The origin of their separation can be traced back to a dispute over the succession to the Islamic prophet Muhammad as a caliph of the Islamic community. After the death of the Islamic prophet Muhammad in AD 632, Sunni believed that Muhammad's successor should be Abu Bakr. A second group of Muslims, who would come to be known as the Shia, believed that his successor should have been Ali. This dispute spread across various parts of the Muslim world, which eventually led to the Battle of Jamal and Battle of Siffin. The dispute intensified greatly after the Battle of Karbala, in which Hussein ibn Ali and his household were killed by the ruling Umayyad Caliph Yazid I, and the outcry for revenge divided the early Islamic community, which is known today as the Islamic schism to differentiate it from the Christian schism that happened later.
Abdul-Rahman bin Nasir al-Barrak is a Saudi Salafi cleric.
Saleh Al-Fawzan is an Islamic scholar and has been a member of several high religious bodies in Saudi Arabia. He is considered to be the most senior scholar of Islam in Saudi Arabia.
The Saudi government does not conduct census on religion and ethnicity but some sources estimated the percentage of Shiites in Saudi Arabia is roughly 10-15% of approximately 23 million natives of Saudi Arabia. The modern Kingdom of Saudi Arabia was formed in 1932 by the House of Saud, who are followers of a movement within Sunni Islam known as Salafis. Followers of the Wahhabite mission—who dominate religious institutions, courts and education of the kingdom—believe that "Muslims should return to the interpretation of Islam found in the classical texts, the Quran and the Sunnah." They also believe that "Muslims who seek intercession from holy men, such as the imams revered by Shiites, are not 'true' Muslims."
Sheikh Yasser al-Habib is a Kuwaiti Twelver Shia Ulama, and the head of the London-based Khoddam Al-Mahdi Organization, as well as Al-Muhassin mosque in Fulmer, Buckinghamshire, and the writer of The Lady of Heaven. Al-Habib attempts to express his religious views and his investigations and conclusions in the Islamic history, based upon Shia and Sunni sources.
Sectarian violence among Muslims is the ongoing conflict between Muslims of different sects, most commonly Shias and Sunnis, although the fighting extends to smaller, more specific branches within these sects, as well as Sufism. It has been documented as having gone on from Islam's beginnings up until contemporary times.
A number of minority groups within Islam have faced persecution by other Muslims for allegedly being incompatible with Sunni Islam.
Anti-Shiaism is hatred of, prejudice, discrimination, persecution, and violence against Shia because of their religious beliefs, traditions, and cultural heritage. The term was first defined by Shia Rights Watch in 2011, but it has been used in informal research and written in scholarly articles for decades.
Muhammad bin Abdul-Rahman al-Arifi is a Muslim author and Da’i. He is a graduate of King Saud University, and member of the Muslim World League and the Association of Muslim Scholars.
The Qatif and Dammam mosque bombings occurred on 22 and 29 May 2015. On Friday May 22, a suicide bomber attacked the Shia "Imam Ali ibn Abi Talib Mosque" situated in Qudeih village of Qatif city in Eastern Province, Saudi Arabia. The Islamic State of Iraq and Syria claimed responsibility for the blast, which killed at least 21 people. The event is the second deadly attack against Shia in six months.
A fatwa prohibiting the insulting of the most religious figures of Sunni Islam was published by Iran's Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei, on 30 September 2010. The fatwa was issued following the insulting of Aisha by Yasser Al-Habib. This fatwa received various reactions from Shia and Sunni Muslims, and from Arabic and Western media.
Sectarianism in Saudi Arabia refers to the Saudi government's “top-down push towards sectarian polarization” between the Sunni majority and Shi'ite minority. This encompasses anti-Shi'ite policies by the Saudi regime, as well as tensions between the Sunni majority and the Shi'ite minority. The Saudi government is often viewed to be oppressing the Shi'ite community, who constitute up to 15% of the Saudi population. This occurs against the backdrop of the broader Iran-Saudi Arabia proxy conflict, since Iran is a Shi'ite republic.
Suleiman bin Abdullah Al Sheikh was a religious scholar during the Emirate of Diriyah and one of the grandsons of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab, founder of Wahhabism. He was the author of al Dalail fi Hukm Muwalat Ahl al Ishrak. In addition, he was the first Wahhabi who emphasized the views of Muhammad ibn Abd al-Wahhab about calling non-Wahhabis as apostates.
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