Accessory drive

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Klimov TV3-117 turboshaft engine. The accessory drive is the large casting on the top. Klimow TW-3-117.jpg
Klimov TV3-117 turboshaft engine. The accessory drive is the large casting on the top.

The accessory drive is a gearbox that forms part of a gas turbine engine. [1] Although not part of the engine's core, it drives the accessories, fuel pumps, etc., that are otherwise essential for the operation of the engine or the aircraft on which it is mounted. Accessory drives on large engines handle between 400500 hp. [2]

Contents

Components

Turbomeca Adour, with the accessory drive mounted beneath. The accessories are removed and their mounting flanges covered by bright red blanking plugs. Rolls-Royce Turbomeca Adour Mk811 at HAL Museum 7889.JPG
Turbomeca Adour, with the accessory drive mounted beneath. The accessories are removed and their mounting flanges covered by bright red blanking plugs.

Power for the accessory drive is taken from the central shaft linking the turbine and compressor sections of the engine. This requires an internal gearbox that couples the drive to a radial driveshaft [3] or towershaft [4] that drives an external gearbox.

Internal gearbox

Internal gearbox of the Rolls-Royce Pegasus Rolls-Royce Pegasus - 04.JPG
Internal gearbox of the Rolls-Royce Pegasus

The design of the internal gearbox is complicated by the heat and small space available in which to connect the driveshaft. It is usually placed between the compressor outlet and the combustor. In turboprops or designs with centrifugal compressors, it may be placed ahead of the compressor.

For two-shaft designs, an accessory drive will be taken from the high-pressure shaft, [4] i.e. the outer and shorter of the two concentric shafts. This shaft comes up to speed more quickly when the engine is started. The drive and accessory gearboxes may also be split in two, one driven from each engine shaft, so as to distribute their loads. The engine-critical systems, including the starter drive, are arranged on the high-pressure shaft, with aircraft systems on the low-pressure shaft. [3] The high-pressure shaft also rotates faster than the low-pressure shaft, which may influence the distribution of accessories.

To allow for thermal expansion, the drive from the main shaft may be taken by one of three means: [3]

Radial driveshaft

de Havilland Goblin
Separate accessory drives are taken from the nose cone, above and below the engine core. Rolls Royce Goblin II cutaway.jpg
de Havilland Goblin
Separate accessory drives are taken from the nose cone, above and below the engine core.

To make the best use of the limited space for the driveshaft and internal gearbox, the driveshaft runs at high speed, thus allowing it to be of small diameter. [3] This reduces the disruption to the airflow and the size of the hollow fairing that encloses it.

If it is not possible to arrange a single straight path for the driveshaft, it may be arranged in two sections and linked by an intermediate gearbox. [6] This is most commonly required for high-bypass turbofans with large diameter fans.

External gearbox

Sectioned accessory drive on top of a Rolls-Royce Pegasus Rolls-Royce Pegasus - 05.JPG
Sectioned accessory drive on top of a Rolls-Royce Pegasus

The packaging of an engine within its nacelle is a complicated task. The accessory drive is usually arranged as a curved casing, so that the various accessories are mounted close to the engine. The casing is a pair of light alloy castings. Separate machined mounting pads are provided for each accessory.

The drive within the casing is provided by a train of spur gears. Accessories are arranged on both sides of the driveshaft entry, in reducing order of their speed. The gears are usually plain spur gears, running in roller bearings. Idler gears are commonly used between them, to increase the spacing between accessories. Helical gears are sometimes used for the high-torque drives, typically the starter, as these give smoother running. However helical gears also generate an end-thrust, which then requires a more complicated thrust bearing to support them. [7]

The complexity of an accessory drive and its gears is so great that they were used as a theme by the anthropomorphic illustrator Boris Artzybasheff in advertising for the Avco Lycoming company, who were making drive gearboxes for the Westinghouse J40 engine. [8]

Bleed air

In some engines, bleed air is also tapped to provide power for accessories, as well as a mechanical shaft drive. [5] Bleed air is particularly useful when a source of compressed air is specifically needed, either to pressurise cabin air, or as a supply of cooling air to other components (to avoid excess heat, this is taken for a low-pressure tapping, or from the LP compressor of a two-shaft engine). One important use for bleed air is for cross-starting of other engines in a multi-engine aircraft. [9]

Accessories

Some of the accessories that may be driven include: [10]

There may be a number of fuel pumps: low pressure, high pressure, afterburner pump and also a speed-sensitive governor

Additional facilities are provided for a centrifugal oil breather, to separate the drive lubricating oil from the overboard breather air vent. Also access for hand-turning the engine, during ground maintenance.

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References

  1. "Engine Vocabulary: A". GE Aviation. Archived from the original on 2012-02-21.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  2. Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine, p. 65.
  3. 1 2 3 4 Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine, p. 67.
  4. 1 2 Pratt & Whitney, Aircraft Gas Turbine Engine , pp. 3–45
  5. 1 2 "Accessory Systems". Introduction to Aircraft Power Plants. Archived from the original on 2015-03-26.CS1 maint: discouraged parameter (link)
  6. Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine, p. 69.
  7. Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine, p. 70.
  8. "How a jet engine runs on its "nerves"". Feb 1953.
  9. Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine, p. 124, 126.
  10. Rolls-Royce, Jet Engine , pp. 70–71

Bibliography