African American officeholders from the end of the Civil War until before 1900 Last updated February 06, 2026 U.S. House of Representatives Richard H. Cain – South Carolina 1873–1875, 1877–1879 (also South Carolina Senate, House, Constitutional Congress) [ 2] Henry P. Cheatham – North Carolina 1889–1894 [ 2] Robert C. De Large – South Carolina 1871–1873 (also South Carolina House, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, and State Land Commissioner) [ 2] Robert B. Elliott – South Carolina 1871–1874 (also South Carolina House, South Carolina Attorney General, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, South Carolina Senate, city council) [ 2] Jeremiah Haralson – Alabama 1875–1877 (also Alabama Senate and Alabama House) [ 2] John Adams Hyman – North Carolina 1875–1877 (also North Carolina Senate and North Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 2] John Mercer Langston – Virginia 1890–1891 (also U.S. Minister to Haiti ) [ 2] Jefferson F. Long – Georgia 1871 [ 2] John R. Lynch – Mississippi 1873–1877, 1882–1883 (also speaker of the Mississippi House) [ 2] John Willis Menard – Louisiana 1868, elected but not seated Thomas E. Miller – South Carolina September 24, 1890 – March 3, 1891 (also South Carolina Senate, South Carolina House, and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 2] George W. Murray – South Carolina 1893–1897 [ 2] Charles E. Nash – Louisiana 1875 –1877 [ 2] James E. O'Hara – North Carolina 1883–1887 (also North Carolina House) [ 2] Samuel Peters – Louisiana, 1872 elected but died before being seated [ 3] Joseph H. Rainey – South Carolina 1870–1879 (also South Carolina Senate and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 2] Alonzo J. Ransier – South Carolina 1873–1875 (also South Carolina Lt. Governor and Constitutional Convention) [ 2] James T. Rapier – Alabama 1873–1875 (also Alabama Constitutional Convention) [ 2] Robert Smalls – South Carolina 1875–1879, 1882–1887 (also South Carolina Senate, South Carolina House, and Constitutional Convention) [ 2] Benjamin Sterling Turner – Alabama 1871–1873 [ 2] Josiah T. Walls – Florida 1871–1876 (also Florida House, Florida Senate, and Florida Constitutional Convention) [ 2] George Henry White – North Carolina 1897–1901 (also North Carolina House and North Carolina Senate) [ 2] Alabama Between 1868 and 1878, more than 100 African Americans served in the Alabama Legislature . [ 4]
Alabama Senate Alabama legislators at the capitol in 1872 Alabama House of Representatives Alabama Constitutional Convention Federal offices Granville Bennett – postmaster of Catherine September 1, 1890 – January 15, 1891 [ 11] John P. Billingsley – postmaster of Marion March 25, 1874 – July 18, 1882 [ 11] Charles W. Childs – postmaster of Marion February 12, 1890 – October 28, 1893 [ 11] James F. Childs – postmaster of Marion July 18, 1882 – December 5, 1885 [ 11] Anthony R. Davison – postmaster of Lovan August 1, 1889 – October 28, 1891; March 28, 1890 – April 17, 1893 [ 11] John W. Davison – postmaster of Lovan March 25, 1890 – October 28, 1891 [ 11] Howell L. Goins – postmaster of Northport November 25, 1889 – March 17, 1890 [ 11] Rufus L. Gomez – postmaster of Luverne March 28, 1889 – October 5, 1889 [ 11] Jordan Hatcher – postmaster of Cahaba September 7, 1869 – September 26, 1882 [ 11] John W. Jones – postmaster of Hayneville June 6, 1882 – October 17, 1887 [ 11] Arkansas Between 1868 and 1893, 85 men noted as "colored " or "mulatto " were elected to the Arkansas legislature. [ 14] [ 15] Initially, they served under the 1868 Arkansas Constitution that granted them the right to vote and hold office. The Democrats retook control of the state government and instituted the 1874 Constitution. As a result, after 1893, the next African American to serve as an Arkansas state legislator was in 1973. [ 16]
Arkansas Senate George W. Bell – Desha and Chicot counties 1891, 1893 Richard A. Dawson – Jefferson County 1873, 1874 (also Arkansas House) William Henry Grey – Phillips County 1875 (also Arkansas House, Arkansas Constitutional Convention, and Arkansas Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands) Samuel H. Holland – Ashley , Chicot , Drew , and Desha counties 1873, 1874 W. H. Logan – Chicot and Desha counties 1887, 1889 James W. Mason – Ashley , Chicot, Drew , Desha and counties 1868, 1871 (also Arkansas Constitutional Convention, postmaster, and judge) Anthony Stanford – Lee and Phillips counties 1877, 1879 James T. White – Phillips and Monroe counties 1871 (also Arkansas House and Arkansas Constitutional Convention) Ruben B. White – Pulaski and White counties 1873, 1874 John Willis Williams – Phillips County 1874 [ 17] Arkansas House of Representatives Benjamin Frank Adair – Pulaski County 1891 James M. Alexander – Phillips County 1871 (also justice of the peace) Isaac George Bailey – Desha County 1885 Conway Barbour – Lafayette County 1871 Austin Barrow – Phillips County 1871 [ 18] Peter H. Booth – Jefferson County 1893 Levi B. Boston – Jefferson County 1874 [ 17] Joseph H. Bradford – Mississippi County 1885 Joseph B. Brooks – Lafayette County 1885 Cornelius "Neal" Brown – Pulaski County 1873 [ 17] Crockett Brown – Lee County 1877 Hal B. Burton – Jefferson County 1887 John H. Carr – Phillips County 1889–1894 Barry Coleman – Phillips County 1874 and 1877 William L. Copeland – Crittenden County 1873–1875 Lawrence Crute – Chicot County 1873 Richard A. Dawson – Jefferson County 1879 (also Arkansas Senate) Sebron Williams Dawson – Jefferson County 1889–1892 Jacob N. Donohoo – Phillips County 1877, 1887–1892 Anderson Ebberson – Jefferson County 1877, 1881 Nathan E. Edwards – Chicot County 1893 Edward Allen Fulton – Drew County 1871 (also postmaster) William Hines Furbush – Phillips County 1873, Lee County 1879 [ 17] Isaac Gillam – Pulaski County 1879 [ 17] Ed Glover – Jefferson County 1885 William E. Gray – Pulaski County 1881 William Henry Grey – Phillips County 1868 (also Arkansas Senate, Arkansas Constitutional Convention, and Arkansas Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands) Toney Grissom – Phillips County 1873–1875 Jeff Haskins – St. Francis County 1871 [ 18] [ 17] Ferdinand "Ferd" Havis – Jefferson County 1873 Monroe E. Hawkins – Lafayette County 1868, 1873, 1874 (also Arkansas Constitutional Convention) Ned Hill – Jefferson County 1874 [ 17] Daniel Hunt – Hempstead County 1868 [ 17] William B. Jacko – Jefferson County 1885, 1887 Ed Jefferson – Jefferson County 1887, 1889 [ 17] Adam R. Johnson – Crittenden County 1871 Henry Augustus Johnson – Chicot County 1891 John H. Johnson – Woodruff County 1873 [ 17] Green Hill Jones – Chicot County 1885, 1889 Thomas R. Kersh – Lincoln County 1885, 1887 Daniel W. Lewis – Crittenden County 1883 [ 17] George W. Lowe – Monroe County 1889–1892 John G. Lucas – Jefferson County 1891 William A. Marshall – Hempstead County 1873 [ 17] L. J. Maxwell – Jefferson County 1874–1875 Americus Mayo – Monroe County 1871 [ 17] Charles Howard McKay – Jefferson County 1893 [ 17] Abraham H. Miller – Phillips County 1874 William Murphy – Jefferson County 1873, 1877 (also Arkansas Constitutional Convention) [ 17] Marshall M. Murray – Lafayette County 1883 [ 17] Hugh C. Newsome – Chicot County 1887 Sandy Shepard Odum – Crittenden County 1887 [ 17] William C. Payne – Jefferson County 1879, 1881 [ 17] Burns Polk – Lee County 1873 [ 17] Carl R. Polk – Jefferson County 1871, 1881 (also a justice of the peace) [ 17] Patrick T. Price – Lee County 1877 James A. Robinson – Ashley , Chicot , Drew , Desha counties 1871, 1874 [ 15] [ 17] Henry H. Robinson – Phillips County 1873 [ 17] John C. Rollins – Ashley , Chicot , Drew , Desha counties 1873 Anderson Louis Rush – Pulaski County 1868–1869 Granville Ryles – Pulaski County 1883 Richard R. Samuels – Hempstead County 1868, 1869 (also Arkansas Constitutional Convention) Francis H. Sawyer – Lincoln County 1877 [ 17] Samuel H. Scott – Jefferson County 1885 [ 17] Archie Shepperson – Hempstead County 1873 Rusty Sherrill – Jefferson County 1883 [ 17] George H. W. Stewart – Phillips County 1873 [ 17] Green W. Thompson – Pulaski County 1889 [ 17] George E. Trower – Conway County 1887 G. W. Watson – Crittenden County 1891 Blackstone Waterhouse – Jefferson County, Arkansas 1883 John W. Webb – Ashley , Chicot , Drew , Desha counties 1871 [ 18] Reuben C. Weddington – Desha County 1891 Francis "Frank" W. White – Pulaski County 1883 [ 17] James T. White – Phillips and Monroe counties 1868–1870 (also Arkansas Senate and Arkansas Constitutional Convention) Henry W./N. Williams – Lincoln County 1889, 1891 [ 17] John Willis Williams – Phillips County 1873 (also Arkansas Senate) James Wofford – Crittenden County 1877 S. L. Woolfolk – Jefferson County 1891 William H. Young – Jefferson County 1871, 1883 [ 18] Arkansas Constitutional Convention Other state offices Joseph Carter Corbin – Arkansas Superintendent of Public Schools 1873–1875 William Henry Grey – Arkansas Commissioner of Immigration and State Lands (also Arkansas House, Arkansas Senate, and Arkansas Constitutional Convention) James T. White – Arkansas Commissioner of Public Works (also Arkansas House, Arkansas Senate, and Arkansas Constitutional Convention) Federal offices Elisha Davis – postmaster of Sweet Home November 8, 1881 – May 24, 1893 [ 11] Edward Allen Fulton – postmaster of Monticello March 1, 1871 – March 29, 1874; May 29, 1871 – December 17, 1875 (also Arkansas House) [ 11] Mifflin Wistar Gibbs – American consul to Madagascar 1897 (also judge) William H. Lacy – postmaster of Harwood Island February 16, 1885 – August 2, 1893 [ 11] James W. Mason – postmaster of Sunny Side February 2, 1867 – April 11, 1871 (also Arkansas Senate, probate judge, and sheriff) [ 11] James A. Roper – postmaster of Surrounded Hill May 9, 1889 – June 22, 1893 [ 11] William A. Sloan – postmaster of Ripley July 16, 1891 – April 14, 1894 [ 11] Colorado Colorado House of Representatives Florida Florida Senate William Bradwell – Duval County 1868 Henry Wilkins Chandler – Marion County 1880–1888 Oliver J. Coleman – 10th District 1874 (also Florida House and county commissioner) [ 19] Harry Cruse – 6th District 1869, 1870 (also Florida House) T. V. Gibbs – Duval County 1881 [ 20] Frederick Hill – Gadsden County 1871 (also Florida House, Florida Constitutional Convention, and postmaster) Joseph E. Lee – 18th District/Duval County 1881 (also Florida House and postmaster) [ 20] Thomas Warren Long – Marion County 1873–1879 Daniel C. Martin – Alachua County 1885, 1887 Robert Meacham – 9th District 1868–1877, 1879 (also Florida Constitutional Convention, clerk of the circuit court, superintendent of common schools, and postmaster) Alfred Brown Osgood – 10th District 1875, 1876 (also Florida House) [ 21] Charles H. Pearce – Leon County 1870–1874 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) [ 21] Washington Pope – 3rd District 1873–1876 (also county commissioner) John E. Proctor – Leon County 1883 (also Florida House) Egbert Sammis – Duval County 1885 (also consul in Stuttgart) Samuel Spearing – Duval County 1874 John Wallace – Leon County 1874–1879 (also Florida House and county constable) Josiah T. Walls – Alachua and Levy counties 1869–1871, 1877–1881 (also U.S. Congress, Florida House, and Florida Constitutional Convention) Florida House of Representatives Edward I. Alexander – Madison County 1877, 1879, 1885 (also postmaster) [ 22] Samuel Anderson – Duval County 1887 [ 21] Josiah Haynes Armstrong – Columbia County 1871, 1875 Henry Black – Jefferson County [ 20] Richard Horatio Black – Alachua County 1869, 1870 [ 23] Killis B. Bonner – Marion County 1879 William Bradwell – Duval County 1868–1870 Richard Lewis Brown Sr. – Duval County 1881, 1883 [ 24] James D. Bryant – Monroe County [ 20] Wallace B. Carr – Leon County 1881, 1887 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) [ 20] [ 21] Phillip Carroll – Leon County 1881 [ 25] Joseph Newman Clinton – Alachua County 1881–1883 George C. Coleman – Nassau County 1881 [ 21] Oliver J. Coleman – Madison County 1871, 1872, 1875 (also Florida Senate and county commissioner) [ 19] Singleton Coleman – Marion County 1873 Robert Cox – Leon County 1868–1870 [ 21] Harry Cruse – Gadsden County 1871–1874, 1877 (also Florida Senate) Peter H. Davidson Sr. , Escambia County 1877 Peter H. Davidson Jr. , Escambia County 1887 [ 26] Robert H. Dennis – Jackson County 1875 Zebulon Elijah – Escambia County 1871–1873 (also postmaster) Auburn H. Erwin – Columbia County 1868–1870 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) [ 21] Lucien Fisher – Leon County 1875 John Ford – Leon County [ 20] Emanuel Fortune – Jackson County 1868–1870 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) Samuel W. Frazier – Leon County 1879, 1885, 1887 (also a justice of the peace) Robert Gabriel – Monroe County 1879 Theodore Gass – Alachua County 1871–1875 Thomas Van Renssalaer Gibbs – Duval County 1884 Birch Gibson – Marion County 1872 Noah Graham – Leon County 1868–1872 Alfred Grant – Duval County 1875, 1877 [ 20] [ 21] Henry Harmon – Alachua County 1868–1870 Frederick Hill – Gadsden County 1868–1870 (also Florida Senate, Florida Constitutional Convention, and postmaster) David E. Jacobs – Marion County 1887 [ 21] Scipio Jasper – Marion County 1872 Andrew Jackson Junius – Jefferson County 1879 Isaac Jenkins – Leon County 1880–1883 Andrew Jackson Junius – Jefferson County 1879 Joseph E. Lee – Duval County 1875, 1877, 1879 (also Florida Senate and postmaster) Matthew M. Lewey – Alachua County 1883 (postmaster and mayor) George A. Lewis – Jacksonville County 1889 [ 20] [ 21] Robert Livingston – Leon County 1868–1869 [ 21] Alfred Brown Osgood – Madison County 1868–1874,1879, 1883, 1885 (also Florida Senate) Samuel Petty – Nassau County 1873 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) Salvador T. Pons George Willis Proctor – Jefferson County 1883 [ 20] [ 21] John E. Proctor – Leon County 1873–1875, 1879–1881 (also Florida Senate) I. E. Purcell – Putnam County [ 20] Jesse Robinson – Jackson County 1868–1874 [ 21] Riley Edward Robinson – Nassau County 1883, 1885 (also postmaster) William K. Robinson – Jackson County 1872 [ 21] Charles Rouse William U. Saunders – Gadsden County (also Florida Constitutional Convention) John R. Scott Sr. – Duval County 1868–1873 John R. Scott Jr. – Duval County 1889–1891 Charles Shavers – Monroe County 1887 [ 20] [ 21] John Simpson – Marion County 1868–1870 [ 21] Samuel Small – Marion County 1874 William G. Stewart – Leon County 1873 [ 20] [ 21] John N. Stokes – Leon County 1874 [ 20] [ 21] Benjamin Thompson – Jefferson County 1868–1870 [ 21] Charles H. Thompson – Columbia County 1868–1870 [ 21] William F. Thompson – Leon County 1877 (also Florida Constitutional Convention). [ 27] Thomas Urquhart – Hamilton County and Suwannee County 1868 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) John Wallace – Leon County 1870, 1872 (also Florida Senate and constable) Josiah T. Walls – Alachua County 1868 (also U.S. Congress, Florida Senate, and Florida Constitutional Convention) George Washington – Alachua County 1874–1876 [ 21] Randolph W. Washington – Jefferson County 1885 [ 20] [ 21] Richard H. Wells – Leon County 1868–1872 (also Florida Constitutional Convention) [ 21] George Walter Wetmore – Duval County 1883, 1885 Wesley Asbury Wilkinson – Marion County 1881, 1883, 1885 [ 20] [ 21] George Washington Witherspoon – Jefferson County 1875 John W. Wyatt – Leon County 1870–1874 Constitutional conventions During the Florida Constitutional Convention of 1868, 18 of 46 elected delegates were Black. At the 1885 Constitutional Convention, seven of the 63 delegates were Black. [ 28]
Florida Constitutional Convention of 1868 Florida Constitutional Convention of 1885 Federal offices Edward I. Alexander – postmaster of Madison County (also Florida House) [ 22] Joseph E. Clark – postmaster of Eatonville May 25, 1889 – September 7, 1907 [ 11] Zebulon Elijah – postmaster of Pensacola January 30, 1874 – February 14, 1878 (also Florida House) [ 11] Thomas S. Harris – postmaster of Live Oak September 17, 1898 – March 2, 1905 [ 11] Fannie A. James – postmaster of Jewell (now Lake Worth ) August 22, 1889 – April 15, 1903 [ 11] [ 30] Frederick Hill – postmaster of in Quincy (also Florida House, Florida Senate, Florida Constitutional Convention, and county commissioner) Joseph E. Lee – postmaster of (also Florida House and Florida Senate) [ 20] Matthew M. Lewey – postmaster of Newnansville February 19, 1874 – February 8, 1875 (also Florida House and mayor) [ 11] Robert Meacham – postmaster of Monticello February 19, 1869 – March 22, 1871 (also Florida Senate, Florida Constitutional Convention, clerk of the circuit court, and superintendent of common schools) [ 11] Riley Edward Robinson – postmaster of Kings Ferry (also Florida House) Egbert Sammis – consul in Stuttgart (also Florida Senate) Emmanuel Smith – postmaster of Apalachicola October 13, 1881 – May 5, 1885 [ 11] William G. Stewart – postmaster of Tallahassee March 26, 1873 – July 20, 1885 [ 11] Georgia In Georgia, 69 African Americans served in the state legislature or as delegates to the state's constitutional convention between 1867 and 1872. [ 32]
Georgia House of Representatives Thomas M. Allen – Jasper County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Eli Barnes – Hancock County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Thomas P. Beard – Richmond County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Edwin Belcher – Wilkes County 1868 (also postmaster) James Blue – Glynn County 1871–1877 Thomas M. Butler – Camden County 1878 [ 33] Tunis Campbell Jr. – McIntosh County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Malcolm Claiborne – Burke County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] Abram Colby – Greene County 1866, 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] George H. Clower – Monroe County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] John T. Costin – Talbot County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Lectured Crawford – McIntosh County 1886–1887, 1890–1891, 1900–1901 Madison Davis – Clarke County 1868, 1871 (also postmaster) Monday Floyd – Morgan County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] F. H. Fyall – Macon County 1868 Samuel Gardner – Warren County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] William A. Golden – Liberty County 1868, 1870 [ 35] [ 33] [ c] William Guilford – Upson County 1868 R. B. Hall – Burke County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] William Henry Harrison – Hancock County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] Jack Heard – Greene County 1873[ citation needed ] John M. Holzendorf – Camden County 1890 [ 33] Ulysses L. Houston – Bryan County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Philip Joiner – Dougherty County 1868, 1870, 1871 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] J. A. Lewis – Stewart County 1871[ citation needed ] George Linder – Laurens County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] Robert Lumpkin – Macon County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] H. A. McKay – Liberty County 1900 [ 33] Romulus Moore – Columbia County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] Peter O'Neal – Baldwin County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] James Ward Porter – Chatham County 1868, 1870, 1871 [ 33] [ c] Alfred Richardson – Clarke County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Amos Rogers – McIntosh County 1878 A. Simmons – Houston County 1871[ citation needed ] James M. Simms – Chatham County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Abraham Smith – Muscogee County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Alexander Stone – Jefferson County 1868, 1870 (also Columbia County ) [ 33] [ c] Henry McNeal Turner – Bibb County 1868, 1870, 1871 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention and postmaster) [ 32] [ 33] [ c] John Warren – Glynn County 1868, 1870 [ 33] [ c] Samuel Williams – Harris County 1868, 1870 (also Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 33] [ c] A. Wilson – Camden County 1884 [ 33] Hercules Wilson – McIntosh County 1882–1885 Georgia Constitutional Convention Federal offices J. Curt Beall – postmaster of La Grange September 6, 1882 – August 6, 1885 [ 11] Edwin Belcher – postmaster of Macon March 22, 1873 – March 23, 1875 (also Georgia House) [ 11] Aaron Alpeoria Bradley – postmaster of in Macon (also Georgia Constitutional Convention and Georgia Senate) [ 32] John H. Clopton – postmaster of Hogansville March 1, 1890 –April 8, 1893 [ 11] Madison Davis – postmaster of Athens February 13, 1882 – June 2, 1890; February 15, 1886 – May 27, 1893 (Georgia House) [ 11] Jacob D. Enos or Enis – postmaster of Valdosta May 4, 1869 – June 8, 1871 [ 11] Charles R. Jackson – postmaster of Darien October 15, 1890 – September 14, 1897; June 19, 1893 – May 18, 1909 [ 11] Isaiah H. Loftin – postmaster of Hogansville May 17, 1897 – March 2, 1900 [ 11] Monroe B. Morton – postmaster of Athens July 27, 1897 – February 6, 1902 [ 11] Luther J. Price – postmaster of South Atlanta June 18, 1889 – June 21, 1893 [ 11] Ellic L. Simon – postmaster of South Atlanta July 2, 1897 – October 31, 1904 [ 11] Henry McNeal Turner – postmaster of Macon May 18, 1869 – August 10, 1869 (also Georgia House and Georgia Constitutional Convention) [ 11] [ d] Illinois Illinois House of Representatives Indiana Indiana did not have African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era. [ 42]
Indiana House of Representatives Federal offices James Cantrell – postmaster of Lyles September 12, 1898 – February 12, 1920 [ 11] Kansas Kansas did not have African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era. [ 42]
Kansas House of Representatives Other state offices Edward P. McCabe – Kansas State Auditor (also county clerk, U.S. Treasury Department clerk, and county treasurer in Oklahoma) Louisiana Through 1900, 24 African Americans served in the Louisiana Senate during Reconstruction; more than 100 served in the Louisiana House of Representatives . [ 43] In addition, six African American men held statewide offices in Louisiana, including the nation's first African American acting governors.
Louisiana Governor Oscar James Dunn – acting governor May–July 1871 [ 44] [ e] P. B. S. Pinchback – acting governor December 1872–January 1873 (also U.S. Senate, Louisiana Lt. Governor, Louisiana Constitutional Convention, and Louisiana Senate) Louisiana lieutenant governor Caesar Antoine – 1873–1877 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Oscar James Dunn – 1868–1871, (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) P. B. S. Pinchback – 1872 (also U.S. Senate, acting Louisiana Governor, Louisiana Constitutional Convention, and Louisiana Senate) Louisiana State Senate Theophile T. Allain – 14th State Senate District /Iberville Parish 1874–1880 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] Caesar Antoine – Caddo Parish 1868–1872 (also Louisiana Lt. Governor and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Alexander E. Barber – Orleans Parish 1868–1874 Raiford Blunt – West Baton Rouge Parish 1872–1875 (also Louisiana House) J. Henry Burch – East Baton Rouge Parish 1872–1880 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] Edward Butler – Plaquemines Parish, Louisiana 1870–1874 Thomas Cage – Terrebonne Parish 1872–1884 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] Oscar Crozier – Lafourche Parish , 1874–April 1875 James S. Davidson – Iberville Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] Henry Demas – St. John the Baptist Parish 1874–1880, 1884–1892 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] Emile Detiège – St. Martin Parish 1876–1878 Andrew Dumont – Orleans Parish 1874–1878 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] Alexander R. François – St. Martin Parish 1868–1869 John Gair – East Feliciana Parish 1868–1876 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Jacques Gla – Carroll and Madison parishes 1872, 1874–1880 Robert F. Guichard – St. Bernard Parish 1884–1892 (also Louisiana House and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) George Hamlet – Ouachita Parish 1876–1880 [ 45] William Harper – St. Charles Parish 1872–1876 James Henry Ingraham – Orleans Parish 1870–1874 [ 45] George Y. Kelso – Rapides Parish 1868–1876 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Pierre Caliste Landry – Ascension Parish 1874–1878 (also Louisiana House, postmaster, and mayor) Jules A. Masicot – Orleans Parish 1872–1876 (also Louisiana House and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Julien J. Monette – 3rd State Senate District /Orleans and St. Bernard parishes 1868 P. B. S. Pinchback – Orleans Parish 1868–1871 (also U.S. Senate, Louisiana Lt. Governor, acting Louisiana Governor, and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Robert Poindexter – Assumption , Lafourche and St. Landry parishes 1868 (also Louisiana House and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Curtis Pollard – East Carroll Parish 1868–1870, 17th State Senate District 1872–1876 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] John Randall – Concordia Parish and Avoyelles Parish 1868–1869 Fortune Riard – Orleans Parish 1874–1878 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Richard Simms – St. James Parish 1880–1892 (also Louisiana House) [ 45] T. B. Stamps – Jefferson Parish 1872–1880 (also Louisiana House and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Jordan R. Stewart – 9th State Senate District /Terrebonne Parish 1880–1888 (also Louisiana House and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] Isaac Sutton – St Mary Parish 1876–1889 (also Louisiana House) Simon Toby – Orleans Parish 1884–1888 [ 45] Samuel Wakefield – Iberia Parish 1877–1879 David Young – Concordia Parish 1874–1878 (also Louisiana House) Louisiana House of Representatives Canon J. Adolphe – Orleans Parish 1869–1872 [ 46] Frank Alexander – New Orleans 1868 Theophile T. Allain – Iberville Parish 1872, 1879–1888 (also Louisiana Senate) [ 45] Arthur Antoine – St. Mary Parish 1872 Felix C. Antoine – Orleans Parish 1870–1876 [ 45] Raiford Blunt – West Baton Rouge Parish /Natchitoches Parish 1868–1872 (also Louisiana Senate) [ 45] Charles A. Bourgoise – St. Charles Parish 1878–1896 [ 45] R. J. Brooks – St. Mary Parish 1876–1880 [ 45] Charles F. Brown – Jefferson Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] J. Henry Burch – East Baton Rouge Parish 1879 (also Louisiana Senate) Thornton Butler – Orleans Parish 1876–1880 Thomas Cage – Terrebonne Parish 1884–1888 (also Louisiana Senate) Henry C. W. CasaCalvo – East Baton Rouge Parish 1892–1896 [ 45] John Cayolle – St. John the Baptist Parish 1880-1888 [ 45] Royal Coleman – Terrebonne Parish 1878–1884 [ 45] Lucien Comaux – Iberville Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] Joseph Connaughton – Rapides Parish 1872–1875 J. A. Crawford – Franklin Parish 1870–1874 [ 45] William Crawford – Union Parish 1870 [ 45] P. Darinsburg – Pointe Coupee Parish 1870 [ 45] James S. Davidson – Iberville Parish 1871–1880, 1884–1896 [ 46] Aristede Dejoie – Orleans Parish 1870–1874, 1877 [ 45] Henry Demas – St. John the Baptist Parish 1870–1874, 1879 (also Louisiana Senate) Vincent Dickerson – St. James Parish 1884–1892 [ 45] N. Douglass – Assumption Parish 1868–1870 [ 46] Rosario Ducoté – Avoyelles Parish 1878–1888 [ 45] Andrew Dumont – Orleans Parish 1868–1876 [ 45] Ulgar Dupart – Terrebonne Parish 1868 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Benjamin B. Ewell – Assumption Parish 1884–1888 [ 45] [ 46] John B. Esnard – St. Mary Parish 1868–70 [ 47] Victor Fauria – St. Tammany Parish 1892–1896 [ 45] T. H. Francois – Jefferson Parish 1868–1872 [ 45] John Gair – East Feliciana Parish 1868, 1872 Bivien Gardner – Assumption Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] R. G. Gardner – Jefferson Parish 1870 [ 45] William C. Gary – St. Mary Parish 1876–1880 [ 45] Robert F. Guichard – St. Bernard Parish 1872 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) William Harper – Caddo Parish 1870 Governor Hawkins – Madison Parish 1884–1888 [ 45] Gloster H. Hill – Ascension Parish 1868–1870, 1874–1880 [ 45] [ 46] Moses R. Hite – Assumption Parish 1879 [ 46] Robert Isabelle – Orleans Parish 1868–1876 [ 45] W. W. Johnson – Madison County 1884–1888 [ 45] H. S. Jones – Iberville Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] Milton Jones – Pointe Coupee Parish 1876 [ 45] R. M. J. Kenner – New Orleans 1870 [ 48] Pierre Caliste Landry – Ascension Parish 1872–1873, 1880–1884 [ 46] (also Louisiana Senate, postmaster, mayor) [ 45] Charles Leroy – Natchitoches Parish 1868 Wash Lyons – Terrebonne Parish 1876–1880 [ 45] Harry Mahoney – Plaquemine Parish 1872–1884 [ 45] Joseph Mansion – Orleans Parish 1868 [ 45] Louis A. Martinet – St. Mary Parish 1872–1875 Jules A. Masicot – Orleans Parish 1868–1872 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] W. E. McCarthy – Orleans Parish 1868–1872 [ 45] J. Monroe – 1868, 1870, 1872 [ 45] John J. Moore – St. Mary Parish 1870 [ 45] Milton Morris – Ascension Parish 1868–1873 [ 46] (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Thomas Murray – Orleans Parish 1870 [ 45] William Murrell – Lafourche Parish 1868–1878 [ 45] William Murrell Jr. – Madison Parish 1872–1876, 1878–1880 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Anthony Overton, Sr. – Ouachita Parish 1870 [ 45] John F. Patty – St. Mary Parish 1884–1888 [ 45] Robert Poindexter – Assumption Parish 1874–April 1875 [ 46] (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Isham Pollard – Terrebonne Parish 1878 [ 45] W. S. Posey – St. Mary Parish 1884–1884 [ 45] Robert R. Ray – East Feliciana Parish 1874 Harry Rey – Natchitoches Parish 1868 [ 45] Victor Rochon – St. Mary Parish 1872 – April 1875, 1884–1888 Cain Sartain – East Carroll Parish 1870–1876 Richard Simms – St. Landry Parish 1872–1874 (also Louisiana Senate) [ 45] Charles Smith – Terrebonne Parish 1880–1884 [ 45] W. B. Smith – St. Mary Parish 1878 [ 45] Louis Snaer – Orleans Parish 1872–1876 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) [ 45] T. B. Stamps – Jefferson Parish 1870 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Moses Sterrett , Caddo Parish 1870 [ 49] [ 50] Jordan R. Stewart – Tensas Parish 1872–1876 (also Louisiana Senate and Louisiana Constitutional Convention) Isaac Sutton – St Mary Parish 1872–1876 (also Louisiana Senate) Robert J. Taylor – West Feliciana Parish 1868 George Washington – Concordia Parish 1870–1874, 1877 Henry George Washington – Assumption Parish 1868–1871 [ 46] Enos Williams – Terrebonne Parish 1876–1884 [ 45] Henderson Williams – Madison Parish 1868, 1870 (also Louisiana Constitutional Convention) W. C. Williams – East Feliciana Parish 1868, 1870 [ 48] [ 45] Frederick B. Wright – Terrebonne Parish 1874–1878 [ 45] David Young – Concordia Parish 1868–1874, 1880–1884 (also Louisiana Senate) African American delegates to the Louisiana Constitutional Convention 1868 Louisiana Constitutional Convention Federal offices Henry Bloch – postmaster of Opelousas March 26, 1891 – September 7, 1891 [ 11] Samuel E. Cuny or Cuney – postmaster of Colfax March 15, 1872 – April 1873 [ 11] Abraham Davis – postmaster of Franklin June 3, 1872 – March 21, 1881; January 17, 1880 – April 11, 1887 [ 11] Timothy Davis – postmaster of Pattersonville (became Patterson in 1887) May 3, 1882 – December 30, 1892 [ 11] Anna M. Dumas – postmaster of Covington November 15, 1872 – June 18, 1885 [ 11] Pierre Caliste Landry – postmaster of Donaldsonville March 3, 1871 – May 25, 1875 (also Louisiana House, Louisiana Senate, mayor) [ 11] Charles Leroy – postmaster of Natchitoches April 29, 1869 – September 18, 1872 [ 11] Friday N. Porter Jr. – postmaster of Pearl River (became Pearlville in 1888) October 6, 1875 – May 6, 1893 [ 11] Charles W. Ringgold – postmaster of New Orleans March 1, 1873 – April 6, 1875 [ 11] James H. Stephens – postmaster of Saint Francisville April 1, 1872 – December 8, 1879 [ 11] John A. Washington – postmaster of Vidalia October 20, 1873 – May 15, 1876 [ 11] Massachusetts Massachusetts House of Representatives Michigan Michigan House of Representatives Minnesota Minnesota did not have any African American legislators until after the Reconstruction era. [ 42]
Minnesota House of Representatives Mississippi The Mississippi Plan was part of an organized campaign of terror and violence used by the Democratic Party and Ku Klux Klan to disenfranchise African Americans in Mississippi, block them from holding office, end Reconstruction, and restore white supremacy in the state. Nevertheless, many African Americans served in its legislature, and Mississippi was the only state that elected African-American candidates to the U.S. Senate during the Reconstruction era: A total of 37 African Americans served in the state Senate and 117 served in the state House. [ 61] [ 62]
Mississippi Lieutenant Governor Mississippi Secretary of State Photo composite of Mississippi state legislators in 1874 by E. von Seutter Mississippi House of Representatives William H. Allen – Coahoma County 1884–1887 L. K. Altwood – Hinds County 1880, 1884 Peter Barnabas Barrow – Warren County 1870–1871 (also Mississippi Senate) Monroe Bell – Hinds County 1872 [ 61] [ 62] Stephen Blackwell – Issaquena County 1882–1889 Jesse Freeman Boulden – Lowndes County 1870 Countelow M. Bowles – Bolivar County 1870 (also Mississippi Senate) George F. Bowles – Adams County 1881–1894 Anderson Boyd – Oktibbeha County 1874 George W. Boyd – Warren County 1874 Walter Boyd – Yazoo County 1874 Arthur Brooks – Monroe County 1872 [ 62] Frank P. Brooks – Sharkey County 1866 George P. A. Brown – Tunica County 1875 [ 62] Orange Brunt – Panola County 1874 Joseph Henry Bufford – Bolivar County 1880 Charles W. Bush – Warren County 1872 [ 62] George William Butler – Sharkey County 1884–1894 J. Wesley Caradine – Clay County 1874 Hannibal C. Carter – Warren County 1872, 1876 (also Mississippi Secretary of State ) James Cessor – Jefferson County 1872–1877 George Charles – Lawrence County 1870 [ 61] [ 62] George Washington Chavis – Warren County 1874 Benjamin Chiles – Oktibbeha County 1874–1878 Richard Christmas – Copiah County 1874 Charles P. Clemens – Clarke County 1874 Milton Coates – Warren County 1882–1885 John Cocke – Panola County 1872 Felix L. Cory – Adams County 1884–1886 Thomas A. Cotton – Noxubee County 1874 Henry Craytin – Yazoo County 1880 [ 62] Robert Cunningham – Marshall County 1878 [ 62] Alexander Kelso Davis – Noxubee County 1870–1873 (also Lieutenant Governor) Willis Davis – Noxubee County 1874–1876 James M. Dickson – Yazoo County 1872 George Edwards – Madison County 1878 [ 62] Weldon W. Edwards – Warren County 1874–1877, 1882 Alfred Fields – Panola County 1880 Samuel Fitzhugh – Wilkinson County 1874–1876 Hugh M. Foley – Wilkinson County 1870, 1873 [ 61] [ 62] William Henderson Foote – Yazoo County 1870 [ 62] George Washington Gayles – Bolivar County 1872–1875 (also Mississippi Senate) J. H. Glenn – Lowndes County 1874 [ 62] George Caldwell Granberry – Hinds County 1882 David S. Green – Grenada County 1872–1875 Richard Griggs – Issaquena County 1870, 1872 (also Commissioner of Agriculture & Immigration) Alfred Newton Handy – Madison County 1870–1875 Emanuel Handy – Copiah County 1870–1873 John F. Harris – Washington County 1890 W. H. Harris – Washington County 1874, 1888 Henry H. Harrison – Chickasaw County 1874 Charles P. Head – Warren County 1870 [ 61] [ 62] William W. Hence – Adams County 1880 [ 62] Ambrose Henderson – Chickasaw County 1870 John Franklin Henry – Madison County 1884 Weldon Hicks – Hinds County 1874, 1878 Wilson Hicks – Rankin County 1874 David Higgins – Oktibbeha County 1870 James Hill – Marshall County 1872 (also Secretary of State of Mississippi ) William Holmes – Monroe County 1870–1873 [ 61] [ 62] D. H. Hopson – Coahoma County 1888 Gilbert Horton – Washington County 1884 Russell Walker Houston – Issaquena County 1872 Merrimon Howard – Jefferson County 1870 (also sheriff) Perry Howard – Holmes County 1872–1875 George W. Huntley – Bolivar County 1888 Henry L. Jackson – Rankin County 1888 Henry P. Jacobs – Adams County 1870, 1872 David Jenkins – Madison County 1876 Albert Johnson – Warren County 1870–1876 J. H. Johnson – DeSoto County 1872–1875 John Johnson – Madison County 1886–1887 [ 62] William Johnson – Hinds County 1872 Cornelius J. Jones – Issaquena County 1890 William H. Jones – Issaquena County 1874–1877 Reuben Kendrick – Amite County 1872–1875 William Landers – Jefferson County 1872–1876 Matthew Levy – Madison County 1882 Samuel W. Lewis – Madison County 1884 William Lucius Lowe – Bolivar County 1886 [ 62] John R. Lynch – Adams County 1872, 1874; Speaker of the House 1872–1873 (also U.S. Congress) William H. Lynch – Adams County 1874–1877, 1882–1889 William H. Mallory – Warren County 1872, LeFlore County and Sunflower County 1875 James G. Marshall – Holmes County 1878 Daniel T. J. Mathews – Panola County 1874 Henry Mayson – Hinds County 1870 (also Mississippi Constitutional Convention) Thomas McCain – DeSoto County 1872–1875 J. W. McFarland – Rankin County 1874 Murdock M. McLeod – Hinds County 1884 (also Mississippi of Secretary State) Marshall McNeese – Noxubee County 1870, 1874–1877 Cicero Mitchell – Holmes County 1870, 1878 Peter Mitchell – Washington County 1882, 1886 [ 62] Joseph E. Monroe – Coahoma County 1874–1877 James Aaron Moore – Lauderdale County 1870 (also Mississippi Constitutional Convention) L. C. Moore – Bolivar County 1890 [ 62] Lemuel C. Moore – Issaquena County 1880, 1884 [ 62] John H. Morgan – Washington County 1870–1875 George G. Moseley – Hinds County 1874 Cato Nathan – Monroe County 1874 Randle Nettles – Oktibbeha County 1870–1873 Matthew T. Newsom – Claiborne County 1870 (also Mississippi Constitutional Convention) C. F. Norris – Hinds County 1870 [ 61] [ 62] George H. Oliver – Coahoma County 1890 [ 62] Lawrence W. Overton – Noxubee County 1876 Jones R. Parker – Washington County 1884 James G. Patterson – Yazoo County 1874 Alfred Peal – Marshall County 1874 Perry Peyton – Bolivar County 1884 James H. Piles – Panola County 1870–1875 (also Assistant Secretary of State) Albert B. Poston – Panola County 1882 J. W. Randolph – Sunflower County and Leflore County 1874 Charles Reese – Hinds County 1872 Elzy Richards – Lowndes County 1872–1875 Samuel Riley – Wilkinson County 1876 William M. Robinson – Hinds County 1884 A. A. Rogers – Marshall County 1874 Jacob Allen Ross – Washington County 1871 [ 62] Samuel A. Sanderlin – Washington and Issaquena counties 1876 [ 62] Edmund Scarborough – Holmes County, Mississippi 1870 Henry P. Scott – Issaquena County 1878 Gray Selby – Marshall County 1880 Josiah T. Settle – Panola County 1883 Isaac Shadd – Warren County 1872–1876, Speaker of the House 1874–1875 James A. Shorter Jr. – Hinds County 1882 James S. Simmons – Issaquena County and Washington County 1874, 1883 Adam D. Simpson – Madison County 1877 [ 62] Gilbert C. Smith – Tunica County 1872–1875, 1884 Haskin Smith – Claiborne County 1872–1876 Joseph Smothers – Claiborne County 1872–1875 James J. Spelman – Madison County 1869–1875 (also a justice of the peace) Frederick Stewart – Holmes County 1872 [ 62] Isham Stewart – Noxubee County 1870–1873 (also Mississippi Senate and Mississippi Constitutional Convention) Doctor Stites – Washington County 1870 Thomas Sykes – Panola County 1872 Robert Thompson – Lowndes County 1874 Harrison Truhart – Holmes County 1872–1875 Guilford Vaughan – Panola County 1876 F. Dora Wade – Yazoo County 1872 Jefferson Cobb Walker – Monroe County 1874 George Washington – Carroll County 1874 George R. Washington – Adams County 1878 [ 62] Tenant Weatherly – Holmes County 1874, 1880 John D. Webster – Washington County 1872 Eugene Welborne – Hinds County 1874 George White – Chickasaw County 1874 George W. White – Wilkinson County 1870–1873 (also Mississippi Senate) Ralph Williams – Marshall County 1873–1875 Michael Wilson – Marion County 1870 [ 62] Charles A. Yancy – Panola County 1870 (died before being seated) [ 61] [ 62] James B. Young – Washington County 1877 [ 62] James M. Young – Panola County 1878 Mississippi Constitutional Convention Federal offices Daniel W. Ambrose – postmaster of Pickens January 19, 1898 – May 11, 1898 [ 11] Henry Blackman – postmaster of Brookhaven May 13, 1873 – November 13, 1876 [ 11] Benjamin G. Boothe – postmaster of Water Valley July 5, 1884 – December 5, 1885 [ 11] Franklin P. Brinson – postmaster of Duncansby September 20, 1897 – May 25, 1905 [ 11] Jenkins Cook – postmaster of Dry Grove February 1, 1898 – April 16, 1902 [ 11] Minnie M. Cox – postmaster of Indianola January 16, 1891 – May 22, 1897; April 17, 1893 – February 2, 1904 [ 11] Robert W. Fitzhugh – postmaster of Natchez January 19, 1876 – October 10, 1883 [ 11] Joseph Graves – postmaster of Pearlington March 7, 1883 – April 16, 1889; August 20, 1885 – May 9, 1894 [ 11] Edward Hill – postmaster of Raymond June 6, 1870 – May 26, 1874 [ 11] James Hill – postmaster of Vicksburg April 2, 1891 – April 15, 1893 [ 11] A. D. Jones – postmaster of Corinth February 25, 1871 – March 6, 1874 [ 11] Thomas I. Keys – postmaster of Ocean Springs August 4, 1897 – March 3, 1911 [ 11] Elias W. Matthews – postmaster of Batesville April 25, 1882 – March 7, 1883 [ 11] William McCary – postmaster of Natchez October 10, 1883 – August 6, 1885 [ 11] Benjamin F. Mitchell – postmaster of Greenwood July 23, 1873 – October 27, 1875 [ 11] Isaiah T. Montgomery – postmaster of Mound Bayou June 12, 1888 – March 14, 1894 [ 11] Joshua P. T. Montgomery – postmaster of Mound Bayou March 14, 1894 – May 2, 1895 [ 11] Mary V. Montgomery – postmaster of Mound Bayou May 2, 1895 – September 27, 1902 [ 11] William Thornton Montgomery – postmaster of Hurricane May 6, 1867 – September 14, 1880 [ 11] Ellis E. Perkins – postmaster of Edwards May 12, 1898 – February 15, 1910 [ 11] Louis J. Piernas – postmaster of Bay St. Louis April 18, 1889 – May 27, 1898; May 5, 1894 – March 3, 1911 [ 11] Thomas Richardson – postmaster of Port Gibson September 28, 1870 – October 6, 1876; February 27, 1890 – February 26, 1875; May 11, 1885 – March 14, 1894 [ 11] Robert Steward – postmaster of Macon March 11, 1875 – May 16, 1881 [ 11] Henry K. Thomas – postmaster of Bovina June 1, 1877 –December 5, 1882 [ 11] Robert H. Wood – postmaster of Natchez March 17, 1873 – April 16, 1876 (also mayor) [ 11] Nebraska Nebraska House of Representatives North Carolina North Carolina Senate Isaac Alston – 19th District/Warren County 1879, 1881 John R. Bryant – 5th District/Halifax County 1866, 1874, 1876 (also North Carolina House) [ 65] [ 66] Wilson Carey – Caswell County 1870 (also North Carolina House) [ 67] Hawkins W. Carter – Warren County 1881, 1883 [ 68] [ 67] Franklin D. Dancy – Edgecombe County 1879–1880 [ 69] Henry Eppes – 7th District/Halifax County 1868–1874, 1879, 1887 (also N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 70] [ 65] Thomas O. Fuller – Warren County 1899–1900 [ 69] Abraham Galloway – 13th District/New Hanover County 1868 (N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 65] Robert Gray – 5th District/Edgecombe County 1833 (also North Caroline House) [ 65] [ 67] James Harris – 18th District/Wake County 1872 (also North Carolina House and N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 71] [ 67] William B. Henderson – Vance County 1897–1898 [ 69] Hanson T. Hughes – 21st District/Granville County 1866, 1876 (also North Carolina House) John Adams Hyman – 20th District/Warren County 1868–1871, 19th District/Warren County 1872 (also U.S. Congress and N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 65] George Lawrence Mabson – 5th District/Edgecombe County 1866, 1872–1877 (also North Carolina House and N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 65] George Mebane – Bertie and Northampton counties 1866, 1876, 1883 [ 68] [ 67] Jacob H. Montgomery – (also North Carolina House) [ 68] William H. Moore – 12th District/New Hanover County 1876 (also North Carolina House) [ 67] John M. Paschall – 19th District/Warren County 1874 [ 67] George W. Price Jr. – 13th District/New Hanover County 1870 (also North Carolina House) [ 65] R. S. Taylor – 5th District/Edgecombe County 1885, 1887 [ 67] Richard Tucker – 8th District/Craven County 1874 [ 67] George L. Mabson – New Hanover County 1872–1874 George Henry White – 8th District/Craven County 1885 (also North Carolina House and U.S. Congress) [ 66] North Carolina House of Representatives Israel Abbott – Craven County 1872 [ 71] [ 66] Isaac Alston – Warren County 1879, 1890 [ 66] Wiley Baker – Northampton County 1883 [ 68] [ 67] B. W. Battle – Edgecombe County 1879 [ 66] William Belcher – Edgecombe County 1883 [ 68] W. Henry Brewington – New Hanover County 1874 [ 66] [ 67] Aaron R. Bridgers – Edgecombe County 1883 [ 68] [ 66] John R. Bryant – Halifax County 1870, 1872 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 65] [ 66] Willis Bunn – Edgecombe County 1870–1877 [ 65] [ 66] [ 67] Wilson Carey – Craven County 1868, 1874, 1876, 1879, 1889 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 65] [ 72] [ 66] Hawkins W. Carter – Warren County 1879 [ 66] William Cawthorne – Warren County 1870 [ 66] [ 67] Henry C. Cherry – Edgecombe County 1868 (also N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 66] [ 67] L. T. Christmas – Warren County 1879 [ 66] Hugh Cole – Pasquotank County 1879 [ 66] J. A. Crawford – Granville County 1868, 1870 [ 66] [ 67] C. W. Crews – Granville County 1874, 1876 [ 66] [ 67] H. W. Crews – Person County 1893 [ 66] Edward R. Dudley – Craven County 1870, 1872 [ 65] [ 66] Harry B. Eaton – Warren and Vance counties 1883, 1885 [ 68] [ 65] James Youman Eaton – Vance County 1899 [ 66] Richard Elliott – Chowan County 1874 [ 66] [ 67] Stewart Ellison – Wake County 1870, 1872, 1879 [ 65] [ 73] [ 66] Richard Faulkner – Warren County 1868, 1870 [ 66] [ 67] Robert Fletcher – Richmond County 1870–1874 [ 66] [ 74] John R. Good – Craven County 1874 [ 66] [ 67] John S. W. Eagles – New Hanover County 1869–70 [ 67] Eustace Edward Green – New Hanover County 1882 [ 68] Robert Gray – Edgecombe County 1883 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 65] [ 66] James Harris – Wake County 1868, 1883, 1895, 1897 (also North Carolina Senate and N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 71] [ 66] H. T. J. Hayes – Halifax County 1868 (also N.C. Constitutional Convention) [ 66] Hilliard J. Hewlin – 1883 [ 68] Alexander Hicks – Washington County 1881 [ 66] Edward H. Hill – Craven County 1874 [ 66] [ 67] J. C. Hill – New Hanover County 1876 [ 66] [ 67] Valentine Howell – New Hanover County 1887 [ 66] George W. Howell – Caswell County 1874 [ 66] Hanson T. Hughes – Granville County 1866, 1872, 1874 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 66] John E. Hussey – Craven County 1885, 1887, 1889 [ 66] [ 67] Ivey Hutchings – Halifax County 1868 [ 66] [ 67] R. M. Johnson – Edgecombe County 1870 [ 66] [ 67] William H. Johnson – 1883 [ 68] J. A. Jones – Halifax County 1874 [ 66] [ 67] George H. King – Warren County 1872 [ 66] John Sinclair Leary – Cumberland County 1868, 1870 [ 66] Bryant Lee – Bertie County 1868 [ 66] Alfred Lloyd – New Hanover County 1872, 1874; Pender County 1876 [ 66] George Lawrence Mabson – New Hanover County 1870 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 65] [ 66] Cuffee Mayo – Granville County 1868 [ 66] [ 67] William McLaurin – New Hanover County 1872 [ 66] William P. Mabson – Edgecombe County 1872 (also North Carolina Senate and N.C. Constitutional Convention) George Mebane – New Hanover County 1868 [ 66] Jacob H. Montgomery – Warren County 1883 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 68] William H. Moore – New Hanover County 1874 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 66] Wilson W. Morgan or Willis Morgan – Wake County 1870 [ 66] [ 67] B. T. Morris or B. W. Morris – Craven County 1868 [ 65] [ 66] Noah R. Newby – 1883 [ 68] John J. Newell – Bladen County 1874, 1879, 1881 [ 68] [ 66] W. D. Newsome – Hertford County 1870 [ 65] [ 66] [ 67] James E. O'Hara – Halifax County 1868 (also U.S. Congress and N.C. Constitutional Convention) John R. Page – Chowan County 1870 [ 66] [ 67] John W. H. Paschall – Warren County 1872 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 67] Moses M. Peace – Vance County 1895, 1897 [ 66] Willis D. Pettipher or Pettiford – Craven County 1879 [ 66] [ 67] James M. Pittman – 1883 [ 68] James W. Poe – Caswell County 1883 [ 68] [ 66] [ 67] George W. Price Jr. – New Hanover County 1868, 1870 (also North Carolina Senate) [ 66] W. H. Reavis – Granville County 1870 [ 66] [ 67] John T. Reynolds – Halifax County 1879 [ 65] [ 66] Augustus Robbins – Bertie County 1879, 1881 [ 75] [ 67] Parker David Robbins – Bertie County 1868, 1870 (also North Carolina Constitutional Convention and postmaster) [ 76] [ 75] Limas Roulhac – Bertie County 1885 Isaac H. Smith – Craven County 1899 [ 66] [ 67] Turner R. Speller – Bertie County 1883, 1887, 1889 [ 68] A. W. Stevens – Craven County 1868 [ 66] Isham Sweat – Cumberland County 1868 [ 65] [ 66] Edward H. Sutton – Chowan County 1883 [ 68] Thomas A. Sykes – Pasquotank County 1868–1872 (also Tennessee House ) [ 66] [ 65] B. W. Thorpe – Edgecombe County 1885 [ 66] [ 67] Richard Tucker – Craven County 1870 [ 66] William Henry Waddell – New Hanover County 1879, 1883 [ 68] [ 66] James M. Watson – Vance County 1887, 1893 [ 66] George Henry White – Craven County 1879, 1881 (also North Carolina Senate and U.S. Congress) [ 66] John A. White – Halifax County 1874, 1876, 1879, 1887 [ 66] [ 67] John H. Williamson – Franklin County 1866–1888 (also North Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 65] [ 66] George B. Willis – Craven County 1870 [ 66] Dred Wibmerley – Sampson County 1879 [ 66] James H. Young – Wake County 1895, 1897 [ 66] North Carolina Constitutional Convention Federal offices Albert L. Alston – postmaster of Macon December 11, 1891 – April 29, 1893 [ 11] Collin P. Anthony – postmaster of Scotland Neck September 17, 1897 – July 11, 1898 [ 11] Weeks S. Armstrong – postmaster of Rocky Mount April 18, 1889 – March 31, 1890 [ 11] Daniel W. Baker – postmaster of Lewiston June 10, 1897 – April 1, 1899 [ 11] Mary A. Baker – postmaster of Dudley November 11 26, 1897 – August 22, 1911 [ 11] William Baker – postmaster of South Gaston October 24, 1889 – October 7, 1897; October 13, 1893 – March 31, 1904 [ 11] William B. Baker – postmaster of Dudley August 27, 1883 – September 3, 1884 [ 11] Clinton Wesley Battle – postmaster of Battleboro November 11, 1897 – November 22, 1899 [ 11] William E. Bennett – postmaster of Powellsville January 13, 1898 – February 23, 1901 [ 11] Lewis T. Bond – postmaster of Windsor May 3, 1897 – July 12, 1901 [ 11] Albert C. Booth – postmaster of Harrellsville November 15, 1897 – September 26, 1900 [ 11] Moses J. Bullock – postmaster of Townsville February 19, 1874 – February 8, 1886 [ 11] Thomas H. Burwell – postmaster of Kittrell October 24, 1889 – September 4, 1893 [ 11] Joseph B. Catus – postmaster of Winton September 24, 1897 – June 6, 1913 [ 11] Edward Cheek – postmaster of Halifax April 9, 1897 – March 7, 1901 [ 11] James D. Cherry – postmaster of Drew July 7, 1897 – May 20, 1901 [ 11] Edward D. Clark – postmaster of Kelford December 20, 1897 – June 19, 1901 [ 11] William C. Coats – postmaster of Seaboard November 9, 1889 – November 3, 1893 [ 11] Mrs. Willie F. Coats – postmaster of Seaboard October 26, 1897 – October 26, 1901 [ 11] Hezekiah Cook – postmaster of Oberlin April 11, 1892 – May 8, 1894 [ 11] Charner H. Davis – postmaster of Townesville (became Townsville 1892) July 20, 1889 – December 10, 1897; September 9, 1893 – January 15, 1909 [ 11] Cora E. Davis – postmaster of Halifax April 5, 1889 – December 8, 1890 [ 11] Frank Davis – postmaster of Southport February 1, 1892 – May 16, 1893 [ 11] Ada Dickens – postmaster of Lawrence August 9, 1897 – November 22, 1899 [ 11] Henry H. Falkener – postmaster of Macon May 21, 1890 – December 11, 1891 [ 11] Alonzo Green – postmaster of Gatesville May 2, 1870 – April 2, 1878 [ 11] Mary Guion – postmaster of Tarheel June 5, 1897 – July 29, 1898 [ 11] John H. Hannon – postmaster of Halifax December 8, 1890 – April 10, 1893 [ 11] Israel D. Hargett – postmaster of Rocky Mount July 27, 1897 – February 15, 1899 [ 11] Cicero B. Harris – postmaster of Panacea Springs (became Panacea in 1894) July 12, 1889 – December 14, 1897; October 23, 1893 – October 2, 1902 [ 11] Edmond D. Hart – postmaster of Princeville March 17, 1898 – May 25, 1909 [ 11] Benjamin H. Henderson – postmaster of Fayetteville January 21, 1892 – March 3, 1896 [ 11] Hilliard J. Hewlin – postmaster of Brinkleyville October 5, 1897 – October 5, 1901 [ 11] John H. Howard – postmaster of Weldon January 18, 1898 – June 27, 1902 [ 11] Robert S. Jervay – postmaster of Elbow May 12, 1898 – April 15, 1910 [ 11] William H. Jones – postmaster of Morehead City February 25, 1890 – June 16, 1893 [ 11] Norman L. Keen – postmaster of Essex April 29, 1891 – August 4, 1897; August 16, 1893 – August 6, 1901 [ 11] Brosier W. Langford – postmaster of Potecasi July 21, 1897 – January 17, 1898 [ 11] George W. Lane – postmaster of Edenton August 1, 1881 – February 24, 1885 [ 11] Charles H. Lewter – postmaster of Lewiston April 1, 1899 – November 18, 1901 [ 11] Henry D. Mayo – postmaster of Littleton May 26, 1897 – April 13, 1901 [ 11] Martha E. Middleton – postmaster of Kenansville August 25, 1892 – May 8, 1893 [ 11] Elenora J. Newsome – postmaster of Margarettsville July 2, 1897 – December 21, 1900 [ 11] Berry O'Kelly – postmaster of Method October 9, 1890 – April 1, 1931 [ 11] William H. Outlaw – postmaster of Windsor April 30, 1891 – April 1, 1893 [ 11] W. Lee Person – postmaster of Rocky Mount April 11, 1890 – June 13, 1893 [ 11] James M. Pittman – postmaster of Tillery January 23, 1890 – April 9, 1897; July 11, 1893 – October 28, 1898 [ 11] George W. Reynolds – postmaster of Murfreesboro October 31, 1889 – April 13, 1892 [ 11] Edward A. Richardson – postmaster of New Bern July 18, 1884 – June 11, 1885 [ 11] Augustus Robbins – postmaster of Windsor June 14, 1889 – April 30, 1891 [ 11] Parker David Robbins – postmaster of Harrellsville September 22, 1875 – October 8, 1877 (also North Carolina Constitutional Convention and North Carolina House) [ 11] Emma S. Roberts – postmaster of Jackson August 6, 1897 – August 7, 1901 [ 11] Winfrey H. Roberts – postmaster of Rich Square September 11, 1889 – November 9, 1897; September 19, 1893 – November 9, 1901 [ 11] Freeman J. Ryan – postmaster of Quitsna June 24, 1897 – December 15, 1900 [ 11] Thomas Shields – postmaster of Scotland Neck July 11, 1898 – May 14, 1901 [ 11] Allen A. Smith – postmaster of Mount Olive May 27, 1897 – July 20, 1901 [ 11] Henry L. Solomon – postmaster of Ita May 11, 1899 – July 25, 1901 [ 11] Washington Spivey – postmaster of James City January 11, 1888 – May 1, 1908 [ 11] John H. Thorpe – postmaster of Kittrell January 14, 1898 – March 28, 1902 [ 11] Samuel H. Vick – postmaster of Wilson September 28, 1889 – May 24, 1898; February 16, 1894 – March 24, 1903 [ 11] Henry L. Watson – postmaster of Macon November 10, 1897 – November 9, 1901 [ 11] York Whitehead – postmaster of Aurelian Springs January 19, 1898 – January 20, 1902 [ 11] Henry W. Williams – postmaster of Tillery April 8, 1889 – January 23, 1890 [ 11] Washington Winn – postmaster of Mount Olive May 31, 1881 – August 6, 1885 [ 11] James S. Wortham – postmaster of Ridgeway April 14, 1897 – July 2, 1901 [ 11] Winfield F. Young – postmaster of Littleton July 15, 1875 – July 26, 1889; August 3, 1885 – 23, 1893 [ 11] Ohio Ohio House of Representatives Federal offices George W. Harding – postmaster of Wilberforce August 21, 1893 – July 24, 1897 [ 11] Oklahoma Federal offices William Anderson – postmaster of Udora October 7, 1897 – September 30, 1911 [ 11] [ g] John G. Crump – postmaster of Zion July 20, 1891 – June 22, 1895 [ 11] Samuel G. Garrett – postmaster of Langston June 25, 1891 – February 17, 1894 [ 11] William C. Garrett – postmaster of Ridge, Indian Territory December 29, 1884 – March 12, 1886; postmaster of Wellington, Indian Territory July 24, 1890 – November 9, 1891 [ 11] [ g] Maston Harris – postmaster of Udora November 18, 1895 – October 7, 1897 [ 11] [ g] Jerry I. Hazelwood – postmaster of Langston April 14, 1898 – September 12, 1914 [ 11] David A. Lee – postmaster of Wellington, Indian Territory (became Lee, Indian Territory in 1892) November 9, 1891 – February 15, 1895 [ 11] [ g] William Martin – postmaster of Wanamaker January 18, 1898 – April 15, 1903 [ 11] Abner L. J. Meriwether – postmaster of Lee, Indian Territory August 8, 1898 – November 12, 1902 [ 11] [ g] Clara M. Overton – postmaster of Wanamaker March 3, 1890 – December 28, 1894 [ 11] James A. Roper – postmaster of Okmulgee February 3, 1898 – March 10, 1902 [ 11] Charles W. Stevenson – postmaster of Wanamaker December 28, 1894 – April 15, 1903; January 18, 1898 – July 8, 1908 [ 11] Lee B. Tatum – postmaster of Tatums May 9, 1896 – September 5, 1911 [ 11] Thomas H. Traylor – postmaster of Douglas May 12, 1894 – May 23, 1895 [ 11] Stanley Ward – postmaster of Udora February 20, 1895 – November 18, 1895 [ 11] [ g] Lewis E. Willis – postmaster of Tullahassee January 26, 1899 – October 25, 1905 [ 11] John J. Young – postmaster of Lincoln December 14, 1889 – September 22, 1894 [ 11] Local offices Edward P. McCabe – treasurer of Logan County (also Kansas State Auditor, U.S. Treasury Department clerk in Kansas, and county clerk in Kansas) Rhode Island Rhode Island General Assembly South Carolina During Reconstruction, South Carolina was the only state whose legislature was majority African American. [ 92] Eric Foner says 29 African Americans served in the South Carolina Senate, and 210 African Americans served in the South Carolina House of Representatives. [ 92] In addition, 72 African Americans participated in the 1868 South Carolina Constitutional Convention. Many others served in various state or local offices, ranging from lieutenant governor to justice of the peace. [ 92]
South Carolina Lt. Governor A composite of 63 "Radical Republicans " in the South Carolina Legislature in 1868, including fifty "negroes or mulattoes" South Carolina Senate George W. Barber – Fairfield County 1868–1872 Israel R. Bird – Fairfield County 1876 [ 93] [ 94] Lawrence Cain – Edgefield County 1872–1876 (also South Carolina House) [ 93] Richard H. Cain – Charleston County 1868 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina House, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, South Carolina Attorney General, city council) Henry Cardozo – Kershaw County 1870–1874 Frederick A. Clinton – Lancaster County 1868–1877 Samuel L. Duncan – Orangeburg County 1876–1880 (also South Carolina House) Sanders Ford – Fairfield County 1872–1873 Samuel E. Gaillard – Charleston County 1870–1877 1868 [ 93] Samuel Green – Beaufort County 1875–1877 (also South Carolina House) Charles D. Hayne – Aiken County 1872–1876 (also South Carolina House, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, Secretary of State, and postmaster) Henry E. Hayne – Marion County 1868–1872 (also South Carolina Constitutional Congress and Secretary of State) William R. Hoyt – Colleton County 1868 James L. Jamison – Orangeburg County 1870 William R. Jervey – Charleston County 1872 (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) William E. Johnston – Sumter County 1869–1877 (also South Carolina House) William H. Jones – Georgetown County 1872–1876 (also South Carolina House) John Lee – Chester County 1872 (also postmaster) Huston J. Lomax – Abbeville County 1870 [ i] (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Moses Martin – Fairfield County 1873–1876 Henry J. Maxwell – Marlboro County 1868 (also postmaster) Thomas E. Miller – Beaufort County 1874–1880 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina House, South Carolina Constitutional Convention) William Fabriel Myers – Colleton County 1874–1878 William B. Nash – Richland County 1868–1877 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Joseph H. Rainey – Georgetown County 1868–1870 (also U.S. Congress and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 2] Benjamin F. Randolph – Orangeburg County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ j] Thomas J. Reynolds – Beaufort County 1884–1887 [ 94] Hamilton Robinson – Beaufort County [ 94] Robert Simmons – Berkeley County 1882–1886 Robert Smalls – Beaufort County 1870–1875 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina House, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, and collector of customs) Stephen Atkins Swails – Williamsburg County 1868, and president pro tem of the Senate (also South Carolina Continental Convention and mayor) Dublin I. Walker – Chester County 1874–1877 Jared D. Warley – Clarendon County 1874–1877 (also South Carolina House) John Hannibal White – York County [ 93] Bruce H. Williams – Chester County 1876–1887 Lucius Wimbush – Chester County 1868–1872 Jonathan Jasper Wright – Beaufort County, South Carolina 1868 (also Associate Justice of South Carolina Supreme Court) South Carolina House of Representatives Frank Adamson – Kershaw County 1870–1874 William Adamson – Kershaw County 1869–1870 [ 94] Purvis Alexander – Chester County 1876 [ 93] Jacob C. Allman – Marion County 1872–1876 [ 94] Robert B. Anderson – Georgetown County 1890–1898 (also postmaster) [ 94] William J. Andrews – Sumter County 1874–1876 [ 94] Robert B. Artson – Charleston County 1872–1874 [ 94] Samuel J. Bampfield – Beaufort County 1874–1876 (also postmaster) George W. Barber – Fairfield County 1868–1872 [ 94] John B. Bascomb – Beaufort County 1870–1874 [ 93] [ 94] J. A. Baxter – Georgetown County 1884–1890 [ 94] W. W. Beckett – Berkeley County 1882 [ 94] G. A. Bennett – Beaufort County 1868 [ 93] Daniel Bird – Fairfield County 1876 [ 93] W. A. Bishop – Greenville County 1868–1870 [ 94] John William Bolts – Georgetown County 1898–1902 Benjamin A. Boseman Jr. – Charleston County 1868–1873 (South Carolina Constitutional Convention and postmaster) [ 93] H. Boston – Clarendon County 1876 [ 93] John Boston – Darlington County 1868, 1872 Joseph D. Boston – Newberry County 1868–1876 [ 93] [ 94] James A. Bowley – Georgetown County 1869–1874 E. M. Brayton – Aiken County 1874–1876 [ 94] Sampson S. Bridges – Newberry County 1872–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Peter Bright – Charleston County 1874–1876 [ 94] Isaac Brockenton – Darlington County (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) William J. Brodie – Charleston County 1876–1880 Stephen C. Brown – Charleston County 1868, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] Richard Bryan – Charleston County 1870–1874, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] H. Z. Burchmeyer – Charleston County 1874–1876 Barney Burton – Chester County 1868–1870 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Benjamin Byas – Berkeley and Orangeburg counties 1870 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 94] Edward Israel. Cain – Orangeburg County 1868 Everidge Cain – Abbeville County 1870–1874 [ 94] Lawrence Cain – Edgefield County 1868–1872 (also South Carolina Senate) [ 94] Richard H. Cain – At-large 1868–1870 and 2nd District 1877 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Senate, South Carolina Attorney General, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, city council) Christian Wesley Caldwell – Orangeburg County 1876 Benjamin F. Capers – Charleston County 1876 [ 93] John A. Chesnut – Kershaw County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 93] Caesar P. Chisolm – Colleton County 1882–1884 [ 94] J. E. Clyde – Charleston County [ 93] Simon P. Coker – Barnwell County 1874 Samuel Coleman – Chester County 1875–1876 Augustus Collins – Clarendon County 1872–1876 [ 94] Wilson Cooke – Greenville County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Congress) Andrew W. Curtis – Richland County 1872–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Abram Dannerly – Orangeburg County 1872 Nelson Davies – York County 1873–1876 [ 93] [ 94] James Davis – Richland County [ 93] [ 94] Thomas A. Davis – Charleston County 1870–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Robert C. De Large – Charleston County 1868 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, State Land Commissioner) M. R. Delaney – Charleston County [ 93] F. DeMars – Orangeburg County 1868 [ 93] Eugene Herriot Dibble – Kershaw County 1876 [ 93] [ 94] John Dix – Orangeburg County 1872 [ 94] Samuel B. Doiley – Charleston County 1874–1876 [ 94] Paul B. Drayton – Charleston County 1880 [ 94] William A. Driffle – Colleton County 1868–1870, 1880–1882 [ 94] Samuel L. Duncan – Orangeburg County 1872–1876 (also South Carolina Senate) S. C. Eckhard – Charleston County 1878–1880 [ 94] F. S. Edwards – Charleston County 1876 [ 93] W. T. Elfe – Charleston County 1878–1880 [ 94] Robert B. Elliott – Barnwell , Edgefield , and Aiken counties 1868, 1874; speaker of the house 1874–1876 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Attorney General, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, and county commissioner) [ 92] William E. Elliott – Charleston County 1870 [ 93] [ 94] Henry H. Ellison – Abbeville County 1870–1874 [ 93] [ 94] John Evans – Williamsburg County 1876 [ 94] Phillip E. Ezekiel – Beaufort County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Simeon Farr – Union County 1868–1872 [ 94] Simeon Farrow – Union County 1874 [ 94] T. R. Fields – Beaufort County 1890 [ 94] Adam P. Ford – Charleston County 1870–1874 [ 94] Ellis Forrest – Orangeburg County 1876 William H. Frazier – Colleton County 1872 B. G. Frederick – Orangeburg County 1878–1880, 1882–1884 [ 94] John M. Freeman Jr. – Charleston County 1874 [ 93] [ 94] Florian Henry Frost – Williamsburg County 1870 [ 93] [ 94] Reuben Gaither – Kershaw County 1870–1877 Hastings Gantt – Beaufort County 1870–1876, 1878–1884 [ 94] John Gardner – Edgefield County 1868 [ 93] William H. Gardner – Sumter County 1870 [ 94] Stephen Gary – Kershaw County 1870, 1874 Ebenezer F. George – Kershaw County 1874 [ 93] [ 94] John Gibson – Fairfield County 1876 [ 93] [ 94] Fortune Giles – Williamsburg County 1870–1874 John T. Gilmore – Richland County 1872–1874 [ 93] [ 94] William C. Glover – Charleston County 1870 [ 93] [ 94] Mitchell Goggins – Abbeville County 1870, 1874 Aesop Goodson – Richland County 1868–1872 David Graham – Edgefield County 1872–1876 [ 94] John G. Grant – Marlboro County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] William A. Grant – Charleston County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] W. H. W. Gray – Charleston County 1868 [ 93] Adam Green – Aiken County [ 93] Charles Samuel Green – Georgetown County 1872–1878 John Green – Edgefield County 1872 [ 94] Samuel Green – Beaufort County 1870–1875 (also South Carolina Senate) Ishom Greenwood – Newberry County 1872 [ 94] M. C. Hamilton – Beaufort County 1892–1894 [ 94] Thomas Hamilton – Beaufort County 1872–1876 [ 93] [ 94] James J. Hardy – Charleston County 1870, 1871 R. M. Harriett – Georgetown County 1874 [ 94] David Harris – Edgefield County 1868–1872 [ 93] [ 94] Alfred Hart – Darlington County 1870 [ 94] Eben Hayes – Marion County 1868, 1872 Charles D. Hayne – Barnwell County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, Secretary of State, and postmaster) H. E. Hayne – Marion County [ 93] James N. Hayne – Barnwell County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] William A. Hayne – Marion County 1874 [ 94] Plato P. Hedges – Charleston County 1870 [ 94] James A. Henderson – Newberry County 1868, 1874 [ 93] [ 94] John T. Henderson – Newberry County 1870 [ 94] Zachariah Hines – Darlington County [ 93] Gloster H. Holland – Aiken County 1870–1874 [ 94] Abraham P. Holmes – Colleton County 1870–1874 Allison W. Hough – Kershaw County 1872 A. H. Howard – Marion County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] W. R. Hoyt – Colleton County 1868 [ 93] Allen Hudson – Lancaster County 1870, 1874 [ 93] [ 94] Richard H. Humbert – Darlington County 1871–1876 Barney Humphries – Chester County 1868–1872 Alfred T. B. Hunter – Laurens County 1874 H. H. Hunter – Charleston County [ 93] James Hutson – Newberry County 1868 [ 93] Austin Jackson – Barnwell County 1874 [ 94] Henry Jacobs – Fairfield County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 93] [ 94] Burrell James – Sumter County 1868 Paul W. Jefferson – Aiken County 1874 [ 94] William R. Jervey – Charleston County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) D. I. J. Johnson – Chesterfield County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Griffin C. Johnson – Laurens County 1868–1872 [ 94] Henry Johnson – Fairfield County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] John W. Johnson – Marion County 1872–1874 [ 94] Samuel Johnson – Charleston County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] William E. Johnston – Sumter County 1868, 1869 (also South Carolina Senate) A. H. Jones – Charleston County 1874 [ 94] Marshall Jones – Orangeburg County 1886 [ 94] Paul E. Jones – Orangeburg County 1874 [ 94] William H. Jones – Georgetown County 1868–1872 (also South Carolina Senate) Samuel J. Keith – Darlington County 1870–1876 William Keitt – Newberry County 1876 [ 93] P. R. Kinloch – Georgetown County 1876 [ 93] Jordan Lang – Darlington County 1868–1872 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) J. S. Lazarus – Charleston County 1876 [ 93] George H. Lee – Charleston County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] John Lee – Chester County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] Levi Lee – Fairfield County 1872 [ 93] Samuel J. Lee – Edgefield and Aiken counties 1868–1874 J. J. Lesesne – Charleston County 1876 [ 93] John Lilley – Chester County 1872 [ 94] Joseph W. Lloyd – Charleston County 1870 [ 94] Aaron Logan – Charleston County 1870 [ 93] [ 94] Huston J. Lomax – Abbeville County 1868 William Lowman – Richland County 1876 [ 93] [ 94] William Maree – Colleton County 1876–1880 Thomas Martin – Abbeville County 1872 [ 94] Julius Mayer – Barnwell County 1868 [ 94] [ 93] James P. Mays – Orangeburg County 1868–1872 Harry McDaniels – Laurens County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Thomas D. McDowell – Georgetown County [ 93] [ 94] William McKinlay – Orangeburg and Charleston counties 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Congress and city council) John W. Mead – York County 1868–1872 [ 93] [ 94] George M. Mears – Charleston County 1880–1892 [ 94] S. Melton – Clarendon County 1876 [ 93] Edward C. Mickey – Charleston County 1868–1872 Benjamin Middleton – Barnwell County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] F. F. Miller – Georgetown County 1868 [ 93] Isaac Miller – Fairfield County 1872 [ 94] M. Miller – Fairfield County 1872 [ 94] Thomas E. Miller – Beaufort County 1866, 1874–1880, 1886–1888, 1894–1896 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, and South Carolina Senate) [ 94] James Mills – Laurens County 1872 [ 94] L. S. Mills – Beaufort County 1882 [ 94] Syphax Milton – Clarendon County 1870–1872, 1874–1876 [ 94] Charles S. Minort – Richland County 1872–1874 [ 93] [ 94] F. S. Mitchell – Beaufort County 1884 [ 94] Junius S. Mobley – Union County 1868 Alfred M. Moore – Fairfield County 1870 [ 93] [ 94] Shadrack Morgan – Orangeburg County 1874–1876 William C. Morrison – Beaufort County 1876 [ 93] William J. Moultrie – Georgetown County 1880–1884 [ 93] [ 94] Nathaniel B. Myers – Beaufort County 1876 [ 93] William F. Myers – Colleton County 1870–1875 [ 94] Lee Nance – Newberry County [ 93] [ j] Jonas W. Nash – Kershaw County 1868,1876 [ 93] [ 94] ? Nehemiah – Beaufort County [ 93] William Nelson – Clarendon County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Richard Neabitt – Charleston County 1874 [ 94] Frederick Nix Jr. – Barnwell County 1872 (also postmaster) [ 93] [ 94] Charles F. North – Charleston County 1872 [ 94] Samuel Nuckles – Union County 1868–1872 (also South Carolina Continental Congress) Nathaniel B. Myers – Beaufort County 1870–1875, 1876 Joseph Alexander Owens – Barnwell County 1880 [ 94] Robert John Palmer – Richland County 1876 Joseph Parker – Charleston County 1880 [ 94] Jeffrey Prendergrass – Williamsburg County 1868–1872 [ 93] [ 94] Wade Perrin – Laurens County 1868, 1871 [ j] James F. Peterson – Williamsburg County 1872–1878 Edward Petty – Charleston County 1872 William G. Pinckney – Charleston County 1874–1876; Berkeley County 1882–1884 [ 93] [ 94] Thomas Pressley – Williamsburg County 1872 Isaac Prioleau – Charleston County 1872–1874, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] M. H. Priolean – Charleston County [ 93] Henry W. Purvis – Lexington County 1868 (also South Carolina Adjunct General) [ 93] [ 94] Warren W. Ramsey – Sumter County 1869–1876 [ 94] Alonzo J. Ransier – Charleston County 1868 (also South Carolina Lt. Governor, U.S. House, U.S. Constitutional Convention) Cain Ravenel – Berkeley County 1882 [ 94] George A. Reed – Beaufort County 1872–1874, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] W. H. Reedish – Orangeburg County 1876 [ 93] A. C. Reynolds – Beaufort County 1888 [ 94] J. C. Rice – Beaufort County 1886 [ 94] James Richardson – Colleton County [ 93] Mark P. Richardson – Berkeley County 1890 [ 94] Thomas Richardson – Colleton County 1868–1870, 1874–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Henry Riley – Orangeburg County 1872 [ 94] J. R. Rivers – Beaufort County 1882 [ 94] Prince Rivers – Edgefield and Aiken counties 1868–1874 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention Joseph Robinson – Beaufort County 1876, 1880–1886 [ 93] [ 94] John C. Rue – Beaufort County 1880 [ 93] [ 94] Alfred Rush – Darlington County 1868, 1874 Thaddeus Sasportas – Chester County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention and postmaster) Sancho Saunders – Chester County 1868 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Robert F. Scott – Williamsburg County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] William C. Scott – Williamsburg County 1874 [ 93] [ 94] W. H. Sheppard – Beaufort County 1884 [ 94] Henry L. Shrewsbury – Chesterfield County 1868 Augustus Simkins – Edgefield County 1872–1876 [ 94] Aaron Simmons – Orangeburg County 1874–1876, 1882–1886, 1888–1890 [ 94] Benjamin Simmons – Beaufort County 1875–1876, 1878–1880 [ 94] Hercules Simmons – Colleton County 1874 [ 94] Limus Simons – Edgefield County 1872 [ 94] William Simons – Richland County 1868–1872, 1874–1876 [ 94] Paris Simpkins – Edgefield County 1872–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Charles Sims – Chester County 1872 [ 94] Andrew Singleton – Berkeley County 1870 [ 94] Asbury L. Singleton – Sumter County 1870 [ 94] J. P. Singleton – Chesterfield County 1870 [ 94] James Singleton – Berkeley County 1882 [ 94] B. F. Smalls – Charleston County 1876 [ 93] Robert Smalls – Beaufort County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, U.S. States Congress, and collector of customs) Sherman Smalls – Colleton County 1870–1874 [ 94] Rev. W. Smalls – Charleston County 1878 [ 94] James E. Smiley – Sumter County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Abraham W. Smith – Charleston County 1868, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] Jackson A. Smith – Darlington County 1872–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Powell Smythe – Clarendon County 1868 Butler Spears – Sumter County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] James A. Spencer – Abbeville County 1872 [ 93] [ 94] Nathaniel T. Spencer – Charleston County 1872 Charles H. Sperry – Georgetown County 1872 Henry Steele – York County 1874 [ 94] D. Augustus Straker – Orangeburg County 1876, 1877, 1878, but was denied his seat all three times (also Inspector of Customs) Caesar Sullivan – Laurens County 1872 [ 94] Robert Tarlton – Colleton County 1870–1874 John W. Thomas – Marlboro County 1870 [ 94] W. H. Thomas – Newberry County 1876 [ 93] William M. Thomas – Colleton County 1868–1876 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Benjamin A. Thompson – Marion County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Joseph Thompson – Richland County 1874 [ 94] Samuel B. Thompson – Richland County 1868–1874 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 94] Julius C. Tingman – Charleston County 1872, 1876 [ 93] [ 94] Robert Turner – Charleston County 1870–1876 [ 93] [ 94] Richard M. Valentine – Abbeville County 1868 John Vanderpool – Charleston County 1872–1876 Dublin Walker – Chester County 1874–1877 John Wallace – Orangeburg County 1870 [ 94] Thomas H. Wallace – Berkeley County 1890 [ 94] Jared D. Warley – Clarendon County 1870–1874 (also South Carolina Senate) J. J. Washington – Beaufort County 1886–1890 [ 94] Archie Weldon – Edgefield County 1874 [ 94] James Wells – Richland County 1876 [ 93] [ 94] John W. Westberry – Sumter County 1874, 1878 [ 93] [ 94] Ellison M. Weston – Richland County 1874 [ 93] [ 94] William James Whipper – Beaufort County 1868–1872, 1875 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention and probate judge) John Hannibal White – York County 1868 [ 93] [ 94] Hannibal A. Wideman – Abbeville County 1872–1876 [ 94] James Wigg – Beaufort County 1890 [ 94] Charles McDuffie Wilder – Richland County 1868 (also postmaster and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) Bruce H. Williams – Georgetown County 1874 [ 94] James Clement Wilson – Sumter County 1872 [ 94] Zachariah Wines – Darlington County 1876 John B. Wright – Charleston and York counties 1868–1872 Smart Wright – Charleston County 1874 [ 94] James M. Young – Laurens County 1872–1876 [ 94] Prince Young – Chester County 1872 [ 94] South Carolina Constitutional Convention Purvis Alexander – Chester County 1868 [ 93] T. Andrews – Sumter County [ 93] John Bonum – Edgefield County 1868 [ 93] Benjamin A. Boseman Jr. – (South Carolina House and postmaster) [ 93] Isaac Brockenton – Darlington County , 1868 (also South Carolina House) Barney Burton – Chester County 1868 (also South Carolina House) [ 93] Benjamin Byas – Berkeley County 1868 (also South Carolina House) E. J. Cain – Orangeburg, South Carolina 1868 [ 93] Richard H. Cain – Charleston County 1868 (also U.S. Congress, city council, and South Carolina Senate, House, Attorney General, and Constitutional Convention) Francis Lewis Cardozo – Charleston County 1868 (also Secretary of State of South Carolina and South Carolina State Treasurer) John A. Chestnut – Kershaw County 1868 (also South Carolina House) Albert Clinton – Lancaster County 1868 [ 93] Samuel P. Coker [ 93] Wilson Cooke – Greenville County 1868 (also South Carolina House) Nelson Davis – Laurens County 1868 [ 93] Robert C. De Large – Charleston County 1868 (also South Carolina House, U.S. Congress, State Land Commissioner) Abram Dogan – Union County 1868 [ 93] William Driffle – Colleton County 1868 H. D. Edwards – Fairfield County 1868 [ 93] Robert B. Elliott – Edgefield County 1868 (also South Carolina House, South Carolina Attorney General, U.S. Congress, and county commissioner) Rice Foster – Spartanburg County 1868 [ 93] W. H. W. Gray – Berkeley County 1868 [ 93] David Harris – Edgefield County 1868 [ 93] C. D. Hayne – Barnwell County 1868 [ 93] Harry E. Hayne – Marion County 1868 (South Carolina Senate, South Carolina House, Secretary of State, and postmaster) [ 93] James N. Hayne – Barnwell County 1868 [ 93] George Henderson – Newberry County 1868 [ 93] Richard Hubert – Darlington County 1868 [ 93] Allen Hudson , Lancaster County [ 93] George Jackson – Marlboro County 1868 [ 93] Henry Jacobs – Fairfield County 1868 (also South Carolina House) [ 93] William Jervey – Berkeley County 1868 (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Senate) [ 93] J. W. Johnson – Marion County 1868 [ 93] Samuel Johnson – Anderson County 1868 [ 93] W. B. Johnson – Greenville County 1868 [ 93] W. E. Johnson – Sumter County 1868 [ 93] W. M. Joiner – Abbeville County 1868 [ 93] Charles Jones – Lancaster County 1868 [ 93] Henry Jones – Horry County 1868 [ 93] Jordan Lang – Darlington County 1868 (also South Carolina House) L. S. Langley – Beaufort County 1868 [ 93] George Lee – Berkeley County 1868 [ 93] Samuel Lee – Sumter County 1868 [ 93] Aaron Logan [ 93] Huston J. Lomax – Abbeville County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate) Julius Mayer – Barnwell County 1868 [ 93] Harry McDaniels – Laurens County 1868 [ 93] W. J. McKinlay – Orangeburg County 1868 [ 93] William McKinlay – Charleston County 1868 (also South Carolina House and city council) J. W. Meade – York County 1868 [ 93] A. Middleton – Barnwell County 1868 [ 93] F. F. Miller – Georgetown County 1868 [ 93] Thomas E. Miller – 1895 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Senate, and South House) [ 2] Lee Nance – Newberry County 1868 [ 93] William B. Nash – Richland County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate) William Nelson – Clarendon County 1868 [ 93] Samuel Nuckles – Union County 1868 (also South Carolina House) C. M. Olsen – Williamsburg County 1868 [ 93] Joseph Rainey – Georgetown County 1868 (also U.S. Congress and South Carolina Senate) Benjamin F. Randolph – Orangeburg County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate) [ j] Alonzo J. Ransier – Charleston County 1868 (also South Carolina Lt. Governor, U.S. Congress, South Carolina House) L. R. Reed – 1895 [ 93] Prince Rivers – Edgefield County 1868 (also South Carolina House) Sancho Sanders – Chester County 1868 (also South Carolina House) Thaddeous Sasportas – Orangeburg County 1868 (also South Carolina House and postmaster) H. L. Shrewsbury – Chesterfield County 1868 [ 93] Robert Smalls – Beaufort County 1868, 1895 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina House, South Carolina Senate, and collector of customs) Calvin Stubbs – Marlboro County 1868 [ 93] Stephen Atkins Swails – Williamsburg County 1868 (also South Carolina Senate and mayor) [ 93] William M. Thomas – Colleton County 1868 (South Carolina House) A. R. Thompson – Horry County 1868 [ 93] B. A. Thompson – Marion County 1868 [ 93] Samuel B. Thompson – Richland County 1865 (also South Carolina House) W. M. Viney – Colleton County 1868 [ 93] William James Whipper – Beaufort County 1868, 1895 (also South Carolina House and probate judge) J. H. White – York County 1868 [ 93] James Wigg – 1895 [ 93] Charles McDuffie Wilder – Richland County 1868 (also South Carolina House and postmaster) F. E. Wilder – Beaufort County 1868 [ 93] Thomas Williamson – Abbeville County 1868 [ 93] Coy Wingo – Spartanburg County 1868 [ 93] J. J. Wright – Beaufort County 1868 [ 93] Federal offices Robert B. Anderson – postmaster of Georgetown March 16, 1898 – February 28, 1902 (also South Carolina House [ 11] Frazier B. Baker – postmaster of Effingham March 15, 1892 – September 2, 1893; Lake City July 30, 1897 – February 22, 1898 [ 11] [ l] Samuel Bampfield – postmaster of Beaufort October 5, 1897 – February 2, 1900 (also South Carolina House) [ 11] Robert R. Bethea – postmaster of Latta July 31, 1890 – August 16, 1894 [ 11] Benjamin A. Boseman – postmaster of Charleston March 18, 1873 – February 23, 1881 (also South Carolina Constitutional Convention and South Carolina House) [ 11] [ 93] William E. Boykin – postmaster of Mayesville April 12, 1882 – September 10, 1885 [ 11] Israel W. Brown – postmaster of Hardeeville July 20, 1883 – April 4, 1885 [ 11] Marion F. Campbell – postmaster of Beaufort February 28, 1891 – April 8, 1893 [ 11] Richard J. Cochran – postmaster of Bucksville October 6, 1890 – January 16, 1895 [ 11] Joseph S. Collins – postmaster of Eastover February 18, 1898 – October 15, 1900 [ 11] Harriet "Hattie" R. Commander – postmaster of Chesterfield June 11, 1889 – December 11, 1893 [ 11] John Z. Crook – postmaster of St George May 14, 1883 – January 23, 1890; April 29, 1885 – January 20, 1894 [ 11] Eliza H. Davis – postmaster of Summerville July 23, 1873 – September 10, 1884 [ 11] James A. Davison – postmaster of Blackville March 20, 1890 – October 2, 1897; September 19, 1893 –April 5, 1906 [ 11] Adam C. Dayson – postmaster of Stono June 6, 1892 – February 28, 1895 [ 11] Wesley S. Dixon – postmaster of Barnwell February 23, 1882 – January 11, 1884 [ 11] A. H. Durant – postmaster of Marion August 25, 1884 – May 18, 1885 [ 11] Julius Durant – postmaster of Paxville July 21, 1897 – November 11, 1908 [ 11] Philip E. Ezekiel – postmaster of Beaufort July 17, 1871 – February 26, 1887 [ 11] Lawrence Faulkner – postmaster of Society Hill October 17, 1877 – May 17, 1889 [ 11] Irving T. Fleming – postmaster of Magnolia (became Lynchburg in 1905) January 26, 1898 – January 12, 1911 [ 11] Theodore B. Gordon – postmaster of Conway August 12, 1891 – June 12, 1894 [ 11] John D. Graham – postmaster of Sheldon October 15, 1890 – December 20, 1899; April 19, 1898 – December 31, 1905 [ 11] Charles Samuel Green – postmaster of Plantersville October 26, 1883 – May 12, 1885 (also South Carolina House) [ 11] Moses W. Harrall – postmaster of Timmonsville March 3, 1884 – July 24, 1889; January 16, 1885 – January 30, 1894 [ 11] Charles D. Hayne – postmaster of Aiken March 23, 1869 – January 23, 1871 (South Carolina Constitutional Convention, South Carolina Secretary of State, South Carolina House, and South Carolina Senate) [ 11] James H. Holloway – postmaster of Marion Court House September 9, 1870 – August 25, 1884 [ 11] Louisa C. Jones – postmaster of Ridgeland September 30, 1897 – January 7, 1910 [ 11] Robert M. Keene – postmaster of Statesburg August 16, 1889 – October 9, 1893 [ 11] Moses J. Langley – postmaster of Chopee March 15, 1890 – May 2, 1894 [ 11] John Lee – postmaster of Chester April 27, 1875 – November 27, 1876 (also South Carolina Senate) [ 11] [ 93] Edward D. Littlejohn – postmaster of Gaffney May 7, 1892 – November 4, 1893 [ 11] Major D. Macfarlan – postmaster of Cheraw July 9, 1892 – November 13, 1897; December 9, 1893 – April 23, 1900 [ 11] John W. Manigault – postmaster of Providence December 21, 1889 – September 4, 1890 [ 11] John C. Mardenborough – postmaster of Port Royal December 31, 1879 – February 1, 1898; August 18, 1885 – February 23, 1905 [ 11] Henry J. Maxwell – postmaster of Bennettsville March 16, 1869 – November 16, 1870 (also South Carolina Senate) [ 11] John J. Mays – postmaster of Branchville February 25, 1883 – February 29, 1885 [ 11] Benjamin W. Middleton – postmaster of Midway March 24, 1870 – December 16, 1872 [ 11] Mary S. Middleton – postmaster of Midway December 16, 1872 – August 30, 1875 [ 11] Isaac R. Miller – postmaster of Bishopville February 26, 1890 – July 31, 1890 [ 11] J. W. Moody – postmaster of Mullins July 3, 1884 – September 17, 1889; May 4, 1885 – December 26, 1893 [ 11] W. J. Moultrie – postmaster of Georgetown July 22, 1884 – August 2, 1886 [ 11] William Emory Nichols – postmaster of Nichols July 30, 1890 – August 4, 1891 [ 11] Frederick Nix Jr. – postmaster of Blackville August 7, 1879 – May 11, 1885 (also South Carolina House) [ 93] [ 11] William A. Paul – postmaster of Walterborough February 14, 1884 – May 17, 1889; June 12, 1885 – May 23, 1893 [ 11] John T. Rafra – postmaster of Society Hill May 17, 1889 – September 22, 1893 [ 11] Edward C. Rainey – postmaster of Georgetown January 11, 1875 – June 7, 1877 [ 11] Laura Reed – postmaster of Edisto Island May 30, 1898 – September 21, 1908; March 12, 1901 – January 12, 1910 [ 11] John J. Reynolds – postmaster of Verdery May 24, 1889 – November 11, 1890 [ 11] Alexander S. Richardson – postmaster of Chester September 22, 1873 – April 27, 1875 [ 11] Joseph V. Rivers – postmaster of Lady's Island March 19, 1879 – September 8, 1885 [ 11] Thomas Robinson – postmaster of Bamberg December 27, 1883 – April 21, 1885 [ 11] Thaddeus Sasportas – postmaster of Orangeburg March 19, 1869 – February 17, 1870 (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 11] Edward J. Sawyer – postmaster of Bennettsville August 27, 1883 – May 9, 1892; June 29, 1885 – November 13, 1893 [ 11] Daniel Sanders – postmaster of Walterborough March 31, 1873 – February 14, 1884 [ 11] Robert Smalls – Collector of Customs at Beaufort 1899–1913 (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina House, South Carolina Senate, and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 92] [ m] Ishmael H. Smith – postmaster of Port Royal June 22, 1889 – August 9, 1893 [ 11] Frances J. M. Sperry – postmaster of Georgetown September 27, 1890 – June 19, 1893 [ 11] Robert H. Stanley – postmaster of Dovesville July 29, 1889 – December 26, 1893 [ 11] D. Augustus Straker – Inspector of Customs at the port of Charleston (also South Carolina House). Robert A. Stewart – postmaster of Manning May 17, 1889 – December 26, 1893 [ 11] William D. Tardif Jr. – postmaster of Foreston March 3, 1884 – May 1885 [ 11] Robert S. Tarleton – postmaster of White Hall August 20, 1883 – April 22, 1885 [ 11] Henry C. Tindal – postmaster of Paxsville March 12, 1891 – December 26, 1893 [ 11] Cohen Whithead or Whitiehead – postmaster of Kingstree July 26, 1877 – October 25, 1886 [ 11] Charles McDuffie Wilder – postmaster of Columbia April 5, 1869 – June 2, 1885 (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 93] [ 11] Joshua E. Wilson – postmaster of Florence February 8, 1876 – January 27, 1885; March 24, 1890 – July 18, 1899; April 9, 1883 – March 9, 1886; May 11, 1894 – September 1, 1909 [ 93] [ 11] Zachariah Wines – postmaster of Society Hill October 30, 1897 – November 23, 1904 (also South Carolina House) [ 11] Local offices Ennals J. Adams – Charleston City Council 1868 [ 97] Macon B. Allen – judge of Charleston County Criminal Court 1873; probate judge for Charleston County 1876 (also a justice of the peace in Massachusetts) [ n] Harrison N. Bouey – Edgefield County probate judge in 1875 [ o] Malcom Brown – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] Richard H. Cain – Charleston City Council 1868 (U.S. Congress and South Carolina Attorney General, Senate, House, Constitutional Convention) [ 97] Richard Dereef – Charleston City Council 1868 Robert B. Elliott – Barnwell County commissioner (also U.S. Congress, South Carolina Attorney General, South Carolina Constitutional Convention, and South Carolina House) [ 92] W. G. Fields – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] S. B. Garrett – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] John A. Godfrey – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] John Gordon – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] R. N. Gregorie – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] William R. Hampton – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] Richard Holloway – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] Robert Howard – Charleston City Council 1868, 1869 [ 97] Walter R. Jones – Clerk of the City Council of Columbia (also State Financial Board) [ 93] William McKinlay – Charleston City Council 1868, 1869, 1874 (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Constitutional Congress) A. B. Mitchell – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] B. Moncrief – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] George Shrewsbury – Charleston City Council 1874 [ 97] Thomas Small – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] Stephen Atkins Swails – mayor of Kingstree 1868 (also South Carolina Senate) Philip Thorne – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] James Wagoner – York County trial justice [ 98] Edward P. Wall – Charleston City Council 1868, 1869 [ 97] Launcelot F. Wall – Charleston City Council 1869 [ 97] William Weston – Charleston City Council 1868 [ 97] William James Whipper – judge of probate Beaufort County (also South Carolina House and South Carolina Constitutional Convention) [ 93] [ p] Tennessee Only one African American served in the Tennessee Legislature during the 1870s, but more than a dozen followed in the 1880s as Republicans retook the governorship. [ 99] They advocated for schools for African Americans, spoke against segregated public facilities, and advocated for voting rights protections. [ 100]
Tennessee House of Representatives Other state and federal offices Texas During the Reconstruction era, four African Americans won election to the Texas Senate and 32 to the Texas House of Representatives . [ 102]
Texas House of Representatives David Abner Sr. – Harrison and Rusk counties 1874 (also Texas Constitutional Convention) Richard Allen – Harris and Montgomery counties 1870, 1873 [ 104] Edward Anderson – Harris and Montgomery counties 1873 [ 104] [ q] Alexander Asberry – Robertson County 1889 [ 104] Houston A. P. Bassett – Grimes County 1887 Thomas Beck – Grimes County 1874, 1879 D. W. Burley – Robertson , Leon , and Freestone counties 1870 [ 105] Silas Cotton – Robertson , Leon , and Freestone counties 1870 [ 106] Goldsteen Dupree – Montgomery and Harris counties 1870 [ 107] Robert J. Evans – Grimes County 1879–1883 [ 108] Jacob E. Freeman – Waller , Fort Bend , and Wharton counties 1874, 1880 [ 109] Harriel G. Geiger – Robertson County 1879, 1881 [ 110] Bedford G. Guy – Washington County 1879 Nathan H. Haller – Brazoria County 1892–1897 Jeremiah J. Hamilton – Fayette and Bastrop counties 1870 William H. Holland – Waller , Fort Bend , and Wharton counties 1876 Mitchell Kendall – Harrison County 1870 (also Texas Constitutional Convention) Robert A. Kerr – Bastrop County 1881 [ 111] Doc C. Lewis – Wharton County 1881 Elias Mayes – Brazos County 1879, 1889 [ 112] David Medlock – Limestone , Falls , and McLennan counties 1870 [ 113] John Mitchell – Burleson , Brazos , and Milam counties 1870; Burleson and Washington counties 1873 (also Texas Constitutional Convention) [ 114] E. C. Mobley – Robertson County 1882 Henry Moore – Harrison County 1870, 1873 [ 115] Robert J. Moore – Washington County 1883–1889 Sheppard Mullens – McLennan County 1870 [ 116] Edward Patton – San Jacinto and Polk counties 1891 Henry Phelps – Wharton , Austin , and Fort Bend counties 1872 [ 117] Meshack R. Roberts – Fifth District/Rusk and Harrison counties 1873, 1875; Tenth District/Harrison County 1877 Alonzo Sledge – Washington and Burleson counties 1879 [ 118] Robert Lloyd Smith – Colorado County 1895–1899 Henry Sneed – Waller , Wharton , and Fort Bend counties 1877 James H. Stewart – 48th District/Robertson County 1885 James H. Washington – Grimes County 1873 Allen W. Wilder – Washington County 1873 Benjamin Franklin Williams – 25th District/Lavaca and Colorado counties 1871; 37th District/Waller , Fort Bend , and Wharton counties 1879; 53rd District/Waller and Fort Bend counties 1885 (also Texas Constitutional Convention) [ 119] Richard Williams – Walker , Grimes , and Madison counties 1870, 1873 [ 120] George W. Wyatt – Waller and Fort Bend counties 1883 [ 121] Texas Constitutional Convention Vermont Local offices Stephen Bates , Sheriff of Vergennes and the first Black chief law enforcement officer in Vermont history, 1879 Virginia In 2012, the Virginia Senate enacted Joint Resolution No. 89, recognizing that Reconstruction in Virginia lasted from 1869 to 1890 due to Jim Crow laws ; federal Reconstruction ended in 1877. [ 131]
Virginia House of Delegates Virginia Constitutional Convention Federal offices P. H. A. Braxton – collector at the United States Custom House in Westmoreland County (also constable) William Breedlow or Breedlove – postmaster of Tappahannock March 3, 1870 – March 13, 1871 [ 11] Robert H. Cauthorn – postmaster of Dunnsville September 21, 1897 – October 24, 1901 [ 11] James H. Cunningham – postmaster of Manchester September 20, 1869 – August 1, 1872 [ 11] William Henry Hayes – postmaster of Boydton June 17, 1889 – March 25, 1893 [ 11] John T. Jackson Sr. – postmaster of Alanthus March 23, 1891 – January 31, 1940 [ 11] William H. Johnson – postmaster of Baynesville November 29, 1893 – October 23, 1897 [ 11] Wade H. Mason – postmaster of Bluestone March 13, 1890 – November 14, 1902 [ 11] Isaac Morton – postmaster of Port Royal March 2, 1870 – October 29, 1872 [ 11] Daniel A. Twyman – postmaster of Junta August 12, 1898 – October 23, 1898 [ 11] Washington Washington did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction. [ 42]
Washington House of Representatives West Virginia West Virginia did not have any African American legislators during the Reconstruction. [ 42]
West Virginia House of Delegates Wyoming Wyoming did not have any African American legislators during Reconstruction. [ 42]
Wyoming Territorial House of Representatives Notes ↑ He was expelled from the Constitutional Convention by moderate Republicans because of his British citizenship. ↑ Expelled from office 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 Blocked from office by racial state legislation during 1868 and 1869. After an 1869 ruling by the U.S. Supreme Court, they were reseated in January 1870. ↑ Turner may not have served as postmaster according to the U.S. Postal Service. ↑ When he became Louisiana's Lieutenant Governor, Oscar James Dunn was the first African American elected to a state-level position in the United States. ↑ Pierre Caliste Landry was the first elected African American mayor in the United States. 1 2 3 4 5 6 All-African American towns that existed in the Indian Territory in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but no longer exist today, include Lee, Lincoln, Udora, and Wellington. For more information, refer to "All-Black Towns" in The Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture . ↑ Gleaves was elected to a third term as Lt. Governor in 1876, but the Democrats forced him to withdraw. ↑ Lomax was elected to the South Carolina House in 1869 but died in January 1870 before the legislature convened. 1 2 3 4 Assassinated by the Ku-Klux Klan, according to H. A. Wallace. ↑ Wright was the first African American to occupy a judicial position in the United States. ↑ Murdered during a white mob attack on February 22, 1898. ↑ Smalls lost this position in 1913 when newly installed President Woodrow Wilson segregated federal offices. ↑ Allen was the first African American elected to a municipal judgeship in the United States. ↑ Bouey was elected county sheriff in 1876 but was not granted the position. ↑ Whipper was elected by the legislature as a Circuit Court Judge, but Governor Chamberlain refused to commission him. ↑ Unseated after being sworn into office. ↑ The next African American to serve in Wyoming's legislature was Liz Byrd who served in Wyoming's House and a few years later to the Wyoming Senate. ↑ William E. Matthews was the first African American to receive an appointment in the United States Postal Service. References ↑ Foner, Eric. "Reconstruction | Definition, Summary, Timeline & Facts" . Encyclopedia Britannica . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 Black Americans in Congress 1870–2007 (PDF) . Washington, D.C.: U.S. Government Printing Office. 2008. ↑ Office of the Historian. "The Election of Samuel Peters of Louisiana" . Historical Highlights, History, Art & Archives . Office of the Clerk, House of Representatives of the United States. Retrieved August 22, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 "x-index | Lest We Forget" . Hampton University . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 Work, Monroe N.; Beverly, John William (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress". The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 64– 68. doi :10.2307/2713503 . JSTOR 2713503 . S2CID 149610698 . ↑ Bailey, Richard (2010). Neither Carpetbaggers Nor Scalawags: Black Officeholders During the Reconstruction of Alabama, 1867–1878 ISBN 978-1-58838-189-7 ↑ "African-American Legislators in Reconstruction Alabama" (PDF) . Alabama Department of Archives and History . Archived from the original (PDF) on August 3, 2022. ↑ "Black members of the Alabama Legislature who served during reconstruction – Alabama Historical Markers on Waymarking.com" . www.waymarking.com . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 "1868 Constitution Delegates" . We the People Alabama . Alabama Department of Archives & History. Retrieved January 17, 2023 . ↑ Simmons, William J.; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887). Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising ISBN 978-1-4680-9681-1 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 179 180 181 182 183 184 185 186 187 188 189 190 191 192 193 194 195 196 197 198 199 200 201 202 203 204 205 206 207 208 209 210 211 212 213 214 215 216 217 218 219 220 221 222 223 224 225 226 227 228 229 230 231 232 233 234 235 236 237 238 239 240 241 "List of Known African American Postmasters, 1800s" (PDF) . United States Post Office . October 2017. Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ↑ "Leadership of Hobson City, 1902" . Encyclopedia of Alabama . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ↑ Wilson, Claire M. (August 27, 2020). "Hobson City" . Encyclopedia of Alabama (2nd ed.). Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ↑ "Minorities in the Arkansas Senate" . Arkansas Senate . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . 1 2 "Southeast Arkansas's African-American Legislators, 1868-1893 – The Lakeport Plantation" . lakeport.astate.edu . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . ↑ "Black History Month 2021" . Arkansas House of Representatives . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 Wintory, Blake (November 28, 2022). "African-American Legislators (Nineteenth Century)" . Encyclopedia of Arkansas . Retrieved January 11, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Work, Monroe N., and Staples, Thomas S. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 68. Retrieved January 11, 2023. 1 2 3 Brown Jr., Canter. Florida's Black Public Officials 1867–1924 . University of Alabama Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0817309169 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Work, Monroe N. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 69–71. Retrieved January 11, 2023. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 Oliva, Jose R. (February 2019). The People of Lawmaking in Florida 1822–2019 (PDF) . Tallahassee: Office of the Clerk, Florida House of Representatives. 1 2 Brown Jr. Carter. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924. University of Alabama Press (1998), p. 71. ISBN 978-0817309169 ↑ Brown Jr. Carter. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924. University of Alabama Press (1998), p. 75. ISBN 978-0817309169 ↑ Brown Jr. Carter. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924. University of Alabama Press (1998), p. 77. ISBN 978-0817309169 ↑ Brown Jr. Carter. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924. University of Alabama Press (1998), p. 78. ISBN 978-0817309169 ↑ Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867-1924 ISBN 978-0-8173-0915-2 ↑ Oliva, Jose R (February 2019). The People of Lawmaking in Florida 1822–2019 (PDF) . p. 184. Retrieved January 30, 2023 . ↑ "Aug. 3, 1885: Florida Constitution Adopted" . 1 2 3 4 Hume, Richard L. "Membership of the Florida Constitutional Convention of 1868: A Case Study of Republican Factionalism in the Reconstruction South ." The Florida Historical Quarterly 51, no. 1 (1972): 20–21. ↑ Leming, Mary Kate (September 4, 2013). "Celebrating Our History: Before Lake Worth, there was Jewell" . The Coastal Star . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ "Town of Eatonville Beginning History" . Town of Eatonville . Archived from the original on January 23, 2023. Retrieved January 23, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 Drago, Edmund L. (September 24, 2020). "Black Legislators during Reconstruction" . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 Work, Monroe N. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 71–73. Retrieved January 11, 2023. 1 2 Duncan, Russell (December 10, 2004). "Tunis Campbell" . New Georgia Encyclopedia . Retrieved January 10, 2023 . ↑ Baker, Dawn (February 23, 2021). "Celebrating Black History: Remembering Georgia's 'Original 33' . WTOC . Retrieved January 12, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 Journal of the proceedings of the Constitutional Convention of the people of Georgia : held in the City of Atlanta in the months of December, 1867, and January, February and March, 1868, and ordinances and resolutions adopted / published by order of the Convention . Augusta, Georgia: E. H. Pughe Book & Job Printer, 1868. Accessed January 18, 2023. 1 2 Bacote, C. A. (1955). "The Negro in Atlanta Politics". Phylon . 16 (4): 333– 350. doi :10.2307/272648 . ISSN 0885-6818 . JSTOR 272648 . ↑ "John C. Buckner, Colored Political Leader, is Dead" . Chicago Tribune . December 18, 1913. p. 5. Retrieved December 9, 2022 – via Newspapers.com. 1 2 Williams, Erma Brooks (2008). Political Empowerment of Illinois' African-American State Lawmakers from 1877 to 2005 4– 5. ISBN 978-0-7618-4018-3 ↑ Rose, James A. (1906). "Forty-First General Assembly 1898–1900" . Blue Book of the State of Illinois . Springfield, Illinois: Illinois State Journal Co., State Printers. p. 365 – via Google Books. ↑ Williams, Erma Brooks (2008). Political Empowerment of Illinois' African-American State Lawmakers from 1877 to 2005 1. ISBN 978-0-7618-4018-3 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction ISBN 978-0-8071-2082-8 . Retrieved April 22, 2022 . ↑ Vincent, Charles (2011). Black Legislators in Louisiana during Reconstruction ISBN 978-0809385812 – via Google Books. ↑ Mitchell, Brian K.; Edwards, Barrington S.; Weldon, Nick (2021). Monumental: Oscar Dunn and His Radical Fight in Reconstruction Louisiana ISBN 978-0-917860-83-6 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 Perkins, A. E. (October 1, 1929). "Some Negro Officers and Legislators in Louisiana" . The Journal of Negro History . 14 (4): 523– 528. doi :10.2307/2714198 . ISSN 0022-2992 . JSTOR 2714198 . S2CID 149553370 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 David R. Poynter Legislative Research Library, Louisiana House of Representatives (August 23, 2023). "Membership in the Louisiana House of Representatives, 1812−2024" (PDF) . Retrieved September 27, 2023 . ↑ "Member of the General Assembly: Senators and Representatives" . New Orleans Republican . June 20, 1868. p. 1. Retrieved December 30, 2023 . 1 2 Vincent, Charles (1976). "Louisiana's Black Legislators and Their Efforts to Pass a Blue Law During Reconstruction". Journal of Black Studies . 7 (1): 47– 56. doi :10.1177/002193477600700104 . JSTOR 2783730 . S2CID 143949628 . ↑ Vincent, Charles (January 28, 2011). Black Legislators in Louisiana during Reconstruction ISBN 978-0-8093-8581-2 ↑ "Official Journal of the Proceedings of the House of Representatives of the State of Louisiana" . 1870. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Constitution adopted by the State Constitutional Convention of the state of Louisiana, March 7, 1868 ... 21– 22 – via Hathi Trust. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 "Extract from the reconstructed Constitution of the state of Louisiana, with portraits of the distinguished members of the Convention & Assembly, A.D. 1868" . Library of Congress, Washington, D.C . January 1868. Retrieved January 18, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 Vincent, Charles (1969). "Negro Leadership and Programs in the Louisiana Constitutional Convention of 1868". Louisiana History: The Journal of the Louisiana Historical Association . 10 (4): 339– 351. ISSN 0024-6816 . JSTOR 4231092 . ↑ Scott, Rebecca J.; Hébrard, Jean M. (2014). "Rosalie of the Poulard Nation: Freedom, Law, and Dignity in the Era of the Haitian Revolution". In Sweet, John Wood; Lindsay, Lisa A. (eds.). Biography and the Black Atlantic . College Station: Texas A&M University. pp. 116– 143. ISBN 978-0-8122-0870-2 OCLC 868967268 . 1 2 "Avoyelles Parish Sheriffs" . The Marksville Weekly News . September 13, 2007. p. 12. Retrieved January 21, 2023 – via Newspapers.com. 1 2 3 "William H. Butler (b. circa 1829 – d. 1892)" . Maryland State Archives . Biographical Series. May 16, 2012. Retrieved January 21, 2023 . 1 2 3 "African American Politicians Historical Marker" . www.hmdb.org . Retrieved January 21, 2023 . ↑ "Black Baltimore 1870–1920, Harry S. Cummings Political and Professional Career, Maryland State Archives" . msa.maryland.gov . Retrieved January 21, 2023 . ↑ "Harry Sythe Cummings (U.S. National Park Service)" . ↑ Maillard, Mary (August 7, 2013). "George W. Lowther (1822–1898)" . Black Past . Retrieved January 21, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 Work, Monroe N. and Garner, J. M. and Lynch, John R. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 73–76. Retrieved January 12, 2023. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 Baldwin, DeeDee (2022). "Black Legislators in Mississippi" . Against All Odds . Mississippi State University Libraries. doi :10.17605/OSF.IO/GAX6F . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Fletcher, Adam F. C. (March 18, 2019). "A History of North Omaha's African American Legislators" . North Omaha History . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ White, Richard (March 12, 2018). "Ned Sherman: Early African-American Mayor" . New York Almanack . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 Balanoff, Elizabeth (1972). "Negro Legislators in the North Carolina General Assembly, July, 1868–February, 1872". The North Carolina Historical Review . 49 (1): 22– 55. ISSN 0029-2494 . JSTOR 23529002 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 Olds, Fred A. (October 4, 1929). "List of Negroes who Served in N. C. Legislature ". The Franklin Times . North Carolina Digital Newspapers, Retrieved January 10, 2023. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 Work, Monroe N. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 75-79. Retrieved January 13, 2023. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Justesen, Benjamin R. "'The Class of '83': Black Watershed in the North Carolina General Assembly ." The North Carolina Historical Review 86, no. 3 (2009): 282–308. accessed January 8, 2023. 1 2 3 "Compiles Record Negro Legislators In State" . The News and Observer . August 18, 1929. p. 24. Retrieved January 21, 2023 . [ unreliable source ] ↑ Hill, Steven A. (2017). "Eppes, Henry" . NCpedia . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . 1 2 3 Foner, Eric (1996). Freedom's Lawmakers: A Directory of Black Officeholders During Reconstruction ISBN 978-0807120828 ↑ Justesen, Benjamin R. "Wilson Carey (1831–1905?)" . North Carolina History Project . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ↑ Reid, Elizabeth Davis (1986). "Ellison, Stewart | NCpedia" . www.ncpedia.org . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ↑ "The Next House of Representatives" . The Raleigh News . September 12, 1872. p. 1. Retrieved June 25, 2024 . 1 2 Justesen, Benjamin R. (March 7, 2016). "Parker David Robbins (1834–1917)" . North Carolina History Project . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ↑ Powell, William S. (1994). "Robbins, Parker David" . NCpedia . Retrieved January 9, 2023 . ↑ "John Patterson Green, b. 1845" . Documenting the American South . University of North Carolina. Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "Benjamin W. Arnett, Jr. | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "Jere A. Brown | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "William H. Clifford | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "William H. Copeland | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . 1 2 "John Patterson Green | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "Robert James Harlan | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "Samuel B. Hill | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "George Henry Jackson | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "William H. Parham | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "Henry Clay Smith | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "William R. Stewart | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ "George Washington Williams | Ohio Statehouse" . www.ohiostatehouse.org . Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Simmons, William J.; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887). Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising 978– 984. ISBN 978-1-4680-9681-1 ↑ Justesen, Benjamin R. (March 15, 2013), "Van Horne, Mahlon" , African American Studies Center , Oxford University Press, doi :10.1093/acref/9780195301731.013.39013 , ISBN 978-0-19-530173-1 , retrieved October 9, 2023 {{citation }}: CS1 maint: work parameter with ISBN (link ) 1 2 3 4 5 6 Foner, Eric (January 31, 2018). "South Carolina's Forgotten Black Political Revolution" . Slate Magazine . Retrieved January 20, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 173 174 175 176 177 178 Work, Monroe N. and Wallace, H.A. and (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress " (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 79–110. Retrieved January 16, 2023 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 66 67 68 69 70 71 72 73 74 75 76 77 78 79 80 81 82 83 84 85 86 87 88 89 90 91 92 93 94 95 96 97 98 99 100 101 102 103 104 105 106 107 108 109 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 163 164 165 166 167 168 169 170 171 172 "H*3695 Session 117 (2007–2008)" . South Carolina State House . March 13, 2007. Retrieved January 20, 2023 . ↑ Simmons, William J., and Henry McNeal Turner. Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising . GM Rewell & Company, 1887. p. 327 – ↑ Eichelberger, Julia; Fick, Sarah (October 13, 2020). "14 Green Way – Built for an African American during Reconstruction, later served as a women's residence hall" . Discovering Our Past: College of Charleston Histories . Retrieved March 6, 2020 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 "African American Council Members, City of Charleston, South Carolina" . Charleston, South Carolina . Retrieved January 19, 2023 . ↑ 1870 York County Census, p. 77 1 2 3 4 Work, Monroe N. and Napier, J.C. (January 1920). "Some Negro Members of Reconstruction Conventions and Legislatures and of Congress" (PDF). The Journal of Negro History . 5 (1): 113–118. ↑ Cartwright, Joseph H. (1973). "Black Legislators in Tennessee in the 1800s: A Case Study in Black Political Leadership". Tennessee Historical Quarterly . 32 (3): 265– 284. JSTOR 42623393 . ↑ "Biographies" . This Honorable Body: African American Legislatures in 19th Century Tennessee . Tennessee State Library and Archives. 2013. Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ "Early African-American Senators | Giants of Texas History" . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . 2021. Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ "Walter Ripetoe | Texas Legislators: Past & Present" . Texas Legislative Library . Retrieved January 22, 2021 . 1 2 3 "Biographies | Forever Free" . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . June 6, 2016. Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (September 8, 2020). "Burley, D. W." Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M.; Carr, Anthony L. (August 1, 2014). "Cotton, Giles" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (October 21, 2020). "Dupree, J. Goldsteen" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ "Legislative Reference Library | Legislators and Leaders | Member profile" . lrl.texas.gov . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (January 1, 1995). "Freeman, Jacob E." Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (October 22, 2020). "Geiger, Harriel G." Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (November 18, 2020). "Kerr, Robert A." Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ "The 1880s: Elias Mayes | Forever Free" . Texas State Library and Archives Commission . April 22, 2015. Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M; Carr, Anthony L. (February 24, 2015). "Medlock, David, Jr" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . 1 2 Lucko, Paul M. (April 1, 1995). "Mitchell, John" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (April 1, 1995). "Moore, Henry" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . 1 2 Barr, Alwyn (November 23, 2017). "Mullens, Shepherd" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (May 1, 1995). "Phelps, Henry" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Nabors, Daniel J. (January 27, 2021). "Sledge, Alonzo L." Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Pitre, Merline (July 27, 2022). "Williams, Benjamin Franklin" . Texas State Historical Association (2nd ed.). Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (August 1, 1995). "Williams, Richard" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (September 1, 1995). "Wyatt, George W." Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 13, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (January 29, 2016). "Bryant, Charles W." Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (December 1, 1994). "Curtis, Stephen" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (December 1, 1994). "Davis, Bird B." Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (April 27, 2019). "Johnson, Wiley" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (November 22, 2020). "Long, Ralph" . Texas State Historical Association (2nd ed.). Retrieved January 21, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (April 1, 1995). "McCabe, Lloyd Henry" . Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (September 23, 2020). "McWashington, James" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (September 28, 2020). "Reynolds, William" . Handbook of Texas Online (2nd ed.). Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ Lucko, Paul M. (August 1, 1995). "Watrous, Benjamin O." Handbook of Texas Online . Texas State Historical Association. Retrieved January 14, 2023 . ↑ "Bill Tracking – 2012 session > Legislation" . leg1.state.va.us . Archived from the original on December 3, 2021. Retrieved April 23, 2022 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 "African American Legislators in Virginia" . Dr. Martin Luther King Memorial Commission | Virginia General Assembly . Archived from the original on August 19, 2015. Retrieved January 9, 2023 . 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Biography, the Dictionary of Virginia. "African American Legislators in Virginia (1867–1899)" . Encyclopedia Virginia . Retrieved January 22, 2023 . ↑ "Alexander G. Lee (d. by October 10, 1901) – Encyclopedia Virginia" . Retrieved April 23, 2022 . ↑ "Fountain M. Perkins (1816 or 1817–1896) – Encyclopedia Virginia" . Retrieved April 23, 2022 . ↑ "2012 Session – House Joint Resolution No. 64" . Virginia's Legislative Information System . Retrieved November 14, 2022 . ↑ "Reconstruction in the National Capital Area (U.S. National Park Service)" . www.nps.gov . Retrieved January 23, 2023 . ↑ Van Pelt, Lori (November 8, 2014). "William Jefferson Hardin: Wyoming's first black legislator" . WyoHistory . Retrieved January 11, 2023 . ↑ Simmons, William J.; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887). Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising 246– 251. ISBN 978-1-4680-9681-1 – via Google Books. ↑ Simmons, William J.; Turner, Henry McNeal (1887). Men of Mark: Eminent, Progressive and Rising 291– 295. ISBN 978-1-4680-9681-1 – via Google Books. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Williams, Melvin R. "A Blueprint for Change: The Black Community in Washington, D.C., 1860–1870 ." Records of the Columbia Historical Society, Washington, D.C. vol. 71/72 (1971): 383–387, accessed January 23, 2023. Further reading Bailey, Richard . Neither Carpetbaggers Nor Scalawags: Black Officeholders During the Reconstruction of Alabama, 1867–1878. Montgomery: Richard Bailey Publishers, 1995. ISBN 978-0962721809 Brown, Jr., Canter. Florida's Black Public Officials, 1867–1924. Tuscaloosa: University of Alabama Press, 1998. ISBN 978-0817309169 Gibbs, Mifflin Wistar. Shadow and Light: An Autobiography. Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 1995. ISBN 978-0-8032-7050-3 Southern Black Leaders of the Reconstruction Era. Howard N. Rabinowitz , editor. University of Illinois Press, 1982. ISBN 978-0252009723
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