Sir Alured Clarke | |
---|---|
![]() | |
Acting Governor-General of the Presidency of Fort William | |
In office 1797–1798 | |
Monarch | George III |
Preceded by | Sir John Shore |
Succeeded by | The Earl of Mornington |
Personal details | |
Born | 24 November 1744 |
Died | 16 September 1832 (aged 87) Llangollen,Wales |
Awards | Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath |
Military service | |
Allegiance | ![]() |
Branch/service | ![]() |
Years of service | 1759–1802 |
Rank | Field Marshal |
Commands | Madras Army Commander-in-Chief of India |
Battles/wars | American Revolutionary War Fourth Anglo-Mysore War |
Sir Alured Clarke GCB (24 November 1744 – 16 September 1832) was a British Army officer. He took charge of all British troops in Georgia in May 1780 and was then deployed to Philadelphia to supervise the evacuation of British prisoners of war at the closing stages of the American Revolutionary War. He went on to be Governor of Jamaica and then lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in which role he had responsibility for implementing the Constitutional Act 1791. He was then sent to India where he became Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army,then briefly Governor-General of India and finally Commander-in-Chief of India during the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War.
Born the son of Charles Clarke (c.1702–1750) and Jane Clarke (née Mullins), [1] Alured Clarke was educated at Eton College and was commissioned as an ensign in the 50th Regiment of Foot on 20 March 1759. [2] Later that year he served in Germany under the Marquess of Granby. [1] Promoted to lieutenant in the 50th Regiment of Foot on 10 May 1760 and to captain in the 52nd Regiment of Foot on 30 December 1763,he transferred to the 5th Regiment of Foot,stationed in Ireland,in January 1767 and was then promoted to major in the 54th Regiment of Foot in 1771. [2]
Promoted to lieutenant-colonel and given the command of the 7th Regiment of Foot,serving in America,on 13 May 1777, [3] Clarke took charge of all British troops in Georgia in May 1780 and,having been promoted to colonel on 16 May 1782,he was then deployed to Philadelphia to supervise the evacuation of British prisoners of war in May 1783. [1]
Clarke became Governor of Jamaica in summer 1784. [2] Promoted to major-general on 1 May 1790, [4] he acquitted himself well enough as Governor of Jamaica that he was recommended to King George III as a suitable person to become lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada in October 1790. [5] In the absence of the governor,who had departed for England in August 1791,he took command of British forces and set about implementing the Constitutional Act 1791 which involved settling geographical boundaries (between Lower Canada and the United States and between Lower Canada and the rest of Canada),offering land to settlers and convening the first legislature of the Province. [5] Clarke served as lieutenant-governor of Lower Canada until Summer 1793,when the Governor returned to Canada and Clarke could return to England. [2]
Clarke was sent to India in 1795 with instructions to interrupt his voyage at the Cape of Good Hope where he and his force defeated a Dutch army at Wynberg on 16 September 1795 and then spent the next two months on arranging administrative matters before proceeding to India. [6] On arrival in India in early 1796 he became Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army. He was promoted to the local rank of lieutenant-general on 3 May 1796 and,having been appointed a Knight Companion of the Order of the Bath on 14 January 1797,he was promoted to the substantive rank of lieutenant-general on 4 February 1797. [7] He became acting Governor-General of India in March 1798 (in which capacity he also served as acting Commander-in-Chief of the Bengal Army) and then became Commander-in-Chief,India in May 1798. [2] Although Clarke was not present at the Siege of Seringapatam in April 1799,his army was victorious thereby successfully concluding the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War. [1] He returned to England in March 1801 and was promoted to full general on 11 May 1802. [8] Following a re-organisation of the order,he was advanced to Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Bath on 4 January 1815. [9]
In 1803 he appeared,alongside Vice-Admiral Nelson and Sir Evan Nepean,as a character witness in the treason trial of Colonel Edward Despard. Together they testified to Despard's service in the Caribbean. [10] [11]
Clarke also served as honorary colonel of 1st Battalion 60th Royal American Regiment, [12] of the 68th Regiment of Foot, [13] of the 5th Regiment of Foot [14] and then of the 7th Regiment of Foot. [15]
In retirement,Clarke lived at Mansfield Street in London. [16] He was promoted to field marshal on the occasion of the coronation of King William IV on 22 July 1830. [17] He died at Llangollen in Wales on 16 September 1832 while visiting his niece. [18]
Clarke married Elizabeth Catherine (Kitty) Hunter in 1770, [1] who eight years earlier had eloped with the married Earl of Pembroke. [1] Kitty had a son by Pembroke,and received a pension from him until 1790,but Clarke and she had no children. [1]
Guy Carleton,1st Baron Dorchester,known between 1776 and 1786 as Sir Guy Carleton,was an Anglo-Irish soldier and administrator. He twice served as Governor of the Province of Quebec,from 1768 to 1778,concurrently serving as Governor General of British North America in that time,and again from 1785 to 1795. The title Baron Dorchester was created on 21 August 1786.
Field Marshal Colin Campbell,1st Baron Clyde,,was a British Army officer. After serving in the Peninsular War and the War of 1812,he commanded the 98th Regiment of Foot during the First Opium War and then commanded a brigade during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. He went on to command the Highland Brigade at the Battle of Alma and with his "thin red line of Highlanders" he repulsed the Russian attack on Balaclava during the Crimean War. At an early stage of the Indian Mutiny,he became Commander-in-Chief,India and,in that role,he relieved and then evacuated Lucknow and,after attacking and decisively defeating Tatya Tope at the Second Battle of Cawnpore,captured Lucknow again. Whilst still commander-in-chief he dealt with the "White Mutiny" among East India Company troops,and organised the army sent east in the Second Opium War.
Field Marshal Studholme Hodgson was a British Army officer who served during the 18th century. After serving as an Aide-de-Camp to the Duke of Cumberland at the Battle of Fontenoy during the War of the Austrian Succession and at the Battle of Culloden during the Jacobite Rebellion,he became correspondent to William Barrington,the Secretary at War,during the French and Indian War. He went on to command the British expedition which captured Belle Île in June 1761 during the Seven Years' War so enabling the British Government to use the island as a bargaining piece during the negotiations leading up to the Treaty of Paris in 1763.
Field Marshal Hugh Gough,1st Viscount Gough,was an Irish officer of the British Army. After serving as a junior officer at the seizure of the Cape of Good Hope during the French Revolutionary Wars,Gough commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 87th Regiment of Foot during the Peninsular War. After serving as commander-in-chief of the British forces in China during the First Opium War,he became Commander-in-Chief,India and led the British forces in action against the Marathas defeating them decisively at the conclusion of the Gwalior Campaign and then commanded the troops that defeated the Sikhs during both the First Anglo-Sikh War and the Second Anglo-Sikh War.
General Sir James Henry Craig KB was a British military officer and colonial administrator.
Field Marshal John Colborne,1st Baron Seaton,was a British Army officer and colonial governor. After taking part as a junior officer in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland,Sir Ralph Abercromby's expedition to Egypt and then the War of the Third Coalition,he served as military secretary to Sir John Moore at the Battle of Corunna. He then commanded the 2nd Battalion of the 66th Regiment of Foot and,later,the 52nd Regiment of Foot at many of the battles of the Peninsular War. At the Battle of Waterloo,Colborne on his own initiative brought the 52nd Regiment of Foot forward,took up a flanking position in relation to the French Imperial Guard and then,after firing repeated volleys into their flank,charged at the Guard so driving them back in disorder.
Lieutenant-General Peter Hunter was a British Army officer and colonial administrator. He was the eldest son of John Hunter,Laird of Knapp and his spouse,Euphemia Jack of Longforgan,Perthshire,Scotland.
Field Marshal Sir Patrick Grant,was a senior Indian Army officer. He fought at the Battle of Maharajpore during the Gwalior Campaign,at the Battle of Mudki,the Battle of Ferozeshah and the Battle of Sobraon during the First Anglo-Sikh War and at the Battle of Chillianwala and the Battle of Gujrat during the Second Anglo-Sikh War. During the Indian Mutiny,as acting Commander-in-Chief,India,he directed the operations against the mutineers,sending forces under Henry Havelock and James Outram for the relief of Cawnpore and Lucknow. He later became Governor of Malta.
Sir George Nugent,1st Baronet,GCB was a British Army officer. After serving as a junior officer in the American Revolutionary War,he fought with the Coldstream Guards under the Duke of York during the Flanders Campaign. He then commanded the Buckinghamshire Volunteers in the actions of St. Andria and Thuyl on the river Waal and participated in the disastrous retreat from the Rhine. He went on to be commander of the northern district of Ireland,in which post he played an important part in placating the people of Belfast during the Irish Rebellion,and then became Adjutant-General in Ireland. He went on to be Governor of Jamaica,commander of the Western District in England,commander of the Kent District in England and finally Commander-in-Chief,India.
Field Marshal Stapleton Cotton,1st Viscount Combermere,was a British Army officer,diplomat and politician. As a junior officer he took part in the Flanders Campaign,in the Fourth Anglo-Mysore War and in the suppression of Robert Emmet's insurrection in 1803. He commanded a cavalry brigade in Sir Arthur Wellesley's Army before being given overall command of the cavalry in the latter stages of the Peninsular War. He went on to be Commander-in-Chief,Ireland and then Commander-in-Chief,India. In the latter role he stormed Bharatpur—a fort which previously had been deemed impregnable.
Field Marshal Sir William Maynard Gomm was a British Army officer. After taking part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland,he served in most of the battles of the Napoleonic Wars. During the Hundred Days he took part in both the Battle of Quatre Bras and the Battle of Waterloo. He went on to be Commander of the troops in Jamaica and in that role established new barracks at Newcastle,Jamaica,high in the mountains. After that he became Governor of Mauritius and,finally,Commander-in-Chief,India,in which role he introduced promotion examinations for officers.
Field Marshal Sir William Shearman Rowan,was a British Army officer. He served in the Peninsular War and then the Hundred Days,fighting at the Battle of Waterloo and taking part in an important charge led by Sir John Colborne against the Imperial Guard when he was wounded. He later assisted Colborne in Colborne's new role as Acting Governor General of British North America during the rebellions by the Patriote movement in 1837. Rowan returned to Canada as Commander-in-Chief,North America in which role he made an important conciliatory speech in response to the burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal by an angry mob in April 1849.
Field Marshal Sir John Michel was a British Army officer. He commanded the 6th Regiment of Foot during the Eighth Xhosa War in 1851 and served as Chief of Staff of the British Army's Turkish contingent during the Crimean War in 1854 before transferring to India where he commanded the Malwa Field Force which pursued Tatya Tope in the aftermath of the Indian Mutiny. He then commanded the 1st Division at the Battle of Taku Forts in August 1860 during the Second Opium War and took part in the burning of the Old Summer Palace at Peking in October 1860 as a reprisal for the torture and murder of British prisoners before being appointed Commander of British Troops in China and Hong Kong in 1861. He later commanded the forces in British North America playing a key role in the organization of the militia volunteers in resistance to the Fenian raids invasions in 1866. His last appointment was as Commander-in-Chief of Ireland in 1875.
Field Marshal Sir Frederick Paul Haines was a British Army officer. He fought in the First Anglo-Sikh War,in the Second Anglo-Sikh War and then in the Crimean War:during the latter conflict at the Battle of Inkerman,he held an important barrier on the post road guarding the approach to the 2nd Division camp for six hours. He served in India during the Indian Rebellion before becoming Commanding Officer of the 8th Regiment of Foot in the United Kingdom and then Commander of a Brigade in Ireland. He went on to be General Officer Commanding the Mysore Division of the Madras Army and then Quartermaster-General to the Forces in the United Kingdom. He returned to India to become Commander-in-Chief of the Madras Army in May 1871 and then Commander-in-Chief,India in April 1876:he commanded the forces in India during the Second Anglo-Afghan War and successfully argued for a large force being made available before mobilisation occurred,but once the war started the Governor-General of India,Lord Lytton,was inclined to by-pass Haines and deal direct with commanders in the field,causing friction between the two men.
Field Marshal Sir Edward Blakeney was a British Army officer. After serving as a junior officer with the expedition to Dutch Guiana and being taken prisoner by privateers three times suffering great hardship,he took part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland in 1799. He also joined the expedition to Denmark led by Lord Cathcart in 1807. He went on to command the 2nd Battalion of the 7th Regiment of Foot and then both battalions of that regiment at many of the battles of the Peninsular War. After joining the Duke of Wellington as he marched into Paris in 1815,Blakeney fought in the War of 1812. He then commanded a brigade in the army sent on a mission to Portugal to support the constitutional government against the absolutist forces of Dom Miguel in 1826. His last major appointment was as Commander-in-Chief,Ireland,a post he held for nearly twenty years.
Field Marshal Sir Alexander George Woodford,GCB,KCMG,was a British Army officer. After taking part in the Anglo-Russian invasion of Holland,he served in most of the battles of the Napoleonic Wars. During the Hundred Days he commanded the 2nd battalion of the Coldstream Guards at the Battle of Quatre Bras,the Battle of Waterloo and the storming of Cambrai. He went on to become lieutenant governor and brigade commander at Malta,lieutenant governor and brigade commander at Corfu and then commander of the British garrison on the Ionian Islands before being appointed Governor and Commander-in-Chief of Gibraltar.
General Sir William Houston,1st BaronetKC was a British Army officer and Governor of Gibraltar. Houston joined the army in 1781,and by the start of the French Revolutionary War was a captain. He fought in the Flanders Campaign before being promoted to major in 1794. As a lieutenant-colonel he fought at the Capture of Minorca and at the sieges of Alexandria and Cairo. Promoted to colonel in 1802,Houston fought in the Walcheren Expedition of 1809 before being promoted to major-general.
General John Despard (1745–1829) was an Irish-born soldier who had a long and distinguished career in the British Army and as a colonial administrator. He was the brother of Edward Despard,also a soldier,who was executed in 1803 for his part in the Despard Plot.
General Sir George Townshend Walker,1st Baronet,GCB ComTE was a British Army officer. He joined the army in 1782,but after his first two regiments were quickly disbanded,he joined the 36th Regiment of Foot stationed in India in 1784. He returned to England in 1787 suffering from an illness,and became aide de camp to General Thomas Bruce in Ireland. After being promoted to captain lieutenant,Walker studied German and tactics in Germany until he was promoted to captain in the 60th Regiment of Foot in 1791. When the French Revolutionary War began in 1793,he took a force of volunteers to reinforce the Flanders Campaign,where he fought at the Battle of Tournay. He was appointed Inspector of Foreign Corps while serving on the continent,and as such helped form Roll's Regiment for British service. He took them to England in 1796,and having been promoted to major he went to serve in Portugal in 1797. Here Walker again served as an aide de camp,to at first Major-General Simon Fraser and then the Prince of Waldeck.
Lieutenant-General Francis D'Oyly (c.1750–1803) was a British Army officer.