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Barnacles are a type of arthropod constituting the subclass Cirripedia in the subphylum Crustacea, and are hence related to crabs and lobsters. Barnacles are exclusively marine, and tend to live in shallow and tidal waters, typically in erosive settings. Around 1,000 barnacle species are currently known.
Balanus is a genus of barnacles in the family Balanidae of the subphylum Crustacea.
Thoracica is an infraclass of crustaceans which contains the most familiar species of barnacles found on rocky coasts, such as Semibalanus balanoides and Chthamalus stellatus. They have six well-developed limbs, and may be either stalked or sessile. The carapace is heavily calcified. The group includes free-living and commensal species.
Thecostraca is a class of marine invertebrates containing over 2,200 described species. Many species have planktonic larvae which become sessile or parasitic as adults.
The Balanidae comprise a family of barnacles of the order Balanomorpha. As a result of research published in 2021 by Chan et al., the members of the family Archaeobalanidae were merged with this family.
The Chthamalidae are a family of chthamaloid barnacles, living entirely in intertidal/subtidal habitats, characterized by a primary shell wall of eight, six, or four plates, lacking imbricating plate whorls, and either membraneous or more rarely calcareous basis. They are not found below immediate subtidal habitats, and more likely are found in the highest tier of shallow-water barnacle fauna. They can be found in the most rigorous wave-washed locations, and some species are found in the surf zone above high tide mark, only receiving water from wave action at high tide.
Acorn barnacle and acorn shell are vernacular names for certain types of stalkless barnacles, generally excluding stalked or gooseneck barnacles. As adults they are typically cone-shaped, symmetrical, and attached to rocks or other fixed objects in the ocean. Members of the barnacle order Balanomorpha are often called acorn barnacles.
Sessilia is an unranked clade of barnacles, comprising the barnacles without stalks, or acorn barnacles. They form a monophyletic group and are probably derived from stalked or goose barnacles. Sessilia is divided into two orders. The Verrucomorpha contain two families, Verrucidae and Neoverrucidae, and the remaining 14 families are in the order Balanomorpha.
The Balanomorpha are an order of barnacles, containing familiar acorn barnacles of the seashore. The order contains these families:
In the past, Lernaeodiscidae has been considered a family of barnacles. Research published in 2021 by Chan et al. resulted in the genera of Lernaeodiscidae being merged with that of Peltogastridae, which now contains the members of both families. As an exception, the species Triangulus galatheae was moved to the genus Paratriangulus in the family Triangulidae.
Chelonibia is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Chelonibiidae of the subphylum Crustacea. Its members are epizootic and live attached to manatees, turtles, marine molluscs, crabs and horseshoe crabs in all tropical and subtropical oceans. In a few instances, they have been found on sea snakes, alligators and inanimate substrates, but they are not found in the typical habitats of barnacles – on rocks, docks or boats.
The Catophragmidae are a family of barnacles in the superfamily Chthamaloidea with eight shell wall plates, surrounded by several whorls of imbricating plates. The basis is membranous.
In the past, Platylepadidae has been considered a family of barnacles of the order Sessilia. Research published in 2021 by Chan et al. resulted in the genera of Platylepadidae being merged with that of Balanidae, except Stephanolepas which was moved to Chelonibiidae. In the same work, Sessilia was not retained as an order of barnacles.
In the past, Koleolepadidae has been considered a family of barnacles with a single genus, Koleolepas. Research published in 2021 by Chan et al. resulted in Koleolepas being moved to the family Heteralepadidae. The family Koleolepadidae is not longer active.
In the past, Microlepadidae has been considered a family of barnacles. Research published in 2021 by Chan et al. resulted in the genera of Microlepadidae being merged with that of Poecilasmatidae, which now contains the members of both families.
Eolepadomorpha is an extinct order of barnacles in the class Thecostraca. There are 2 families and about 14 described species in Eolepadomorpha.
Perforatus is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Balanidae. There is one described species in Perforatus, P. perforatus.
Notomegabalanus is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Balanidae. There are about 12 described species in Notomegabalanus.
Notobalanus is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Balanidae. There are at least two described species in Notobalanus.
Chirona is a genus of acorn barnacles in the family Balanidae. There are about six described species in Chirona.
References
- ↑ Chan, Benny K. K.; Dreyer, Niklas; Gale, Andy S.; Glenner, Henrik; et al. (2021). "The evolutionary diversity of barnacles, with an updated classification of fossil and living forms". Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society. 193 (3): 789–846. doi: 10.1093/zoolinnean/zlaa160 . hdl: 11250/2990967 .
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