Artois

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Government of Artois
Gouvernment d'Artois
1764–1790
Flag of Artois.svg
Flag
Artois in France (1789).svg
Location of Artois in France (1789 borders)
Capital Arras
Demonym Artesians (French: Artésiens)
Government
  Type Province
King of France  
 1764–1774
Louis XV
 1774–1790
Louis XVI
Governor of Artois 
 1764–1787
François Gaston de Lévis
 1788–1789
Adrien-Louis de Bonnières
Historical era Early Modern
 County created
1764
 Disestablished
1790
Preceded by
Succeeded by
Arms of Flanders.svg French Flanders
Pas-de-Calais Blason departement fr Pas-de-Calais.svg
Today part of France

Artois ( /ɑːrˈtwɑː/ ar-TWAH, French: [aʁtwɑ] ; Dutch : Artesië; Picard: Artoé; English adjective: Artesian) is a region of northern France. Its territory covers an area of about 4,000 km2 and it has a population of about one million. Its principal cities include Arras (Dutch: Atrecht), Saint-Omer, Lens, and Béthune. It is the eponym for the term Artesian.

Contents

Location

Artois occupies the interior of the Pas-de-Calais département, [1] the western part of which constitutes the former Boulonnais. Artois roughly corresponds to the arrondissements of Arras, Béthune, Saint Omer, and Lens, and the eastern part of the arrondissement of Montreuil. It occupies the western end of the coalfield which stretches eastward through the neighbouring Nord département and across central Belgium.

History

Location of the County of Artois in the 15th century VlaanderenArtesie1477.png
Location of the County of Artois in the 15th century

Originally a feudal county itself, Artois was annexed by the county of Flanders. It came to France in 1180 as a dowry of a Flemish princess, Isabelle of Hainaut, and was again made a separate county in 1237 for Robert, a grandson of Isabelle. Through inheritance, Artois came under the rule of the dukes of Burgundy in 1384. At the death of the fourth duke, Charles the Bold, Artois was inherited by the Habsburgs and passed to the dynasty's Spanish line. After the religious revolts of 1566 in the Netherlands, Artois briefly entered the Dutch Revolt in 1576, participating in the Pacification of Ghent until it formed the Union of Atrecht in 1579.

After the Union of Atrecht, Artois and Hainaut (Dutch: Henegouwen) reached a separate agreement with Philip II. Artois remained with the Spanish Netherlands until it was conquered by France during the Franco-Spanish War. The annexation was acknowledged during the Treaty of the Pyrenees in 1659, and it became a French province. Artois had already been largely French-speaking, but it was part of the Southern Netherlands until the French annexation.

Artois experienced rapid industrial development during the second half of the 19th century, fueled by its rich coal resources. During World War I, the front line between the opposing Central Powers and Allied armies in France ran through the province, resulting in enormous physical damage. Since the second half of the 20th century, Artois has suffered along with nearby areas because of the decline of the coal industry.

Notable residents

See also

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References

  1. "Artois" in The New Encyclopædia Britannica . Chicago: Encyclopædia Britannica Inc., 15th ed., 1992, Vol. 1, p. 607.
  2. Who Was Who in America, Historical Volume, 1607–1896. Chicago: Marquis Who's Who. 1963.

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