Āzādeh (Persian : آزاده; lit. 'free') is a Roman slave-girl harpist in Shahnameh and other works in Persian literature. When Bahram-e Gur (Bahram V) was in al-Hirah, Azadeh became his favorite companion. She always accompanies Bahram in hunting.
The tale of Azadeh begins when she is invited by the king to a hunting trip. During the hunt, four gazelle turned up. [1] When the king asked her, which gazelle to shoot, she challenged the king to make a female gazelle into a male, a male into a female and to pin the leg of one to its ear. [2] There are sources that cite the impossibility of the tasks as a ploy to prevent the king from slaying the animals. [3] Bahram completed all her requests. He severed the horns of the male gazelle with his two-headed arrow so that the animal resembled a female. [2] Then, double-headed arrow hit the female gazelle on its forehead so that it resembled horns. Instead of praising the king, Azadeh stated that the king was assisted by demons. [2] Bahram got angry and used his horse to trample Azadeh to death.
In the tale of Ferdowsi, Bahram's name meant "free" or "noble". [4] Azadeh and Bahram were also mentioned in other works such as Nezami Ganjavi's Bahramnameh (also known as Haft Paykar) and Tha'alibi's Ḡorar. In Ganjavi's work, Azadeh was renamed Fetneh, which means "revolt". [4] Azadeh appears as Dilaram (heart's ease) in Hasht-Behest by Amir Khusrau. [5] [6]
Bahram and Azadeh hunting was a popular subject in Persian miniature, [7] and other media, such as mina'i ware paintings. The moment usually shown is when Azadeh challenges the king to pin a gazelle's foot to its shoulder with an arrow (when raising the foot to scratch itself).
Bahram V, also known as Bahram Gur, was the Sasanian King of Kings (shahanshah) from 420 to 438.
Nizami Ganjavi, Nizami Ganje'i, Nizami, or Nezāmi, whose formal name was Jamal ad-Dīn Abū Muḥammad Ilyās ibn-Yūsuf ibn-Zakkī, was a 12th-century Muslim poet. Nizami is considered the greatest romantic epic poet in Persian literature, who brought a colloquial and realistic style to the Persian epic. His heritage is widely appreciated in Afghanistan, Republic of Azerbaijan, Iran, the Kurdistan region and Tajikistan.
Abu'l Hasan Yamīn ud-Dīn Khusrau, better known as Amīr Khusrau, sometimes spelled as, Amir Khusrow or Amir Khusro, was an Indo-Persian Sufi singer, musician, poet and scholar, who lived during the period of the Delhi Sultanate.
Khosrow may refer to:
Raziyyat-Ud-Dunya Wa Ud-Din, popularly known as Razia Sultana, was a ruler of the Delhi Sultanate in the northern part of the Indian subcontinent. She was the first female Muslim ruler of the subcontinent, and the only female Muslim ruler of Delhi.
Hasht Bihisht is a collection of speeches authored by Amir Khusraw around 1302. The poem is based on the Haft Paykar by Nizami, written around 1197, which in turn takes its outline from the earlier epic Shahnameh written by Firdausi around 1010. Like Nizami's Haft Paykar, Khusraw's Hasht Bihisht uses a legend about Bahram V Gur as its frame story and, in the style of One Thousand and One Nights, introduces folktales told by seven princesses. Most famously, Khusraw appears to be the first writer to have added The Three Princes of Serendip as characters and the story of the alleged camel theft and recovery.
The mountain gazelle, also called the true gazelle or the Palestine mountain gazelle, is a species of gazelle that is widely but unevenly distributed.
Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq, or Ghazi Malik was the Sultan of Delhi from 1320 to 1325. He was the first sultan of the Tughluq dynasty of the Delhi Sultanate. During his reign, Ghiyath al-Din Tughluq founded the city of Tughluqabad. His reign ending upon his death in 1325 when a pavilion built in his honour collapsed. The 14th century historian Ibn Battuta claimed that the death of the sultan was the result of a conspiracy against him.
Khosrow and Shirin is the title of a famous tragic romance by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209), who also wrote Layla and Majnun. It tells a highly elaborated fictional version of the story of the love of the Sasanian king Khosrow II for the Christian Shirin, who becomes queen of Persia. The essential narrative is a love story of Persian origin which was already well known from the great epico-historical poem the Shahnameh and other Persian writers and popular tales, and other works have the same title.
The Three Princes of Serendip is the English version of the story Peregrinaggio di tre giovani figliuoli del re di Serendippo, published by Michele Tramezzino in Venice in 1557. Tramezzino claimed to have heard the story from one Cristoforo Armeno, who had translated the Persian fairy tale into Italian, adapting Book One of Amir Khusrau's Hasht-Bihisht of 1302. The story first came to English via a French translation, and now exists in several out-of-print translations. Serendip is the Classical Persian name for Sri Lanka (Ceylon).
The dibatag, or Clarke's gazelle, is a medium-sized slender antelope native to Ethiopia and Somalia. Though not a true gazelle, it is similarly marked, with long legs and neck. It is often confused with the gerenuk due to their striking resemblance. The typical head-and-body length is about 103 to 117 cm. They stand up to about 80 to 90 cm. Male dibatag weigh between 20 and 35 kg, whereas females range from 22 and 29 kg. The length of the curved horns, present only on males, is typically between 10 and 25 cm. The upper parts are gray to fawn, while the dorsal and lateral areas are cinnamon to rufous. The underparts, rump and the insides of the legs are all white. While markings are visible on the face, there are none on the flanks or the buttocks.
The Mongalla gazelle is a species of gazelle found in the floodplain and savanna of South Sudan. It was first described by British zoologist Walter Rothschild in 1903. The taxonomic status of the Mongalla gazelle is widely disputed. While some authorities consider it a full-fledged monotypic species in the genus Eudorcas, it is often considered a subspecies of Thomson's gazelle, while other authorities regard it as subspecies of the red-fronted gazelle.
The illuminated manuscript Khamsa of Nizami British Library, Or. 12208 is a lavishly illustrated manuscript of the Khamsa or "five poems" of Nizami Ganjavi, a 12th-century Persian poet, which was created for the Mughal Emperor Akbar in the early 1590s by a number of artists and a single scribe working at the Mughal court, very probably in Akbar's new capital of Lahore in North India, now in Pakistan. Apart from the fine calligraphy of the Persian text, the manuscript is celebrated for over forty Mughal miniatures of the highest quality throughout the text; five of these are detached from the main manuscript and are in the Walters Art Museum, Baltimore as Walters Art Museum MS W.613. The manuscript has been described as "one of the finest examples of the Indo-Muslim arts of the book", and "one of the most perfect of the de luxe type of manuscripts made for Akbar".
Layla and Majnun is an old story of Arab origin, about the 7th-century Arabic poet Qays ibn al-Mulawwah and his lover Layla bint Mahdi.
Muhammad Zaman ibn Haji Yusuf Qumi, known as Mohammad Zaman, was a famous Safavid calligrapher and painter.
Haft Peykar also known as Bahramnameh is a romantic epic by Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi written in 1197. This poem forms one part of his Khamsa.
Makhzan ol-Asrar or Makhzan al-Asrar is the title of a famous Mathnawi by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi (1141–1209). Makhzan ol-Asrar is the first poem collection in the main and best known work of Nizami Ganjavi called Khamsa of Nizami and one of the prominent examples of didactic literature. This Mathnawi has about 2,250 Persian distichs and it was completed at the age of forty of Nizami Ganjavi and since then it has always been considered one of the most important poetic and written works in Persian literature.
The Iskandarnameh is a poetic production in the Alexander Romance tradition authored by the Persian poet Nizami Ganjavi that describes Alexander the Great as an idealized hero, sage, and king. More uniquely, he is also a seeker of knowledge who debates with great philosophers Greek and Indian philosophers, one of them being Plato.
The Ayina-i Iskandarī is a Persian legend of the life and exploits of Alexander the Great composed by the poet Amir Khusrau, completed in 1299/1300 during the reign of Muhammad II of Khwarazm. It is presented in the form of 35 discourses, running at 4,416 verses in the 1977 edition of the text produced by Jamâl Mirsaydof. Like his predecessor Nizami Ganjavi, Amir Khusrau's Alexander legend formed the fourth part of his Khamsa, and it was the first response to Nizami's Iskandarnameh. The text expresses a wish for the peace and stability brought about by Alexander as opposed to the period of instability and political turnover of his own time, and makes frequent reference to the "second Alexander" as a means of addressing his ruler Muhammad II, who assumed that title for himself during his reign.
The Ayina-i Iskandari of Ahli Shirazi is a Persian courtly version of the Alexander Romance literature, completed in 1543.