B.B. King

Last updated

B.B. King
B.B. King (46264650642).jpg
King in 1998
Background information
Birth nameRiley B. King
Born(1925-09-16)September 16, 1925
Berclair, Mississippi, U.S.
DiedMay 14, 2015(2015-05-14) (aged 89)
Las Vegas, Nevada
Genres
Instruments
  • Guitar
  • vocals
Years active1942–2014
Labels
Website bbking.com

Riley B. King (September 16, 1925 – May 14, 2015), known professionally as B.B. King, was an American blues singer-songwriter, guitarist, and record producer. He introduced a sophisticated style of soloing based on fluid string bending, shimmering vibrato and staccato picking that influenced many later blues electric guitar players. [5] [6] AllMusic recognized King as "the single most important electric guitarist of the last half of the 20th century". [6]

Contents

King was inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, and is one of the most influential blues musicians of all time, earning the nickname "The King of the Blues", and is considered one of the "Three Kings of the Blues Guitar" (along with Albert King and Freddie King, none of whom are related). [7] [8] [9] King performed tirelessly throughout his musical career, appearing on average at more than 200 concerts per year into his 70s. [10] In 1956 alone, he appeared at 342 shows. [11]

King was born on a cotton plantation in Itta Bena, Mississippi, and later worked at a cotton gin in Indianola, Mississippi. He was attracted to music and the guitar in church, and began his career in juke joints and local radio. He later lived in Memphis, Tennessee and Chicago, and as his fame grew, toured the world extensively. King died at the age of 89 in Las Vegas, Nevada, on May 14, 2015.

External video
Nuvola apps kaboodle.svg Oral History, B.B. King reflects on his greatest musical influences. interview date August 3, 2005, NAMM (National Association of Music Merchants) Oral History Library

Early life

Riley B. King was born on September 16, 1925, [12] on the Berclair cotton plantation near the town of Itta Bena, Mississippi, [6] [13] the son of sharecroppers Albert and Nora Ella King. [13] He considered the nearby city of Indianola, Mississippi to be his home. [14] When King was four years old, his mother left his father for another man, so he was raised by his maternal grandmother, Elnora Farr, in Kilmichael, Mississippi. [13]

While young, King sang in the gospel choir at Elkhorn Baptist Church in Kilmichael. King was attracted to the Pentecostal Church of God in Christ because of its music. The local minister performed with a Sears Roebuck Silvertone guitar during services, and taught King his first three chords. [15] King's first guitar was bought for him by Mr. Flake Cartledge, his employer in Kilmichael, for 15 dollars. Cartledge withheld money from King's salary for the next two months until the debt was repaid. [16] [13] Another source indicates he was given his first guitar by Bukka White, his mother's first cousin (King's grandmother and White's mother were sisters). [17]

In November 1941, "King Biscuit Time" first aired, broadcasting on KFFA in Helena, Arkansas. It was a radio show featuring the Mississippi Delta blues. King listened to it while on break at a plantation. A self-taught guitarist, he then wanted to become a radio musician. [18]

In 1943, King left Kilmichael to work as a tractor driver and play guitar with the Famous St. John's Gospel Singers of Inverness, Mississippi, performing at area churches and on WGRM in Greenwood, Mississippi. [19] [20]

Poster of B.B. King and Bill Harvey and Orchestra with photo of B.B. King holding his guitar and Evelyn Young playing saxophone Poster of B.B. King and Bill Harvey (saxophonist) and Orchestra, featuring photos of B.B. King holding his guitar and Evelyn Young playing saxaphone. - 8049g557h files 92a57ed3-1d17-4a52-bda9-53dd48145101.jpg
Poster of B.B. King and Bill Harvey and Orchestra with photo of B.B. King holding his guitar and Evelyn Young playing saxophone

In 1946, King followed Bukka White to Memphis, Tennessee. White took him in for the next ten months. [13] However, King returned to Mississippi shortly afterward, where he decided to prepare himself better for the next visit, and returned to West Memphis, Arkansas, two years later in 1948. He performed on Sonny Boy Williamson's radio program on KWEM in West Memphis, where he began to develop an audience. King's appearances led to steady engagements at the Sixteenth Avenue Grill in West Memphis, and later to a ten-minute spot on the Memphis radio station WDIA. [21] The radio spot became so popular that it was expanded and became the Sepia Swing Club. [22]

He worked at WDIA as a singer and disc jockey, where he was given the nickname "Beale Street Blues Boy", later shortened to "Blues Boy", and finally to B.B. [23] [24] [25] It was there that he first met T-Bone Walker. King said, "Once I'd heard him for the first time, I knew I'd have to have [an electric guitar] myself. 'Had' to have one, short of stealing!" [26]

Career

1949–2005

King on stage in Hamburg 1971 B.B. King Hamburg 1971.jpg
King on stage in Hamburg 1971
King playing his favorite guitar, Lucille, in the 1980s BBKingNY.jpg
King playing his favorite guitar, Lucille, in the 1980s

In the late 1940s and early 1950s, King was a part of the blues scene on Beale Street. "Beale Street was where it all started for me," King said. He performed with Bobby Bland, Johnny Ace and Earl Forest in a group known as the Beale Streeters. [27]

According to King and Joe Bihari, Ike Turner introduced King to the Bihari brothers while he was a talent scout at Modern Records. [28] [17] In 1949, King began recording songs under contract with Los Angeles-based RPM Records, a subsidiary of Modern. Many of King's early recordings were produced by Sam Phillips, who later founded Sun Records. Before his RPM contract, King had debuted on Bullet Records by issuing the single, "Miss Martha King" (1949), which did not chart well. "My very first recordings [in 1949] were[sic] for a company out of Nashville called Bullet, the Bullet Record Transcription company," King recalled. "I had horns that very first session. I had Phineas Newborn on piano; his father played drums, and his brother, Calvin, played guitar with me. I had Tuff Green on bass, Ben Branch on tenor sax, his brother, Thomas, on trumpet, and a lady trombone player. The Newborn family were the house band at the famous Plantation Inn in West Memphis." [29]

King assembled his own band; the B.B. King Review, under the leadership of Millard Lee. The band initially consisted of Calvin Owens and Kenneth Sands (trumpet), Lawrence Burdin (alto saxophone), George Coleman (tenor saxophone), [30] Floyd Newman (baritone saxophone), Millard Lee (piano), George Joyner (bass) and Earl Forest and Ted Curry (drums). Onzie Horne was a trained musician enlisted as an arranger to assist King with his compositions. By his own admission, King could not play chords well and always relied on improvisation. [31]

King's recording contract was followed by tours across the United States, with performances in major theatres in cities such as Washington, D.C., Chicago, Los Angeles, Detroit, and St. Louis, as well as numerous gigs in small clubs and juke joints of the southern United States. During one show in Twist, Arkansas, a brawl broke out between two men and caused a fire. He evacuated along with the rest of the crowd but went back to retrieve his guitar. He said he later found out that the two men were fighting over a woman named Lucille. He named the guitar Lucille, as a reminder not to fight over women or run into any more burning buildings. [32]

The story of a guitar named Lucille Twist AR BB king Marker 1.jpg
The story of a guitar named Lucille

Following his first Billboard Rhythm and Blues charted number one, "3 O'Clock Blues" (February 1952), [33] B.B. King became one of the most important names in R&B music in the 1950s, amassing an impressive list of hits [25] including "You Know I Love You", "Woke Up This Morning", "Please Love Me", "When My Heart Beats like a Hammer", "Whole Lotta Love", "You Upset Me Baby", "Every Day I Have the Blues", "Sneakin' Around", "Ten Long Years", "Bad Luck", "Sweet Little Angel", "On My Word of Honor", and "Please Accept My Love". This led to a significant increase in his weekly earnings, from about $85 to $2,500, [34] [35] with appearances at major venues such as the Howard Theater in Washington and the Apollo in New York, as well as touring the "Chitlin' Circuit". 1956 became a record-breaking year, with 342 concerts booked and three recording sessions. [36] That same year he founded his own record label, Blues Boys Kingdom, with headquarters at Beale Street in Memphis. There, among other projects, he was a producer for artists such as Millard Lee and Levi Seabury. [14] In 1962, King signed to ABC-Paramount Records, which was later absorbed into MCA Records (which itself was later absorbed into Geffen Records). In November 1964, King recorded the Live at the Regal album at the Regal Theater. [33] King later said that Regal Live "is considered by some the best recording I've ever had . . . that particular day in Chicago everything came together". [37]

From the late 1960s, new manager Sid Seidenberg pushed King into a different type of venue as blues-rock performers like Eric Clapton (once a member of The Yardbirds, as well as Cream), and Paul Butterfield were popularizing an appreciation of blues music among white audiences. [38] King gained further visibility among rock audiences as an opening act on the Rolling Stones' 1969 American Tour. [39] He won a 1970 Grammy Award for his version of the song "The Thrill Is Gone;" [40] which was a hit on both the Pop and R&B charts. It also gained the number 183 spot in Rolling Stone magazine's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time . [41]

King was inducted into the Blues Hall of Fame in 1980, the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1987, and the National Rhythm & Blues Hall of Fame in 2014. [10] [42] In 2004, he was awarded the international Polar Music Prize, given to artists "in recognition of exceptional achievements in the creation and advancement of music." [43]

From the 1980s to his death in 2015, he maintained a highly visible and active career, appearing on numerous television shows and sometimes performing 300 nights a year. In 1988, King reached a new generation of fans with the single "When Love Comes to Town," a collaborative effort between King and the Irish band U2 on their Rattle and Hum album. [33] In December 1997, he performed in the Vatican's fifth annual Christmas concert and presented his trademark guitar "Lucille" to Pope John Paul II. [44] [45] In 1998, he appeared in The Blues Brothers 2000 , playing the part of the lead singer of the Louisiana Gator Boys, along with Eric Clapton, Dr. John, Koko Taylor and Bo Diddley. In 2000, he and Clapton teamed up again to record Riding With the King , which won a Grammy Award for Best Traditional Blues Album. [46]

Discussing where he took the Blues, from "dirt floor, smoke in the air" joints to grand concert halls, King said the Blues belonged everywhere beautiful music belonged. He successfully worked both sides of the commercial divide, with sophisticated recordings and "raw, raucous" live performance. [37]

2006–2014: Farewell tour and later activities

In 2006, King went on a "farewell" world tour, although he remained active afterward. [47] The tour was partly supported by Northern Irish guitarist, Gary Moore, with whom King had previously toured and recorded. It started in the United Kingdom, and continued with performances at the Montreux Jazz Festival and in Zürich at the Blues at Sunset. During his show in Montreux at the Stravinski Hall, he jammed with Joe Sample, Randy Crawford, David Sanborn, Gladys Knight, Leela James, Andre Beeka, Earl Thomas, Stanley Clarke, John McLaughlin, Barbara Hendricks and George Duke. [48]

King at Roy Thomson Hall, Toronto, in May 2007 BB King onstage (Toronto, 2007).jpg
King at Roy Thomson Hall, Toronto, in May 2007

In June 2006, King was present at a memorial of his first radio broadcast at the Three Deuces Building in Greenwood, Mississippi, where an official marker of the Mississippi Blues Trail was erected. The same month, a groundbreaking was held for a new museum, dedicated to King, [49] in Indianola, Mississippi. [50] The B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center opened on September 13, 2008. [51]

In late October 2006, King recorded a concert album and video entitled B.B. King: Live at his B.B. King Blues Clubs in Nashville and Memphis. The video of the four-night production featured his regular B.B. King Blues Band and captured his show as he performed it nightly around the world. Released in 2008, they documented his first live performances in over a decade. [52]

In 2007, King played at Eric Clapton's second Crossroads Guitar Festival [53] and contributed the songs "Goin' Home", to Goin' Home: A Tribute to Fats Domino (with Ivan Neville's DumpstaPhunk) [54] and "One Shoe Blues" to Sandra Boynton's children's album Blue Moo, accompanied by a pair of sock puppets in a music video for the song. [55]

In the summer of 2008, King played at the Bonnaroo Music and Arts Festival in Manchester, Tennessee, where he was given a key to the city. [56] Also in 2008, he was inducted into the Hollywood Bowl Hall of Fame. [57]

President Obama and King singing "Sweet Home Chicago" on February 21, 2012 Barack Obama singing in the East Room.jpg
President Obama and King singing "Sweet Home Chicago" on February 21, 2012

King performed at the Mawazine festival in Rabat, Morocco, on May 27, 2010. [58] In June 2010, King performed at the Crossroads Guitar Festival with Robert Cray, Jimmie Vaughan, and Eric Clapton. [59] He also contributed to Cyndi Lauper's album Memphis Blues , which was released on June 22, 2010. [60]

In 2011, King played at the Glastonbury Music Festival, [61] and in the Royal Albert Hall in London, where he recorded a concert video. [62]

Rolling Stone ranked King at No. 6 on its 2011 list of the 100 greatest guitarists of all time. [63]

On February 21, 2012, King was among the performers of "In Performance at the White House: Red, White and Blues," during which President Barack Obama sang part of "Sweet Home Chicago". [64] King recorded for the debut album of rapper and producer Big K.R.I.T., who also hails from Mississippi. [65] On July 5, 2012, King performed a concert at the Byblos International Festival in Lebanon. [66]

On May 26, 2013, King appeared at the New Orleans Jazz Festival. [67]

On October 3, 2014, after completing his live performance at the House of Blues in Chicago, a doctor diagnosed King with dehydration and exhaustion, and the eight remaining shows of his ongoing tour had to be cancelled. King did not reschedule the shows, and the House of Blues show would prove to be the last before his death in 2015. [68] [69]

Equipment

When I sing, I play in my mind; the minute I stop singing orally, I start to sing by playing Lucille. [70]

B.B. King used equipment characteristic of the different periods he played in. He played guitars made by various manufacturers early in his career. He played a Fender Esquire on most of his recordings with RPM Records. [71] However, he was best known for playing variants of the Gibson ES-355.

In the September edition 1995 of Vintage Guitar magazine, early photos show him playing a Gibson ES-5 through a Fender tweed amp. In reference to the photo, B.B. King stated, "Yes; the old Fender amplifiers were the best that were ever made, in my opinion. They had a good sound and they were durable; guys would throw them in the truck and they’d hold up. They had tubes, and they’d get real hot, but they just had a sound that is hard to put into words. The Fender Twin was great, but I have an old Lab Series amp that isn’t being made anymore. I fell in love with it, because its sound is right between the old Fender amps that we used to have and the Fender Twin. It’s what I’m using tonight." [72]

He later moved on from the larger Gibson hollow-bodied instruments which were prone to feedback when played at high volumes to various semi-hollow models beginning first with the ES-335 and then a deluxe version called the ES-355 which employed a stereo option. [72] In 1980, Gibson Guitar Corporation launched the B.B. King Lucille model, a ES-355 with stereo options, a varitone selector and fine tuners (neither of which were actually utilized by B.B.) and, at King's direct request, no f-holes to further reduce feedback. In 2005, Gibson made a special run of 80 Gibson Lucilles, referred to as the "80th Birthday Lucille", the first prototype of which was given as a birthday gift to King, and which he used thereafter. [73]

King used a Lab Series L5 2×12" combo amplifier and used this amplifier for a long time. It was made by Norlin Industries for Gibson in the 1970s and 1980s. Other popular L5 users are Allan Holdsworth and Ty Tabor of King's X. The L5 has an onboard compressor, parametric equalization, and four inputs. King also used a Fender Twin Reverb. [74]

He used his signature model strings "Gibson SEG-BBS B.B. King Signature Electric Guitar Strings" with gauges: 10–13–17p–32w–45w–54w and D'Andrea 351 MD SHL CX (medium 0.71mm, tortoiseshell, celluloid) picks. [74]

B.B. King's Blues Club

Sign outside B.B. King's Blues Club on Beale Street, Memphis BBKINGSignBealeStreet.JPG
Sign outside B.B. King's Blues Club on Beale Street, Memphis

In 1991, Beale Street developer John Elkington recruited B.B. King to Memphis to open the original B.B. King's Blues Club, and in 1994, a second club was launched at Universal Citywalk in Los Angeles. A third club in New York City's Times Square opened in June 2000 but closed on April 29, 2018. Management is currently in the process of finding a new location in New York City. [75] Two more clubs opened, at Foxwoods Casino in Connecticut in January 2002, [76] and in Nashville in 2003. [77] Another club opened in Orlando in 2007. [78] A club in West Palm Beach opened in the fall of 2009 [79] and an additional one, based in the Mirage Hotel, Las Vegas, opened in the winter of 2009. [80] Another opened in the New Orleans French Quarter in 2016. [81]

Television and other appearances

King made guest appearances in numerous popular television shows, including The Cosby Show , The Tonight Show Starring Johnny Carson , The Young and the Restless , General Hospital , The Fresh Prince of Bel-Air , Sesame Street , [82] Married... with Children , Sanford and Son , and Touched by an Angel .

In 2000, the children's show Between the Lions featured a singing character named "B.B. the King of Beasts", modeled on the real King. [83]

B.B. King: The Life of Riley, a feature documentary about King narrated by Morgan Freeman and directed by Jon Brewer, was released on October 15, 2012. [84]

King's performance at the 1969 Harlem Cultural Festival appears in the 2021 music documentary, Summer of Soul .

Commercials

King, who was diabetic, appeared in several television commercials for OneTouch Ultra, a blood glucose monitoring device, in the 2000s and early 2010s. [85] He appeared in 1995 in a McDonald's commercial with Australian guitarist Nathan Cavaleri, and then in a commercial for the Toyota Camry with his guitar Lucille. [86]

Personal life

Early publicity photo of B.B. King Publicity photo of B.B. King. - j9602118s files 7f3e5875-55ee-4389-8eb0-53e6b59f1df3 (cropped).jpg
Early publicity photo of B.B. King

King was married twice, to Martha Lee Denton, November 1946 to 1952, and to Sue Carol Hall, 1958 to 1966. The failure of both marriages has been attributed to the heavy demands made by King's 250 performances a year. [13] [87] It is reported that he fathered 15 children with several different women. [13] [12] After his death, three more have come forward, claiming King as their father as well. [88] Though neither of his marriages produced children, and biographer Charles Sawyer wrote that doctors found his sperm count too low to conceive children, [89] King never disputed paternity of any of the 15 who claimed it, and by all accounts was generous in bankrolling college tuitions and establishing trust funds. [88] In May 2016, the 11 surviving children initiated legal proceedings against King's appointed trustee over his estimated $30 million to $40 million estate. Several of them also went public with the allegation that King's business manager, LaVerne Toney, and his personal assistant, Myron Johnson, had fatally poisoned him. Autopsy results showed no evidence of poisoning. A defamation suit filed by Johnson against the accusing family members (including his own sister, Karen Williams) is pending. Other children have filed lawsuits targeting King's music estate, which remains in dispute. [88]

King was diagnosed with type 2 diabetes in 1990. [90] He lived with diabetes for over 20 years, and was a high-profile spokesman in the fight against the disease. [48] [91]

King was an FAA certified private pilot and learned to fly in 1963 at what was then Chicago Hammond Airport in Lansing, Illinois. [92] [93] He frequently flew to gigs but in 1995 his insurance company and manager asked him to fly only with another certified pilot. As a result, he stopped flying around the age of 70. [94]

King's favorite singer was Frank Sinatra. In his autobiography he spoke about how he was a "Sinatra nut" and how he went to bed every night listening to Sinatra's classic album In the Wee Small Hours . During the 1960s Sinatra had arranged for King to play at the main clubs in Las Vegas. He credited Sinatra for opening doors to black entertainers who were not given the chance to play in "white-dominated" venues. [95]

Philanthropy and notable campaigns

In September 1970, King recorded Live in Cook County Jail, during a time in which issues of race [96] and class in the prison system were prominent in politics. King also co-founded the Foundation for the Advancement of Inmate Rehabilitation and Recreation, tying in his support for prisoners and interest in prison reform. [96] In addition to prison reform, King also wanted to utilize prison performances as a way to preserve music and songs in a similar way that Alan Lomax did. [97]

In 2002, King signed on as an official supporter of Little Kids Rock, a nonprofit organization that provides free musical instruments and instruction to children in underprivileged public schools throughout the United States. He sat on the organization's Honorary Board of Directors. [98]

In the 2000s to early 2010s, King [90] was also involved in a diabetes awareness campaign with American Idol contestant, Crystal Bowersox, with One Touch Ultra, starring in commercials promoting diabetes health management. [99] [100]

Death and funeral

The last eight shows of his 2014 tour were cancelled because of health problems caused by complications from high blood pressure and diabetes. [69] [101] [102] King died in his sleep on May 14, 2015, at the age of 89, [18] from vascular dementia caused by a series of small strokes as a consequence of his type 2 diabetes. [103] Two of his daughters alleged that King was deliberately poisoned by two associates trying to induce diabetic shock, [104] however an autopsy showed no evidence of poisoning. [101] [105]

On May 27, 2015, King's body was flown to Memphis. A funeral procession went down Beale Street, with a brass band marching in front of the hearse, playing "When the Saints Go Marching In." Thousands lined the streets to pay their last respects. His body was then driven down Route 61 to his hometown of Indianola, Mississippi. [106] He was laid in repose at the B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center, in Indianola, for people to view his open casket. [107] [108] The funeral took place at the Bell Grove Missionary Baptist Church in Indianola, on May 30. [109] [110] [111] He was buried at the B.B. King Museum. [108]

Discography

Studio albums

Accolades

Awards and nominations

Years reflect the year in which the Grammy was awarded, for music released in the previous year.

Grammy Awards
YearCategoryWorkResult
1970 Best Male R&B Vocal Performance "The Thrill Is Gone"Won
1981 Best R&B Instrumental Performance "When I'm Wrong"Nominated
1982 Best Ethnic or Traditional Recording "There Must Be a Better World Somewhere"Won
1983 Best R&B Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals "Street Life"Nominated
1984 Best Traditional Blues Recording Blues 'n JazzWon
1986My Guitar Sings the BluesWon
1991 Live at San Quentin Won
1991 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals "Waiting on the Light to Change"Nominated
1992 Best Traditional Blues Album Live at the Apollo Won
1994 Blues Summit Won
1995 Best Country Collaboration with Vocals "Patches"Nominated
1997 Best Rock Instrumental Performance "SRV Shuffle"Won
1999 Best Contemporary Blues Album Deuces Wild Nominated
2000 Best Traditional Blues Album Blues on the Bayou Won
2001 Best Traditional Blues Album Riding with the King Won
2001 Best Pop Collaboration with Vocals "Is You Is or Is You Ain't (My Baby)"Won
2003 Best Traditional Blues Album A Christmas Celebration of HopeWon
2003 Best Pop Instrumental Performance "Auld Lang Syne"Won
2005 Best Traditional R&B Performance "Sinner's Prayer" (with Ray Charles)Nominated
2006 Best Traditional Blues Album B. B. King & Friends: 80 Won
2009 Best Traditional Blues Album One Kind Favor Won

Other awards

YearAssociationCategoryWorkResult
1995 Country Music Association Album of the Year Rhythm, Country and Blues ("Patches" with George Jones)Nominated
2002 NAACP Image Awards Outstanding Performance in a Youth/Children's Series or Special Sesame Street Nominated
B.B. King receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush, December 2006 B.B. King Presidential Medal of Freedom.jpg
B.B. King receiving the Presidential Medal of Freedom from George W. Bush, December 2006

Other honors

Commemorative guitar pick honoring "B.B. King Day" in Portland, Maine BB King pick.jpg
Commemorative guitar pick honoring "B.B. King Day" in Portland, Maine

See also

Related Research Articles

John Lee Hooker American blues singer-songwriter and guitarist

John Lee Hooker was an American blues singer, songwriter, and guitarist. The son of a sharecropper, he rose to prominence performing an electric guitar-style adaptation of Delta blues. Hooker often incorporated other elements, including talking blues and early North Mississippi Hill country blues. He developed his own driving-rhythm boogie style, distinct from the 1930s–1940s piano-derived boogie-woogie. Hooker was ranked 35 in Rolling Stone's 2015 list of 100 greatest guitarists.

W. C. Handy American blues composer and musician

William Christopher Handy was an American composer and musician who referred to himself as the Father of the Blues. Handy was one of the most influential songwriters in the United States. One of many musicians who played the distinctively American blues music, Handy did not create the blues genre but was the first to publish music in the blues form, thereby taking the blues from a regional music style with a limited audience to a new level of popularity.

Bobby Bland American blues and soul musician

Robert Calvin Bland, known professionally as Bobby "Blue" Bland, was an American blues singer.

Memphis blues Style of blues music

The Memphis blues is a style of blues music created from the 1910s to the 1930s by musicians in the Memphis area, such as Frank Stokes, Sleepy John Estes, Furry Lewis and Memphis Minnie. The style was popular in vaudeville and medicine shows and was associated with Beale Street, the main entertainment area in Memphis, W. C. Handy, the "Father of the Blues", published the song "The Memphis Blues". In lyrics, the phrase has been used to describe a depressed mood.

Memphis Slim American blues pianist, singer, and composer

Memphis Slim was an American blues pianist, singer, and composer. He led a series of bands that, reflecting the popular appeal of jump blues, included saxophones, bass, drums, and piano. A song he first cut in 1947, "Every Day I Have the Blues", has become a blues standard, recorded by many other artists. He made over 500 recordings.

Arnold Dwight "Gatemouth" Moore was an American blues and gospel singer, songwriter, radio disc jockey, community leader and pastor, later known as Reverend Gatemouth Moore. During his career as a recording artist, Moore worked with Bennie Moten, Tommy Douglas and Walter Barnes, and his songs were recorded by B.B. King and Rufus Thomas. He was noted for his mellow singing voice, much in the style of Billy Eckstine.

Beale Street street in Memphis, Tennessee, United States

Beale Street is a street in Downtown Memphis, Tennessee, which runs from the Mississippi River to East Street, a distance of approximately 1.8 miles (2.9 km). It is a significant location in the city's history, as well as in the history of blues music. Today, the blues clubs and restaurants that line Beale Street are major tourist attractions in Memphis. Festivals and outdoor concerts frequently bring large crowds to the street and its surrounding areas.

Booker T. Washington "Bukka" White was an American Delta blues guitarist and singer. Bukka is a phonetic spelling of White's first name; he was named after the African-American educator and civil rights activist Booker T. Washington.

Bobby Rush (musician) Musical artist

Bobby Rush is an American blues musician, composer, and singer. His style incorporates elements of blues, rap, and funk.

Albert King American blues guitarist, singer and songwriter

Albert Nelson, known by his stage name Albert King, was an American blues guitarist and singer whose playing influenced many other blues guitarists. He is perhaps best known for the popular and influential album Born Under a Bad Sign (1967) and its title track. He, B.B. King, and Freddie King, all unrelated, were known as the "Kings of the Blues." The left-handed King was known for his "deep, dramatic sound that was widely imitated by both blues and rock guitarists."

Frank Stokes (musician) Musical artist

Frank Stokes was an American blues musician, songster, and blackface minstrel, who is considered by many musicologists to be the father of the Memphis blues guitar style.

Sweet Home Chicago Blues standard first recorded by Robert Johnson

"Sweet Home Chicago" is a blues standard first recorded by Robert Johnson in 1936. Although he is often credited as the songwriter, several songs have been identified as precedents. The song has become a popular anthem for the city of Chicago despite ambiguity in Johnson's original lyrics. Numerous artists have interpreted the song in a variety of styles.

Lucille (guitar) Name given to B.B. Kings guitars

Lucille is the name American blues musician B.B. King (1925–2015) gave to his guitars. They were usually black Gibson guitars similar to the ES-335 or ES-355, and Gibson introduced a B.B. King custom model in 1980, based upon the latter.

James Govan was an American blues soul singer. His most recent album, I'm in Need, was released in 1996. He had also performed alongside such artists as The Boogie Blues Band and Charlie Wood. Govan had become one of the favorite musicians on Beale Street, known for his cavernous baritone voice. He routinely performed for over two decades at the Rum Boogie Café.

<i>Indianola Mississippi Seeds</i> 1970 studio album by B. B. King

Indianola Mississippi Seeds is B. B. King's eighteenth studio album. It was released in October 1970 on ABC Records on LP and May 1989 on MCA Records on CD. On this album B. B. King mixed elements of blues and rock music. Producer Bill Szymczyk decided to follow up on the success of the hit "The Thrill Is Gone" by matching King with a musical all-star cast. The result was one of King's most critically acclaimed albums and one of the most highly regarded blues crossover albums of all time.

Worried Life Blues Blues standard

"Worried Life Blues" is a blues standard and one of the most recorded blues songs of all time. Originally recorded by Big Maceo Merriweather in 1941, "Worried Life Blues" was an early blues hit and Maceo's most recognized song. An earlier song inspired it and several artists have had record chart successes with their interpretations of the song.

Black Angel Blues Blues standard first recorded by Lucille Bogan

"Black Angel Blues", also known as "Sweet Black Angel" or "Sweet Little Angel", is a blues standard that has been recorded by numerous blues and other artists. The song was first recorded in 1930 by Lucille Bogan, one of the classic female blues singers. Bogan recorded it as a mid-tempo, twelve-bar blues, featuring her vocal with piano accompaniment.

Every Day I Have the Blues Blues standard

"Every Day I Have the Blues" is a blues song that has been performed in a variety of styles. An early version of the song is attributed to Pinetop Sparks and his brother Milton. It was first performed in the taverns of St. Louis by the Sparks brothers and was recorded July 28, 1935 by Pinetop with Henry Townsend on guitar. The song is a twelve-bar blues that features Pinetop's piano and falsetto vocal. The opening verse includes the line "Every day, every day I have the blues".

B.B. King Museum Museum celebrating the cultural heritage of the Mississippi Delta

The B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center is a Delta blues museum with the mission to "empower, unite and heal through music, art and education and share with the world the rich cultural heritage of the Mississippi Delta." The museum, named for blues legend B.B. King, is located in his hometown of Indianola, Mississippi, in the United States.

Nathaniel Dowd Williams, known as Nat D. Williams or simply Nat D., was an American high school teacher, disc jockey on Black Appeal radio, journalist and editor. He was born on Beale Street in Memphis, Tennessee. Known for his ‘’jive’’ patter on the air, Williams had 10% of African-Americans in the U.S. listening to his program and heralded the changing radio style which helped to create "Black appeal radio", which it turn led to the urban contemporary listening format of Black radio in the 1960s and '70s.

References

  1. ↑ Scapelliti, Christopher (May 15, 2015). "B.B. King Defined the Electric Blues on His Own Terms". Guitar World. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  2. 1 2 Roberts, Rabdall (May 15, 2015). "Appreciation: B.B. King built a bridge to the blues for the world". Los Angeles Times. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  3. ↑ Neal, Mark Anthony (May 16, 2015). "B.B. King And The Majesty Of The Blues". NPR. Retrieved November 17, 2019.
  4. ↑ "Gospel and the Blues". msbluestrail.org.
  5. ↑ Komara, Edward M. Encyclopedia of the Blues, Routledge, 2006, p. 385.
  6. 1 2 3 Dahl, Bill. "B.B. King". AllMusic.com . Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  7. ↑ Trovato, Steve. "Three Kings of Blues". Hal Leonard . Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  8. ↑ Leonard, Michael. "3 Kings of the Blues". Gibson . Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  9. ↑ "Happy Birthday to "The Velvet Bulldozer" Albert King". WCBS FM . CBS. April 25, 2011. Retrieved March 12, 2013.
  10. 1 2 "B.B. King Biography". Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  11. ↑ "Blues Guitarist B.B. King Dies at 89". Los Angeles Times. May 14, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  12. 1 2 Herzhaft, Gérard (1997). "B.B. King". Encyclopedia of the Blues. Translated by Brigitte Debord (2nd ed.). Fayetteville, Ark.: University of Arkansas Press. pp. 108–110. ISBN   1610751396.
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 Troupe, Quincy (June 4, 1958). "BB King: American Blues Musician, b. 1925". Jazzandbluesmasters.com. Retrieved February 17, 2010. ...was born on a cotton plantation, in Itta Bene [sic], Mississippi, just outside the delta town of Indianola.
  14. 1 2 Sebastian Danchin, Blues Boy: The Life and Music of B.B. King, University Press of Mississippi, 1998, p. 1 ISBN   1-57806-017-6
  15. ↑ Silliman, Daniel (May 15, 2015). "How the church gave B.B. King the blues". The Washington Post. Retrieved July 2, 2015.
  16. ↑ "B.B. King Biography and Interview". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  17. 1 2 Kostelanetz, Richard (2005). Kostelanetz, Richard; Reiswig, Jesse (eds.). The B.B. King Reader: 6 Decades of Commentary (2nd ed.). Milwaukee, WI: Hal Leonard. pp.  4, 7. ISBN   0-634-09927-2.
  18. 1 2 Weiner, Tim (May 15, 2015). "B.B. King, Defining Bluesman for Generations, Dies at 89". The New York Times . Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  19. ↑ "B.B. King: National Visionary". National Visionary Leadership Project. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  20. ↑ "Historical marker placed on Mississippi Blues Trail". Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Associated Press. January 25, 2007. Archived from the original on June 4, 2011. Retrieved June 3, 2011.
  21. ↑ "B.B. King – KWEM 1948". KWEM Radio. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  22. ↑ Encyclopedia of African American Popular Culture. Edited by Jessie Carney Smith. ABC-CLIO, Santa Barbara, California. 2011. ISBN   978-0-313-35796-1, pp. 805–806.
  23. ↑ Note: "B.B." is normally written with periods and without a space between the letters.
  24. ↑ History of Rock & Roll. By Thomas E. Larson. Kendall/Hunt, Dubuque, Iowa. 2004. ISBN   978-0-7872-9969-9, p. 25.
  25. 1 2 B.B. King interviewed on the Pop Chronicles (1969)
  26. ↑ Dance, Helen Oakley; and B.B. King. Stormy Monday, p. 164.
  27. ↑ Wharton, David (September 16, 1994). "King of the Hill : Up at CityWalk, blues and Delta cuisine spice up B.B. King's new Memphis-style club". Los Angeles Times.
  28. ↑ Farley, Charles (2011). Soul of the Man: Bobby "Blue" Bland . University Press of Mississippi. p.  31. ISBN   978-1604739190.
  29. ↑ "Blues Access Interview" . Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  30. ↑ "George Coleman: This Gentleman can PLAY". All About Jazz. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  31. ↑ U2 Rattle and Hum DVD, 1988.
  32. ↑ Kerekes, Jim; O'Neill, Dennis (January 3, 1997). "B.B. King: Lucille Speaks". Archived from the original on November 16, 2011.
  33. 1 2 3 Sawyer, Charles. "The Life of Riley". President and Fellows of Harvard College . Retrieved October 5, 2014.
  34. ↑ Kostelanetz 1997, p. 146.
  35. ↑ Lime, Harry (May 27, 2019). B.B. King : King of the Blues!. Lulu.com. p. 5. ISBN   9780244487645.
  36. ↑ "B.B. King Biography". BBKing.com. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  37. 1 2 Greg Kot (May 16, 2015). "King of the Blues". Chicago Tribune . pp. 1, 5.
  38. ↑ McArdle, Terence (May 15, 2015). "B.B. King, Mississippi-born master of the blues, dies at 89". The Washington Post. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  39. ↑ McShane, Larry (May 15, 2015). "B.B. King Dead at 89: Blues guitarist whose sound defined music for generations passes away in sleep". New York Daily News. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  40. ↑ Rees, Dafydd & Crampton, Luke (1991). Rock Movers & Shakers, ABC-CLIO, p. 287. ISBN   0-87436-661-5
  41. ↑ "Rolling Stone Magazine Lists 500 Greatest Songs of All Time". Sun Records. July 15, 2010. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  42. ↑ Rothman, Michael (May 15, 2015). "Blues Icon B.B. King Dead at Age 89". ABC News. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  43. 1 2 "B.B. King: Laureate of the Polar Music Prize 2004". Polar Music Prize . Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  44. ↑ "B.B. King Gives His Prized Electric Guitar "Lucille" to Pope John Paul II During a Private Audience". ITN Source. December 18, 1997. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  45. ↑ "BB. King's "Lucille" to the Pope After Vatican Concert". MTV News. Retrieved March 6, 2018.
  46. ↑ Ritter, Ken (May 15, 2015). "'King of the Blues' blues legend B.B. King dead at age 89". KUSI News. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  47. ↑ Brown, Mick (May 18, 2009). "BB King Interview: The Last of the Great Bluesmen". The Daily Telegraph. London. Archived from the original on May 19, 2009. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  48. 1 2 "B.B. King Farewells Montreux". The Sydney Morning Herald. July 5, 2006. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  49. ↑ "B.B. King Museum and Delta Interpretive Center". Bbkingmuseum.org. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  50. ↑ John F. Ross "B.B. Gets His Own Museum," American Heritage, Winter 2009.
  51. ↑ Melzer, Ashley (September 11, 2008). "B.B. King Museum to open this Saturday". Paste Magazine. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  52. ↑ "B.B. King Live In Your Own Home". IGN. January 15, 2008. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  53. ↑ "28 July 2007 – Crossroads Guitar Festival". Where's Eric!. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  54. ↑ Chinen, Nate (September 22, 2007). "Stars Join Forces to Salute (and Support) a Rock Legend". The New York Times. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  55. ↑ "B.B. King – One Shoe Blues". Kaleidoscope Pictures. March 3, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  56. ↑ Coyle, Jake (June 14, 2008). "B.B. King Given Key to the City at Bonnaroo". USA Today. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  57. ↑ "Opening Night at the Bowl". Hollywood Bowl. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  58. ↑ "Official Site". B.B. King. Archived from the original on January 2, 2012. Retrieved December 30, 2011.
  59. ↑ Dirks, Rebecca (June 27, 2010). "Reporting From Eric Clapton's Crossroads Guitar Festival 2010". Premier Guitar. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  60. ↑ Baca, Ricardo (September 23, 2010). "The Reverb Interview: Cyndi Lauper". Hey Reverb. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  61. ↑ Goff, Dafydd (June 24, 2011). "B.B. King at Glastonbury 2011 – review". The Guardian. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  62. ↑ "Live at the Royal Albert Hall 2011". allMusic. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  63. ↑ "100 Greatest Guitarists". Rolling Stone. November 23, 2011. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  64. ↑ Compton, Matt (February 22, 2012). "President Obama Sings "Sweet Home Chicago"". whitehouse.gov . Retrieved May 15, 2015– via National Archives.
  65. ↑ Kelley, Frannie. "First Listen: Big K.R.I.T., 'Live From The Underground'". NPR. Retrieved May 28, 2012.
  66. ↑ Mssawir, Elia (August 1, 2012). "Byblos Festival featured B.B. King among others in 2012". Demotix. Archived from the original on July 3, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  67. ↑ "B.B. King lived up to his legend at New Orleans Jazz Fest". NOLA.com. nola.com. Retrieved April 11, 2014.
  68. ↑ "B.B. King Cancels Remaining 8 shows". bbking.com. October 4, 2014. Archived from the original on May 7, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  69. 1 2 "Tour Update". bbking.com. October 8, 2014. Archived from the original on April 30, 2015. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  70. ↑ McMahon, Brian (November 19, 2014). "A Little Bit of Lefty Love". WIUX. Archived from the original on May 18, 2015. Retrieved May 14, 2015.
  71. ↑ Burrows, Terry, The Complete Book of the Guitar, p. 111. Carlton Books Limited, 1998, ISBN   1-85868-529-X
  72. 1 2 Willie G. Moseley (September 1995). "Remembering B.B. King". Vintage Guitar.
  73. ↑ "One Customer's Pawnshop Treasure". Guitarcenterblog.com. December 3, 2009. Archived from the original on June 18, 2010. Retrieved May 16, 2011.
  74. 1 2 Category: Who Plays What. "B.B. King's Guitar Gear Rig and Equipment". Uberproaudio.com. Retrieved November 10, 2012.
  75. ↑ "B.B. King Blues Club & Grill". B.B. King Blues Club & Grill. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  76. ↑ "The Official Website". Bbking.com. September 16, 1925. Archived from the original on August 28, 2008. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  77. ↑ "Bb King: King's Clubs: 'good Memories, Good Times'". Allbusiness.com. Archived from the original on January 7, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  78. ↑ Abbott, Jim (November 30, 2007). "The Man Himself Opens New B.B. King's Blues Club". Orlando Sentinel. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  79. ↑ "West Palm Beach". Bbkingclubs.com. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  80. ↑ "Job Fair at B.B. King's Blues Club". Lasvegassun.com. September 3, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  81. ↑ Grunfeld, David (March 10, 2016). "B.B. and me: Remembering King of Blues though the years". www.nola.com. Retrieved April 8, 2019.
  82. ↑ Sesame Workshop. "Sesame Street Beat Newsletter Archive". Archived from the original on September 30, 2007. Retrieved June 8, 2007.
  83. ↑ Kiesewetter, John (April 2, 2000). "PBS Encourages Kids to Read Between the Lions". Enquirer. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  84. ↑ "Official Site". Bbking.com. Retrieved October 16, 2012.
  85. ↑ Finn, Natalie (April 7, 2015). "Blues Legend B.B. King Hospitalized in Las Vegas". E! Online. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  86. ↑ "Boldness, Branding and B.B. King: Toyota Launches 2015 Camry Campaign".
  87. ↑ "B.B. King (Blues Musician)". OnThisDay.com. Retrieved March 28, 2019.
  88. 1 2 3 Johnson, S. Battle Over B.B. King's Fortune. The Hollywood Reporter, June 3, 2016 (No. 17), pp. 61–63.
  89. ↑ Sawyer, C. The Arrival of B.B. King: The Authorized Biography. Doubleday (1984), p. 221. ISBN   0385159293
  90. 1 2 Doughty, R. (2002). "King of the Blues BB King has Now Been At the Top of the Blues Game for More than 50 years" – via Diabetes Forecast.
  91. ↑ Santilli, MJ (March 15, 2011). "Crystal Bowersox and BB King In New Diabetes Campaign". MJSBIGBLOG. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  92. ↑ West, Rebecca (April 20, 2000). "Interview with B.B. King". Blues on Stage. Retrieved March 14, 2010.
  93. ↑ "You and Me with B.B. King." SIRIUS Channel 74. May 12, 2009.
  94. ↑ Mitchell, Gail (June 29, 2007). "On the road again, B.B. King preps new album". Reuters.
  95. ↑ King, B.B.; Ritz, David (2011). Blues All Around Me. It Books. p. 266. ISBN   978-0062061034.
  96. 1 2 Back, Les. 2015. "How Blue can You Get? B.B. King, Planetary Humanism and the Blues Behind Bars." Theory, Culture & Society 32 (7): 274.
  97. ↑ Adelt, U. "Black, White, and Blue: Racial Politics in B.B. King's Music from the 1960s". Journal of Popular Culture. 2.
  98. ↑ "Honorary Board of Directors". Little Kids Rock. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  99. ↑ "How B.B. King Avoids the Diabetes Blues". Diabetes Health. November 1, 2005. Archived from the original on August 9, 2016. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  100. ↑ "Crystal Bowersox: Striving to Live Without Limitations". Diabetes Health. January 17, 2013. Retrieved October 20, 2016.
  101. 1 2 "B.B. King Coroner's Report: No Evidence of Poisoning". Rollingstone.com. Retrieved July 15, 2015.
  102. ↑ Ralph Ellis (May 2, 2015). "B.B. King "in home hospice care"". CNN. Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  103. ↑ Oaklander, Mandy (May 16, 2015). "B.B. King Died From Mini Strokes, Coroner Says". Time. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  104. ↑ Payne, Ed; Kyung Lah; Dave Alsup (May 27, 2015). "B.B. King was poisoned, two of his daughters claim". CNN. Retrieved May 26, 2015.
  105. ↑ "Coroner: No Evidence B.B. King Was Poisoned Before Death". The Huffington Post. July 13, 2015. Retrieved July 14, 2015.
  106. ↑ Charlotte Alter (May 30, 2015). "B.B. King Buried in Indianola, Mississippi". Time.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  107. ↑ "Music And Tears At BB King Memphis Procession". News.sky.com. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  108. 1 2 WMCActionNews5.com Staff (May 15, 2015). "Beale Street says goodbye to B.B. King". Memphis, Tennessee: WMC Action News 5. Retrieved May 30, 2015.
  109. ↑ "BB King's funeral draws hundreds as Obama says country 'has lost a legend' | US news". The Guardian. Associated Press in Indianola, Mississippi. January 1, 1970. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  110. ↑ "Hundreds gather to farewell BB King". Melbourne: The Age. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  111. ↑ "Community news from The Centre Daily Times in State College, PA". centredaily.com. Archived from the original on July 15, 2015. Retrieved May 31, 2015.
  112. ↑ "Reviews and Ratings of New Popular Albums: Rhythm & Blues" (PDF). Billboard: 32. June 10, 1957.
  113. ↑ "B.B. King to Receive Honorary Doctorate" (PDF). Record World: 37. September 29, 1973.
  114. ↑ "Honorary Degrees Since 1702: 1977". Yale University . Retrieved May 15, 2015.
  115. ↑ "B.B. King [Timeline]". The Rock and Roll Hall of Fame. Retrieved April 6, 2015. 1980: B.B. King is inducted into the first class of the Blues Foundation Hall of Fame.
  116. ↑ Honorary Degrees; wcvb.co; article; accessed May 2018
  117. ↑ "B.B. King" . Retrieved September 12, 2014.
  118. ↑ "Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award Winners". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 6, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  119. ↑ "List of National Medal of Arts Recipients". Nea.gov. Archived from the original on March 2, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  120. ↑ "NEA National Heritage Fellowships 1991". www.arts.gov. National Endowment for the Arts. Archived from the original on September 27, 2020. Retrieved December 11, 2020.
  121. ↑ "Kennedy Center Records". Kennedy-center.org. September 16, 1925. Archived from the original on August 5, 2009. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  122. ↑ "Grammy Database". Grammy.com. February 8, 2009. Archived from the original on February 13, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  123. ↑ "Living Legends: Americans Honored for Creative Contributions". Library of Congress Information Bulletin. May 2000. Retrieved October 19, 2020.
  124. ↑ "Golden Plate Awardees of the American Academy of Achievement". www.achievement.org. American Academy of Achievement.
  125. ↑ "List of Presidential Medal of Freedom recipients". Senate.gov. Archived from the original on February 22, 2010. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  126. ↑ "Brown University to Confer Nine Honorary Degrees May 27". Brown.edu. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
  127. ↑ "King of Portland" Archived 2009-09-20 at the Wayback Machine – Portland Press Herald , May 19, 2008
  128. ↑ Mississippi Blues Commission. "B.B. King Birthplace". msbluestrail.org. Retrieved February 2, 2010.
  129. ↑ Tyrangiel, Josh (August 14, 2009). "The 10 Greatest Electric-Guitar Players". Time . Archived from the original on August 15, 2009. Retrieved January 6, 2011.
  130. ↑ "MMP Music Award & Hall of Fame". Mississippi Music Project. 2020. Retrieved October 3, 2021.
  131. ↑ Wood, Douglas (September 16, 2019). "Google celebrates birthday of the 'King of the Blues' with an animated video Doodle" . Retrieved September 16, 2019.
  132. ↑ ""The Blues Heritage" Indianola, Mississippi Chamber of Commerce". Indianolams.org. Archived from the original on April 15, 2013. Retrieved February 17, 2010.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.