Battle of Sinsheim

Battle of Sinsheim
Part of Franco-Dutch War
Turenne's command post at Sinsheim
Date 16 June 1674 Location Sinsheim, Baden-Württemberg, Germany Result French victory
Belligerents
Kingdom of France	Holy Roman Empire
Commanders and leaders
Turenne	Aeneas de Caprara
Strength
1,500 infantry, 6,000 cavalry [1]	1,500 infantry, 7,000 cavalry [2]
Casualties and losses
1,100 [3] –1,500 killed or wounded [1]	2,000+ killed [3] [4] Unknown wounded 500 to 600 captured [5]

The Battle of Sinsheim took place on 16 June 1674 during the Franco-Dutch War (1672-1678). An Imperial force commanded by Aeneas de Caprara was marching towards Heidelberg, in order to join their main army under Alexander von Bournonville. It was intercepted just outside Sinsheim by the French commanded by Turenne; the Imperialists repulsed the first two French assaults but were eventually forced to retreat.

Background

When the Franco-Dutch War began in May 1672, French troops quickly overran much of the Dutch Republic, but by July the Dutch position had stabilised. In addition, the unexpected success of his offensive encouraged Louis to make excessive demands, while concern at French gains brought the Dutch support from Brandenburg-Prussia, Emperor Leopold, and Charles II of Spain. In August 1673, the French army in the Rhineland under Turenne was faced by Imperial forces under Raimondo Montecuccoli who outmanoeuvred his opponent and helped the Dutch in capture Bonn. ^[6] Facing war on multiple fronts, Louis relinquished most of his earlier gains to consolidate his position along the French border with the Spanish Netherlands and in the Rhineland. ^[7]

In January 1674, Denmark joined the anti-French coalition, followed by the February Treaty of Westminster, which ended the Third Anglo-Dutch War. ^[8] The allies agreed to focus on expelling France from its remaining positions in the Netherlands, while an Imperial army opened a second front in Alsace. ^[9] Louis appointed Turenne commander in Alsace and ordered him to prevent the Imperials breaking into Eastern France, or linking up with the Dutch. Since he could not expect reinforcements, the longer Turenne delayed, the worse his position became, and so he decided to take the offensive. He was helped in this since French armies of the period held significant advantages over their opponents; undivided command, talented generals, and vastly superior logistics. Reforms introduced by Louvois, the Secretary of War, meant they could mobilise much more quickly than their adversaries, and campaign for longer. ^[10]

The main French objectives for 1674 were to retake the Franche-Comté and key fortresses along their border with the Spanish Netherlands. Turenne was tasked with preventing the Imperialists entering Alsace but decided the best way to do that was to attack. On 14 June, he crossed the Rhine near Philippsburg, seeking to intercept an Imperial force under Aeneas de Caprara before it could link up with Alexander von Bournonville. On 16 June, Turenne caught Caprara outside Sinsheim and brought him to battle. ^[11]

The battle

Turenne, French commander in the Rhineland

Caprara aligned his infantry along the hedgerows and gardens at the entrance of the village.

Turenne deployed his infantry and his dragoons on foot. They forced the outposts, crossed the Elsanz and entered Sinsheim. The Imperials retreated through the village and fell back on the plateau behind the village.

To reach the plateau, the French had to climb a narrow passage. Turenne positioned infantry and dragoons in the hedgerows flanking the narrow passage, as well as in the castle and in the vineyard. The French cavalry could then advance through the passage.

An enemy counter-attack was stopped by the covering fire of the French infantry. The Imperials were repelled from the plateau and withdrew. Turenne immediately left Sinsheim to monitor the bulk of the Imperial army, stationed on the Moselle.

There were 2,000 to 3,000 deaths, according to sources. The city was completely destroyed.

Aftermath

The battle was only a limited success for Turenne, because both enemy forces succeeded in uniting near Heidelberg. On 1 July the Elector of Brandenburg also took up arms against France, and the Perpetual Diet of Regensburg declared war.

Turenne again crossed the Rhine and ravaged the Palatinate (July 1674), depriving the Imperials the resources to attack the Alsace.

References

1. Bodart 1908, p. 94.
2. Périni 1896, p. 72.
3. Périni 1896, p. 78.
4. Longueville 1907, p. 335.
5. Zabecki 2014, p. 1088.
6. Longueville 1907, p. 321-326.
7. Lynn 1999, p. 125.
8. Hutton 1989, p. 317.
9. Chandler 1979, p. 40.
10. Black 2011, pp. 97–99.
11. Zabecki 2014, p. 1089.

Sources

• Black, Jeremy (2011). Beyond the Military Revolution: War in the Seventeenth Century World. Palgrave Macmillan. ISBN   978-0230251564.
• Bodart, Gaston (1908). Militär-historisches Kriegs-Lexikon (1618-1905) . Retrieved 25 June 2022.
• Chandler, David G (1979). Marlborough as Military Commander (2nd, illustrated ed.). Batsford. ISBN   978-0713420753.
• De Périni, Hardÿ (1896). Batailles françaises, Volume V (in French). Ernest Flammarion.
• Guthrie, William P. (2003). The Later Thirty Years War: From the Battle of Wittstock to the Treaty of Westphalia (Contributions in Military Studies). Praeger. ISBN   978-0313324086.
• Hutton, Ronald (1989). Charles II King of England, Scotland and Ireland. Clarendon Press. ISBN   978-0198229117.
• Lynn, John (1999). The Wars of Louis XIV, 1667-1714 (Modern Wars In Perspective). Longman. ISBN   978-0582056299.;
• Zabecki, David, ed. (2014). Germany at War: 400 Years of Military History. ABC-CLIO. ISBN   978-1598849806.
• Longueville, Thomas (1907). Marshal Turenne. Robarts - University of Toronto. London: Longmans, Green.

49°13′57″N8°48′27″E / 49.2326°N 8.8076°E / 49.2326; 8.8076

• Périni, Hardÿ de (1896). Batailles françaises, Volume V (in French). Ernest Flammarion.