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Alexandrine is a name used for several distinct types of verse line with related metrical structures, most of which are ultimately derived from the classical French alexandrine. The line's name derives from its use in the Medieval French Roman d'Alexandre of 1170, although it had already been used several decades earlier in Le Pèlerinage de Charlemagne. The foundation of most alexandrines consists of two hemistichs (half-lines) of six syllables each, separated by a caesura :
o o o o o o | o o o o o o o=any syllable; |=caesura
In poetry, a couplet or distich is a pair of successive lines that rhyme and have the same metre. A couplet may be formal (closed) or run-on (open). In a formal (closed) couplet, each of the two lines is end-stopped, implying that there is a grammatical pause at the end of a line of verse. In a run-on (open) couplet, the meaning of the first line continues to the second.
In poetry, metre or meter is the basic rhythmic structure of a verse or lines in verse. Many traditional verse forms prescribe a specific verse metre, or a certain set of metres alternating in a particular order. The study and the actual use of metres and forms of versification are both known as prosody.
The ghazal is a form of amatory poem or ode, originating in Arabic poetry. Ghazals often deal with topics of spiritual and romantic love and may be understood as a poetic expression of both the pain of loss or separation from the beloved and the beauty of love in spite of that pain.
Urdu poetry is a tradition of poetry and has many different forms. Today, it is an important part of the culture of India and Pakistan. According to Naseer Turabi, there are five major poets of Urdu: Mir Taqi Mir, Mirza Ghalib, Mir Anees, Muhammad Iqbal and Josh Malihabadi. The language of Urdu reached its pinnacle under the British Raj, and it received official status. All famous writers of Urdu language including Ghalib and Iqbal were given British scholarships. Following the Partition of India in 1947, it found major poets and scholars were divided along the nationalistic lines. However, Urdu poetry is cherished in both the nations. Both the Muslims and Hindus from across the border continue the tradition.
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the maqta' is the final bayt, or couplet, of a ghazal. In this sense, it is the opposite of the matla'. The poet's takhallus, or pen name, is usually employed in the maqta', often in very creative ways.
In Persian, Turkic, and Urdu ghazals, the radīf is the word which must end each line of the first couplet and the second line of all the following couplets. It is preceded by a qafiya, which is the actual rhyme of the ghazal.
In Persian, Turkic, Hindustani and Punjabi, the word takhallus means a pen name. Pen names were widely adopted by Persian, Turkic, Urdu and Punjabi poets.
In Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, the matla' is the first bayt, or couplet, of a ghazal. In this sense, it is the opposite of the maqta'. It is possible, although extremely rare, for there to be more than one matla' in a ghazal; in this case the second is referred to as matla'-e-sani, literally 'the second matla''. It is important part because it establishes the overall form and mood of the entire ghazal.
In Islamic cultures of the Middle East, North Africa, Sicily and South Asia, a Diwan is a collection of poems by one author, usually excluding his or her long poems (mathnawī).
Mathnawi or masnavi is a kind of poem written in rhyming couplets, or more specifically "a poem based on independent, internally rhyming lines". Most mathnawī poems follow a meter of eleven, or occasionally ten, syllables, but had no limit in their length. Typical mathnawi poems consist of an indefinite number of couplets, with the rhyme scheme aa/bb/cc.
This is a glossary of poetry terms.
A hemistich is a half-line of verse, followed and preceded by a caesura, that makes up a single overall prosodic or verse unit. In Latin and Greek poetry, the hemistich is generally confined to drama. In Greek tragedy, characters exchanging clipped dialogue to suggest rapidity and drama would speak in hemistichs. The Roman poet Virgil employed hemistichs in the Aeneid to indicate great duress in his characters, where they were incapable of forming complete lines due to emotional or physical pain, but more likely he never finished the poem.
Hazaj meter is a quantitative verse meter frequently found in the epic poetry of the Middle East and western Asia. A musical rhythm[a] of the same name[b] is based on the literary meter.
Ṭawīl, or al-Ṭawīl (الطويل), is a meter used in classical Arabic poetry.
A bejtexhi was a popular bard of the Muslim tradition in Ottoman Albania. The genre of literature created by bejtexhinj in the 18th century prevailed in different cities of what is now Albania, Kosovo, Chameria as well as in religious centers.
ʿArūḍ or ʿilm al-ʿarūḍ is the study of poetic meters, which identifies the meter of a poem and determines whether the meter is sound or broken in lines of the poem. It is often called the Science of Poetry. Its laws were laid down by Al-Khalīl ibn Aḥmad al-Farāhīdī, an early Arab lexicographer and philologist. In his book Al-ʿArḍ, which is no longer extant, he described 15 types of meter. Later Al-Akhfash al-Akbar described a 16th meter, the mustadārik.
Haxhi Ymer Kashari known also as Ymer Mustafa Kashari was an Albanian bejtexhi of the 18th century.
A metron, , plural metra, is a repeating section, 3 to 6 syllables long, of a poetic metre. The word is particularly used in reference to ancient Greek. According to a definition by Paul Maas, usually a metron consists of two long elements and up to two other elements which can be short, anceps or biceps.
A misra' is a term used in Arabic, Persian, Turkic and Urdu poetry, which means 'half of a bayt'.
References
- 1 2 "Arabian Poetry for English Readers," by William Alexander Clouston (1881), p. 379 in Google Books
- ↑ "ʿARŪŻ" at Encyclopædia Iranica
- ↑ Dizdari, Tahir (2005). "Bejte-ja" në Fjalorin e Orientalizmave në Gjuhën Shqipe[Dictionary of orientalisms within the Albanian language]. Tiranë: Instituti Shqiptar i Mendimit dhe i Qytetërimit Islam. p. 89.
- ↑ Elsie, Robert (2010). Historical Dictionary of Albania. Rowman & Littlefield. p. 38. ISBN 9780810861886.