Boulogne-sur-Mer

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Boulogne-sur-Mer

Boulonne-su-Mér  (Picard)
Subprefecture and commune
Boulogne vue generale phare beffroi mer.jpg
A general view from the Brecquerecque Quarter:
The lighthouse, the bell tower and the English Channel
Blason ville fr Boulogne-sur-Mer (Pas-de-Calais).svg
Coat of arms
Location of Boulogne-sur-Mer
France location map-Regions and departements-2016.svg
Red pog.svg
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Hauts-de-France region location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Boulogne-sur-Mer
Coordinates: 50°43′35″N1°36′53″E / 50.7264°N 1.6147°E / 50.7264; 1.6147 Coordinates: 50°43′35″N1°36′53″E / 50.7264°N 1.6147°E / 50.7264; 1.6147
Country France
Region Hauts-de-France
Department Pas-de-Calais
Arrondissement Boulogne-sur-Mer
Canton Boulogne-sur-Mer-1 and 2
Government
 • Mayor (2014–2020) Frédéric Cuvillier (PS)
Area
1
8.42 km2 (3.25 sq mi)
Population
 (2016-01-01) [1]
42,293
 • Rank 163rd in France
 • Density5,000/km2 (13,000/sq mi)
 •  Metro
 (2012)
133,062
Time zone UTC+01:00 (CET)
 • Summer (DST) UTC+02:00 (CEST)
INSEE/Postal code
62160 /62200
Elevation0–110 m (0–361 ft)
Website http://www.ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr/
1 French Land Register data, which excludes lakes, ponds, glaciers > 1 km2 (0.386 sq mi or 247 acres) and river estuaries.

Boulogne-sur-Mer (French:  [bulɔɲ syʁ mɛʁ] ( Loudspeaker.svg listen ); Picard : Boulonne-su-Mér; Dutch : Bonen; Latin : Gesoriacum or Bononia), often called just Boulogne ( UK: /bʊˈlɔɪn/ , US: /buːˈloʊn, buːˈlɔɪn/ ), is a coastal city in Northern France. It is a sub-prefecture of the department of Pas-de-Calais. Boulogne lies on the Côte d'Opale, a touristic stretch of French coast on the English Channel between Calais and Normandy, and the most visited location in the region after Lille conurbation. [2] Boulogne is its department's second-largest city after Calais, and the 163rd-largest in France. [3] It is also the country's largest fishing port, specialising in herring. [4]

Picard is a langues d'oïl dialect of the Indo-European language family spoken in the northernmost part of France and southern Belgium. Administratively, this area is divided between the French Hauts-de-France region and the Belgian Wallonia along the border between both countries due to its traditional core being the districts of Tournai and Mons.

Dutch language A West Germanic language

Dutch(Nederlands ) is a West Germanic language spoken by around 24 million people as a first language and 5 million people as a second language, constituting the majority of people in the Netherlands and Belgium. It is the third-most-widely spoken Germanic language, after its close relatives English and German.

British English is the standard dialect of English language as spoken and written in the United Kingdom. Variations exist in formal, written English in the United Kingdom. For example, the adjective wee is almost exclusively used in parts of Scotland and Ireland, and occasionally Yorkshire, whereas little is predominant elsewhere. Nevertheless, there is a meaningful degree of uniformity in written English within the United Kingdom, and this could be described by the term British English. The forms of spoken English, however, vary considerably more than in most other areas of the world where English is spoken, so a uniform concept of British English is more difficult to apply to the spoken language. According to Tom McArthur in the Oxford Guide to World English, British English shares "all the ambiguities and tensions in the word 'British' and as a result can be used and interpreted in two ways, more broadly or more narrowly, within a range of blurring and ambiguity".

Contents

Boulogne is an ancient town, and was the major Roman port for trade and communication with its Province of Britain. After a period of Germanic presence following the collapse of the Empire, Boulogne was at the centre of the County of Boulogne of the Kingdom of France during the Middle Ages, and was occupied by the Kingdom of England numerous times due to conflict between the two nations. In 1805 it was a staging area for Napoleon's troops for several months during his planned invasion of the United Kingdom.

Roman Empire Period of Imperial Rome following the Roman Republic (27 BC–476 AD)

The Roman Empire was the post-Republican period of ancient Rome, consisting of large territorial holdings around the Mediterranean sea in Europe, North Africa and West Asia ruled by emperors. From the accession of Caesar Augustus to the military anarchy of the third century, it was a principate with Italy as metropole of the provinces and its city of Rome as sole capital. The Roman Empire was then ruled by multiple emperors and divided into a Western Roman Empire, based in Milan and later Ravenna, and an Eastern Roman Empire, based in Nicomedia and later Constantinople. Rome remained the nominal capital of both parts until 476 AD, when it sent the imperial insignia to Constantinople following the capture of Ravenna by the barbarians of Odoacer and the subsequent deposition of Romulus Augustus. The fall of the Western Roman Empire to Germanic kings, along with the hellenization of the Eastern Roman Empire into the Byzantine Empire, is conventionally used to mark the end of Ancient Rome and the beginning of the Middle Ages.

Roman Britain part of the island of Great Britain controlled by the Roman Empire

Roman Britain was the area of the island of Great Britain that was governed by the Roman Empire, from 43 to 410 AD. It comprised almost the whole of England and Wales and, for a short period, southern Scotland.

The County of Boulogne was a county within the Kingdom of France during the 9th to 15th centuries, centred on the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer. It was ruled by the counts of Flandres in the 10th century, but a separate House of Boulogne emerges in the 11th. It was annexed by Philip II of France in 1212 and after this was treated as part of the county of Artois, until it was finally annexed into the royal domain in 1550.

The city's 12th-century belfry is recognised by UNESCO as a World Heritage Site, [5] while another popular attraction is the marine conservation centre Nausicaa.

UNESCO Specialised agency of the United Nations

The United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization is a specialized agency of the United Nations (UN) based in Paris, France. Its declared purpose is to contribute to promoting international collaboration in education, sciences, and culture in order to increase universal respect for justice, the rule of law, and human rights along with fundamental freedom proclaimed in the United Nations Charter. It is the successor of the League of Nations' International Committee on Intellectual Cooperation.

World Heritage Site place listed by the UNESCO as of special cultural or natural significance

A World Heritage Site is a landmark or area which is chosen by the United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organisation (UNESCO) as having cultural, historical, scientific or other form of significance, and is legally protected by international treaties. The sites are judged important to the collective interests of humanity.

Nausicaä Centre National de la Mer aquarium in Boulogne-sur-Mer, France

Nausicaā Centre National de la Mer is a public aquarium located in Boulogne-sur-Mer in France. It is the largest public aquarium of Europe.

Name

The French name Boulogne derives from the Latin Bononia, which was also the Roman name for Bologna in Italy. Both places—and Vindobona (Vienna)—are thought to have derived from native Celtic placenames, with bona possibly meaning "foundation", "citadel", or "granary".[ citation needed ] The French epithet sur-Mer ("on-the-sea") distinguishes the city from Boulogne-Billancourt on the edge of Paris. In turn, the Boulogne in Boulogne-Billancourt originates from a church there dedicated to Notre-Dame de Boulogne, "Our Lady of Boulogne[-sur-Mer]".

French language Romance language

French is a Romance language of the Indo-European family. It descended from the Vulgar Latin of the Roman Empire, as did all Romance languages. French evolved from Gallo-Romance, the spoken Latin in Gaul, and more specifically in Northern Gaul. Its closest relatives are the other langues d'oïl—languages historically spoken in northern France and in southern Belgium, which French (Francien) has largely supplanted. French was also influenced by native Celtic languages of Northern Roman Gaul like Gallia Belgica and by the (Germanic) Frankish language of the post-Roman Frankish invaders. Today, owing to France's past overseas expansion, there are numerous French-based creole languages, most notably Haitian Creole. A French-speaking person or nation may be referred to as Francophone in both English and French.

Latin Indo-European language of the Italic family

Latin is a classical language belonging to the Italic branch of the Indo-European languages. The Latin alphabet is derived from the Etruscan and Greek alphabets and ultimately from the Phoenician alphabet.

Bologna Comune in Emilia-Romagna, Italy

Bologna is the capital and largest city of the Emilia-Romagna region in Northern Italy. It is the seventh most populous city in Italy, at the heart of a metropolitan area of about one million people.

Geography

Pedestrian street in the city centre. Boulognesurmer centreville thiers.jpg
Pedestrian street in the city centre.

Location

Boulogne-sur-Mer is in Northern France, at the edge of the Channel and in the mouth of the river "Liane". As the crow flies, Boulogne is approximately at 30 kilometres (19 miles) from Calais, 50 kilometres (31 miles) from Folkestone, 100 kilometres (62 miles) from Lille and Amiens, 150 kilometres (93 miles) from Rouen and London and 215 kilometres (134 miles) from Paris.

Liane (river) river in France

The Liane is a 37 km river in the Pas-de-Calais department in northern France. It rises in Quesques and flows into the English Channel at Boulogne-sur-Mer. Other communes along its length include: Selles, Brunembert, Bournonville, Alincthun, Crémarest, Wirwignes, Questrecques, Samer, Carly, Hesdigneul-lès-Boulogne, Isques, Saint-Léonard, Hesdin-l'Abbé, Condette, Saint-Étienne-au-Mont, and Outreau.

Calais Subprefecture and commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Calais is a city and major ferry port in northern France in the department of Pas-de-Calais, of which it is a sub-prefecture. Although Calais is by far the largest city in Pas-de-Calais, the department's prefecture is its third-largest city of Arras. The population of the metropolitan area at the 2010 census was 126,395. Calais overlooks the Strait of Dover, the narrowest point in the English Channel, which is only 34 km (21 mi) wide here, and is the closest French town to England. The White Cliffs of Dover can easily be seen on a clear day from Calais. Calais is a major port for ferries between France and England, and since 1994, the Channel Tunnel has linked nearby Coquelles to Folkestone by rail.

Folkestone town in the Shepway District of Kent, England

Folkestone is a port town on the English Channel, in Kent, south-east England. The town lies on the southern edge of the North Downs at a valley between two cliffs. It was an important harbour and shipping port for most of the 19th and 20th centuries.

Boulogne is a relatively important city of the North, exercising an influence on the "Boulonnais" territory (74 towns and villages which surround Boulogne). The coast consists of important tourist natural sites, like the capes Gris Nez and Blanc Nez (which are the closest points of France to England), and attractive seaside resorts like Wimereux, Wissant, Hardelot and Le Touquet. The hinterland is mainly rural and agricultural.

Boulonnais (land area)

The Boulonnais is a coastal area of northern France, around Calais and Boulogne-sur-Mer. It has a curved belt of chalk downs which run into the sea at both ends, and geologically is the east end of the Weald-Artois Anticline.

Wimereux Commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Wimereux (Dutch:Wimeruwe) is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Wissant Commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Wissant is a seaside commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Transport

Boulogne is close to the A16 motorway (Paris-Amiens-Calais-Dunkerque). Metropolitan bus services are operated by "Marinéo". The company Flixbus propose a bus line connecting Paris to Boulogne. There are coach services to Calais and Dunkerque.

The city has railway stations, which the most important is Boulogne-Ville station, located in the south of the city. Boulogne-Tintelleries station is used by regional trains. It is located near the university and the city centre. The former Boulogne-Maritime and Boulogne-Aéroglisseurs stations served as a boat connection (to England) for the railway.

Boulogne has no cross channel ferry services since the closure of the route to Dover by LD Lines in 2010.

The regional trains are TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais run by SNCF. The principal service runs from Gare de Boulogne-Ville via Gare de Calais-Fréthun, Gare de Calais-Ville to Gare de Lille-Flandres.

Urbanization

Walk along the beach. Boulognesurmer borddemer.jpg
Walk along the beach.

The city is divided into several parts :

Climate

Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries (France).jpg
Gare de Boulogne-Tintelleries

Boulogne-sur-Mer has an oceanic climate that has chilly winters not far above freezing and cool summers tempered by its exposure to the sea. Considering its position, the climate is quite cold in relation to south and east coast locations in England year round. Precipitation is also higher than in said southern English locations.

Climate data for Boulogne-sur-Mer (1981–2010 averages)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)15.0
(59.0)		18.9
(66.0)		22.7
(72.9)		26.0
(78.8)		31.2
(88.2)		33.3
(91.9)		36.4
(97.5)		34.8
(94.6)		31.5
(88.7)		27.2
(81.0)		19.1
(66.4)		17.2
(63.0)		36.4
(97.5)
Average high °C (°F)6.8
(44.2)		6.9
(44.4)		9.3
(48.7)		12.0
(53.6)		15.4
(59.7)		17.7
(63.9)		20.1
(68.2)		20.5
(68.9)		18.3
(64.9)		14.8
(58.6)		10.5
(50.9)		7.5
(45.5)		13.4
(56.1)
Average low °C (°F)2.9
(37.2)		2.7
(36.9)		4.6
(40.3)		6.3
(43.3)		9.5
(49.1)		12.1
(53.8)		14.4
(57.9)		14.9
(58.8)		13.0
(55.4)		10.0
(50.0)		6.3
(43.3)		3.5
(38.3)		8.4
(47.1)
Record low °C (°F)−13.4
(7.9)		−13.6
(7.5)		−7.8
(18.0)		−2.0
(28.4)		1.6
(34.9)		4.0
(39.2)		8.0
(46.4)		9.0
(48.2)		5.8
(42.4)		−1.0
(30.2)		−5.6
(21.9)		−9.6
(14.7)		−13.6
(7.5)
Average precipitation mm (inches)67.9
(2.67)		46.7
(1.84)		53.3
(2.10)		51.4
(2.02)		55.8
(2.20)		50.7
(2.00)		53.5
(2.11)		50.9
(2.00)		68.8
(2.71)		94.5
(3.72)		97.0
(3.82)		87.4
(3.44)		777.9
(30.63)
Average precipitation days13.09.510.39.49.38.58.37.910.212.713.312.9125.3
Average snowy days3.43.32.40.80.00.00.00.00.00.01.01.812.7
Average relative humidity (%)87858481818182818283858783.3
Source #1: Météo France [6] [7]
Source #2: Infoclimat.fr (humidity and snowy days, 1961–1990) [8]

History

Origin of the city

German ships waiting at Boulogne Harbour during the Battle of Britain BoulogneBarges1940.jpg
German ships waiting at Boulogne Harbour during the Battle of Britain

The foundation of the city known to the Romans as Gesoriacum is credited to the Celtic Boii.[ citation needed ] In the past,[ when? ]it was sometimes conflated[ by whom? ] with Caesar's Portus Itius, but that is now[ when? ] thought[ by whom? ] to have been a site near Calais which has since silted up. From the time of Claudius's invasion in AD 43, Gesoriacum formed the major port connecting the rest of the empire to Britain. It was the chief base of the Roman navy's Britannic fleet until the rebellion of its admiral Carausius in 286. As part of the imperial response, the junior emperor Constantius Chlorus successfully besieged it by land and sea in 293. [9] The name of the settlement was changed to Bononia at some point between the sack of Gesoriacum and 310, possibly as a consequence of its refounding or possibly by the replacement of the sacked and lower-lying city by another nearby community. [10]

The city was an important town of the Morini,[ citation needed ] and Zosimus called it Germanorum ("Germanic-speaking") at the end of the 4th century. [11]

Middle Ages

Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, as shown on the Bayeux Tapestry. Eustache de Boulogne-Bayeux.png
Eustace II, Count of Boulogne, as shown on the Bayeux Tapestry.

In the Middle Ages Boulogne was the capital of an eponymous county, founded in the mid-9th century. An important Count, Eustace II, assisted William the Conqueror in his conquest of England. His wife founded the city's Notre Dame cathedral, which became a site of pilgrimage from the 12th century onwards, attended by fourteen French kings and five of England. It was an important whaling center prior to 1121. [12] The city survived on herring fishing and received its municipal charter from Count Renaud of Dammartin in 1203. [9]

The area was fought over by the French and the English, including several English occupations during the course of the Hundred Years War. In 1492 Henry VII laid siege to Boulogne before the conflict was ended by the Peace of Étaples. Boulogne was again occupied by the English from 1544 to 1550. In 1550, The Peace of Boulogne ended the war of England with Scotland and France. France bought back Boulogne for 400,000 crowns. A culture of smuggling was present in the city until 1659, when French gains in Flanders from the Treaty of the Pyrenees moved the border northwards.

Napoleonic period

The Column of the Grande Armee commemorates Napoleon's gathering of 200,000 soldiers near Boulogne for a proposed invasion of the United Kingdom Boulogne Colonne 01.JPG
The Column of the Grande Armée commemorates Napoleon's gathering of 200,000 soldiers near Boulogne for a proposed invasion of the United Kingdom

Boulogne received its current status as a subprefecture of the Pas-de-Calais department in 1800 due to the territorial re-organisation in Revolutionary France. Three years later, it was given the title of an Imperial City (Ville Impériale). [9]

The 19th century was a prosperous one for Boulogne, which became a bathing resort for wealthy Parisians after the completion of a railway line to the French capital. [9] In the 19th century, the Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne was reconstructed by the priest Benoit Haffreingue, who claimed to have received a call from God to reconstruct the town's ruined basilica. During the Napoleonic Wars, Napoleon amassed La Grande Armée in Boulogne to invade the United Kingdom in 1805. However, his plans were halted by other European matters and the supremacy of the Royal Navy.

A nephew of Bonaparte, Louis-Napoleon Bonaparte, later Napoleon III, returned to France in secret from his exile in Britain, passing through Boulogne in August 1840. He was later jailed for trying to lead a revolt in Strasbourg.

World wars

A "special pass" issued for travel within Boulogne by the British Red Cross in May 1917, during World War I Memorabilia relating to H.G. Bagster, item 2.jpg
A "special pass" issued for travel within Boulogne by the British Red Cross in May 1917, during World War I

During the First World War, this was the entrepôt for the first unit of the British Expeditionary Force to land in France and for many others thereafter. Boulogne was one of the three base ports most extensively used by the Commonwealth armies on the Western Front throughout the First World War. It was closed and cleared on 27 August 1914 when the Allies were forced to fall back ahead of the German advance, but was opened again in October and from that month to the end of the war, Boulogne and Wimereux formed one of the chief hospital areas.

Until June 1918, the dead from the hospitals at Boulogne were buried in the Cimetiere de L'Est, one of the town's cemeteries, the Commonwealth graves forming a long, narrow strip along the right hand edge of the cemetery. In the spring of 1918, it was found that space was running short in the Eastern Cemetery in spite of repeated extensions to the south and the site of the new cemetery at Terlincthun was chosen. [13] It also was the site of an Allied (French and British) armaments production conference.

On 22 May 1940 during the Battle of France, two British Guards battalions and some pioneers attempted to defend Boulogne against an attack by the German 2nd Panzer Division. Despite fierce fighting, the British were overwhelmed and the survivors were evacuated by Royal Navy destroyers while under direct German gunfire. [14] On 15 June 1944, 297 aircraft (155 Avro Lancasters, 130 Handley Page Halifaxes, and 12 De Havilland Mosquitos) of the Royal Air Force bombed Boulogne harbour to suppress German naval activity following D-Day. Some of the Lancasters carried Tallboy bombs and the harbour and the surrounding area were completely destroyed. In August 1944 the town was declared a "fortress" by Adolf Hitler but it succumbed to Operation Wellhit the assault and liberation by the 3rd Canadian Infantry Division in September. In one incident, a French civilian guided the Canadians to a "secret passage" leading into the walled old town and by-passing the German defenders. [15]

To replace the destroyed urban infrastructure, affordable housing and public facility projects in functional, brutalist building styles were carried out in the 1950s and 60s.

Sights

The Belfry is a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Boulogne beffroi.JPG
The Belfry is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.
Our Lady's Basilica towers over the city. Boulogne Basilique 001.jpg
Our Lady's Basilica towers over the city.
Boulogne's Castle Museum Boulognecastle.JPG
Boulogne's Castle Museum

Boulogne's 12th-century belfry is one of 56 in northeastern France and Belgium with shared World Heritage Site status. It is the oldest building in the upper city, and currently serves as the home to a museum of Celtic remains from the Roman occupation. Founded as the Count's dungeon, the top floor was added in the 13th century. Damage by a fire in 1712 was built over by 1734. [5]

Other than the belfry there are also the following sights:

Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer
Official website: Tourism in Boulogne sur Mer and the Boulonnais region

Economy

Boulogne-sur-Mer is an important fishing port, with 7,000 inhabitants deriving part, or all, of their livelihoods from fishing.[ citation needed ]

IFREMER (the French Research Institute for Exploitation of the Sea) and the Pasteur Institute are located in Boulogne Port.

Certain brands, including Crown and Findus, are based in Boulogne

Media

Events

In 1905, the first World Esperanto Congress was held in Boulogne-sur-Mer, where the historic Declaration of Boulogne was ratified. L. L. Zamenhof, the creator of Esperanto, was among the attendees. In 2005, there was an anniversary celebration to mark the centenary with more than 500 attendees.

Administration

List of Mayors
DurationNamePartyParticularities
2014–2020 Frédéric Cuvillier PS Deputy, Minister
2012–2014Mireille Hingrez-Céréda PS  
2004–2012 Frédéric Cuvillier PS Deputy, Minister
1996–2004Guy Lengagne PS Deputy, Minister
1989–1996Jean MuseletConservative 
1977–1989Guy Lengagne PS Deputy, Minister
1945–1977Henri Henneguelle PS  
Past mayors are unknown.

Population

Historical population
YearPop.±%
193652,371—    
195434,885−33.4%
196249,283+41.3%
196849,288+0.0%
197548,440−1.7%
198247,653−1.6%
199043,678−8.3%
199944,859+2.7%
200643,700−2.6%
200943,310−0.9%
201242,785−1.2%

Education

Boulogne-sur-Mer hosts one of the oldest Universités de l'été – summer courses in French language and culture. It is known as the Université d'été de Boulogne-sur-Mer.

The Saint-Louis building of the University of the Côte d'Opale's Boulogne campus opened its doors in 1991, on the site of the former St. Louis Hospital, the front entrance to which remains a predominant architectural feature. Its 6 major specialisms are Modern Languages, French Literature, Sport, Law, History and Economics. The university is situated in the town centre, about 5 minutes[ clarification needed ] from the Boulogne Tintelleries railway station.

University

Public primary and secondary

Private primary and secondary

Health

Two health centres are located in Boulogne, the public Hospital Duchenne and the private Clinique de la côte d'opale.

Sports

US Boulogne play their home football matches at the 14,500-seat Stade de la Liberation. Boulogne-sur-Mer Stade de la Liberation (5).jpg
US Boulogne play their home football matches at the 14,500-seat Stade de la Libération.

Boulogne's football club, US Boulogne Côte d'Opale (US refers to Union Sportive), is one of the oldest in France due to the city's proximity to England, founded in 1898. The club currently play in the third tier, the Championnat National, and host home matches at the 14,500-capacity Stade de la Libération. [16] Boulogne native and FIFA World Cup finalist Franck Ribéry began his career at the club. [17]

Basketball teams in Boulogne include Stade Olympique Maritime Boulonnais and ESSM Le Portel of Pro A (first-tier men's professional basketball league in France).

Culture

Food

As an international maritime port on the English Channel (La Manche), the town of Boulogne-sur-Mer has European and American influences in local cuisine. They include:

Notable people

Born in Boulogne

Boulogne-born footballer Franck Ribery. Franck Ribery 20120611.jpg
Boulogne-born footballer Franck Ribéry.

Others associated with Boulogne

Baldwin I of Jerusalem, son and brother of Counts of Boulogne, ruled the Holy Land in the 11th century. Baldwin 1 of Jerusalem.jpg
Baldwin I of Jerusalem, son and brother of Counts of Boulogne, ruled the Holy Land in the 11th century.

International relations

Twin towns — Sister cities

Boulogne-sur-Mer is twinned with:

See also

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Boulonnais horse Heavy draft horse breed originating in France

The Boulonnais, also known as the "White Marble Horse", is a draft horse breed. It is known for its large but elegant appearance and is usually gray, although chestnut and black are also allowed by the French breed registry. Originally there were several sub-types, but they were crossbred until only one is seen today. The breed's origins trace to a period before the Crusades and, during the 17th century, Spanish Barb, Arabian, and Andalusian blood were added to create the modern type.

The Communauté d'agglomération du Boulonnais is the communauté d'agglomération, an intercommunal structure, centred on the city of Boulogne-sur-Mer. It is located in the Pas-de-Calais department, in the Hauts-de-France region, northern France. It was created in January 2000. Its population was 118,623 in 2014, of which 43,170 in Boulogne-sur-Mer proper.

TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais

TER Nord-Pas-de-Calais was the regional rail network serving Nord-Pas-de-Calais région, France. In 2017 it was merged into the new TER Hauts-de-France.

A16 autoroute road in France

The A16 autoroute – also known as L'Européenne and forming between Abbeville and Dunkirk a part of the larger Autoroute des estuaires – is a motorway in northern France.

Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne basilica located in Pas-de-Calais, in France

The Basilica of Notre-Dame de Boulogne, otherwise the Basilica of Our Lady of the Immaculate Conception, is a minor basilica located in Boulogne-sur-Mer in the Pas-de-Calais département of northern France. The basilica, a prominent landmark of the city with its 101 metre high dome, was built between 1827 and 1875 on the site of the medieval cathedral of Boulogne: the basilica is still known locally as the "cathedral", although the present church has never had that status.

Université dété de Boulogne-sur-Mer

The Université d'été de Boulogne-sur-Mer is a summer university at Boulogne-sur-Mer, Pas de Calais, France.

Campagne-lès-Boulonnais Commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Campagne-lès-Boulonnais is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

Condette Commune in Hauts-de-France, France

Condette is a commune in the Pas-de-Calais department in the Hauts-de-France region of France.

University of the Littoral Opal Coast, also known as ULCO, is a French university, based in Boulogne, Calais, Dunkirk (Dunkerque) and Saint Omer. The head office is in Dunkirk. It reports to the Academy of Lille and is a member of the European Doctoral College Lille-Nord-Pas de Calais and of the Community of Universities and Institutions (COMUE) Lille Nord de France.

Frédéric Cuvillier French politician

Frédéric Cuvillier is a French politician who, until his appointment as Junior Minister for Transport and the Maritime Economy at the Ministry of Ecology, Sustainable Development, and Energy by President François Hollande on 16 May 2012, was a member of the National Assembly of France, where he represented the 5th constituency of Pas-de-Calais on behalf of the Parti Socialiste. He was mayor of Boulogne-sur-Mer from 22 November 2002 until 2012, when he became Secretary of State for Transport and the Maritime Economy.

References

  1. ↑ "Populations légales 2016". INSEE . Retrieved 25 April 2019.
  2. ↑ "C'est l'Actu juillet 2010". Ville-boulogne-sur-mer.fr. Archived from the original on 21 August 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  3. ↑ "Populations légales 2013". INSEE. 31 December 2015. Retrieved 4 June 2019.
  4. ↑ "Boulogne-sur-Mer Tourist Guide". Information France. 1 June 2010. Archived from the original on 14 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  5. 1 2 "Les Beffrois au patrimoine de l'Humanité". Nordmag.fr. Archived from the original on 18 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  6. ↑ "Données climatiques de la station de Boulogne-sur-Mer" (in French). Meteo France. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  7. ↑ "Climat Nord-Pas-de-Calais" (in French). Meteo France. Archived from the original on 3 March 2016. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  8. ↑ "Normes et records 1961–1990: Boulogne (62) – altitude 73m" (in French). Infoclimat. Retrieved 8 January 2016.
  9. 1 2 3 4 "Boulogne-sur-Mer (Municipality, Pas-de-Calais, France)". Flagspot.net. Archived from the original on 15 May 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  10. ↑ Nixon, C.E.V. In Praise of Later Roman Emperors: The Panegyrici Latini: Introduction, Translation, and Historical Commentary with the Latin Text of R.A.B. Mynors, "VI. Panegyric of Constantine, by an Anonymous Orator (310)", p. 223–224, n. 19. University of California Press (Los Angeles), 1994. ISBN   0-520-08326-1.
  11. ↑ Historia Nova, Book VI.5.2–3
  12. ↑ De Smet, W. M. A. (1981). "Evidence of Whaling in the North Sea and English Channel During the Middle Ages". Mammals in the Seas: General Papers and Large Cetaceans. Vol. 3. pp. 301–309. ISBN   92-5-100513-3.
  13. ↑ "Archived copy". Archived from the original on 1 November 2014. Retrieved 13 August 2014.CS1 maint: archived copy as title (link)
  14. ↑ "2nd Battalion Irish Guards. – World War 2 Talk". Ww2talk.com. Archived from the original on 27 July 2011. Retrieved 3 July 2012.
  15. ↑ Stacey, C P (1966). "Clearing the Coastal Belt and the Ports September 1944 – Operation "WELLHIT"; The Capture of Boulogne". Official History of the Canadian Army. Department of National Defence. Archived from the original on 12 January 2010. Retrieved 24 June 2009.
  16. ↑ "Football Boulogne : Union Sportive Boulogne Côte d Opale (USBCO)". Foot-national.com. Archived from the original on 19 March 2013. Retrieved 26 March 2013.
  17. ↑ Franck Ribéry – Goal.com Archived 6 March 2016 at the Wayback Machine
  18. ↑ "British towns twinned with French towns [via WaybackMachine.com]". Archant Community Media Ltd. Archived from the original on 5 July 2013. Retrieved 12 July 2013.

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