Breyten Breytenbach (Afrikaans pronunciation:[ˈbrɛitənˈbrɛɪtənbaχ]; 16 September 1939–24 November 2024) was a South African writer, poet, and painter. He became internationally well-known as a dissident poet and vocal critic of South Africa under apartheid, and as a political prisoner of the National Party–led South African Government. He was also known as a founding member of the Sestigers, a dissident literary movement, and was one of the most important living poets in Afrikaans literature.
Breytenbach was a political dissenter against the ruling National Party and its white supremacist policy of apartheid in the early 1960s. He was a founding member of the Sestigers, a dissident literary movement of Afrikaner writers,[3] in 1961, and participated in protests against the exclusion of black youth from educational pathways.[4]
He left South Africa and lived in Europe and London for some time.[5] In Paris, France, he married a French woman of Vietnamese ancestry, Yolande, as a result of which he was not allowed to return. The then applicable Prohibition of Mixed Marriages Act of 1949 and Immorality Act (1950) made it a criminal offence for a person to have any sexual relations with a person of a different race.[1] However, in 1973, a special visa was granted to the couple to allow them to travel to South Africa for a writers' congress at the University of Cape Town.[6]
Breytenbach was involved in the anti-apartheid movement throughout the late 1960s and early 1970s, and joined the international organisation Okhela (meaning "spark"). He spoke out against the policy of apartheid at writers' forums and United Nations conferences.[4]
Breytenbach in 1983
After travelling to South Africa in 1975 on a false passport with the intention of helping black Africans organise trade unions, and to recruit members of Okhela,[4] he was arrested. At his trial at the Supreme Court in Pretoria after being charged under the Terrorism Act 1967, he pleaded guilty to entering South Africa to start a branch of Okhela, which was intended to be a branch of the African National Congress (ANC) for white people. He was sentenced to nine years' imprisonment for high treason,[1] the first two in solitary confinement.[4] According to André Brink, Breytenbach was retried in June 1977 on new and fanciful charges that, among other things, he had planned a submarine attack by the Soviet Navy on the Robben Island prison through the Okhela. In the end, the judge found him guilty only of having smuggled letters and poems out of jail, for which he was fined $50.[7] He was not physically assaulted, but the prison officials abused him verbally, and treated him cruelly, including after his mother's death.[8] While in prison, he wrote Mouroir: Mirror Notes of a Novel (published after his release, in 1983).[4] He revisited his prison experiences in The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist (1984), in which neither the narrator nor his confessor are given stable identities.[9]
He served seven years[10][6] and was released in December 1982 as a result of international protests[1][4] and the intervention of the French president François Mitterrand.[5] Breytenbach returned to Paris, where he remained for the rest of his life, after obtaining French citizenship.[1][4]
In December 1993, he visited the "new South Africa", and continued to travel there regularly,[11] as well as spending time in the United States and Europe.[1] He continued to be "a critical observer and commentator on South African political and social issues".[4] He became a vocal critic of Nelson Mandela's government, and said that the ANC had turned into a "corrupt organisation".[5]
After free elections toppled the ruling National Party and ended apartheid in 1994, Breytenbach became a visiting professor at the University of Cape Town in the Graduate School of Humanities in January 2000.[12]
He was a founding member and served as executive director of the Gorée Institute in Dakar, Senegal. This arose from an historic meeting in 1987 that became known as the Dakar Conference, between exiled leaders of the ANC and a group of liberal South Africans, mostly Afrikaners, from all walks of life. This gathering, held to define a strategy for effective struggle against the apartheid regime, was one of many that opened the way for a negotiated end to apartheid in South Africa.[13] A good friend of Breytenbach, Frederik van Zyl Slabbert, also attended.[10] Breytenbach later taught classes at the institute.[1]
He also campaigned against other injustices in the world. He wrote an open letter in The Guardian to Ariel Sharon, Prime Minister of Israel, in 2002, saying that Israel was committing crimes against the Palestinians, and "A viable state cannot be built on the expulsion of another people who have as much claim to that territory as you have".[5]
Writing
Breytenbach wrote poetry, novels, plays, and essays, mostly in Afrikaans. Many of his works have been translated into multiple languages.[6]
His first published work was Die Ysterkoei Moet Sweet ("The Iron Cow Must Sweat") in 1964. It was regarded as groundbreaking in Afrikaans poetry, presenting "powerful and startling ideas... without the use of traditional rhythmic metres and attractive images".[1][14]
While in Paris, Breytenbach wrote several works about his experience as an immigrant. His work was at the time controversial in South Africa. His book Skryt. Om 'n sinkende skip blou te verf (Scrit. Painting Blue a Sinking Ship), published in the Netherlands in 1972, was dedicated "to the people of South Africa, denied citizenship in their own country". The book was banned from sale in South Africa.[4]
During his imprisonment, Breytenbach wrote five volumes of poetry and English prose.[1] His prison writings included the poem "Ballade van ontroue bemindes" ("Ballade of Unfaithful Lovers"). Inspired by François Villon's 15th-century "Ballade des Dames du Temps Jadis", Breytenbach compared Afrikaner dissidents Peter Blum, Ingrid Jonker, and himself to unfaithful lovers, who had betrayed Afrikaans poetry by taking leave of it.[15]
In 1984, he published The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist.[16]
Art
Breytenbach with art works, 1995
Breytenbach was also known for his paintings, which have been exhibited internationally in Amsterdam,[9] Paris, New York City, Stockholm, and Hong Kong.[3] The works are often surreal in nature, featuring animal and human figures in captivity.[1] He was inspired by Francisco Goya and Hieronymus Bosch.[4]
In October to November 2018, a solo exhibition of his recent work, along with some older works, entitled The 81 ways of letting go a late self, was held at the Stevenson Gallery in Cape Town.[17]
Academia
In January 2000 Breytenbach started a three-year stint as visiting professor in the departments of English and Drama in the Graduate School of Humanities at the University of Cape Town.[1]
In 2013 Breytenbach became the curator of the Poetry Festival in Stellenbosch, near Cape Town.[4]
Personal life, death, and legacy
Breytenbach in 2009
In 1962, Breytenbach met and married the daughter of the South Vietnamese ambassador to France, Yolande Ngo Thi Hoang Lien.[4] She was born in Vietnam and raised in France,[11] and carried Vietnamese citizenship.[1] They had a daughter, Daphnée, and two grandsons.[2] He also held French citizenship.[5] He practised Zen Buddhism.[4]
In an interview with The New York Times in May 1983, Breytenbach said: "I'd never reject Afrikaans as a language, but I reject it as part of the Afrikaner political identity. I no longer consider myself an Afrikaner".[5][8]
Breytenbach died in Paris, France, on 24 November 2024, at the age of 85.[19][20][2] His wife Yolande was by his side.[2]
He was the younger brother of Jan Breytenbach (1932 – 16 June 2024), an SADF commander with political views strongly opposed to his, and Cloete Breytenbach (1933–2019), a widely published war correspondent.[21][22] Cloete was notably one of the few people given permission by South African Prime Minister John Vorster to take photographs of Nelson Mandela at Robben Island following his imprisonment there in July 1964.[23][24][25]
One of the jurors for the 2017 Zbigniew Herbert International Literary Award, German writer, publisher, and translator Michael Krüger, wrote: "Breytenbach is without question the most gifted and most productive poet of White-Africa's literature... His works as a poet and as a painter are now acknowledged as outstanding in understanding our modern world".[4]
The Basque rock band Berri Txarrak dedicated the song "Breyten" to him on their 2005 album Jaio.Musika.Hil.[37]
Works
Breytenbach's work includes numerous volumes of novels, poetry and essays, many of which are in Afrikaans. Many have been translated from Afrikaans to English, and many were originally published in English. Exhibitions of his paintings and prints have been shown in cities around the world.[38]
His works have been translated into many languages, including English, Dutch, German, French, Arabic, Polish, Danish, Basque, Swedish, Portuguese, Spanish, and Italian.[6]
Poetry in Afrikaans
Die ysterkoei moet sweet (The Iron Cow Must Sweat), Johannesburg, 1964
Die huis van die dowe (The House of the Deaf), Cape Town, 1967
Kouevuur (Gangrene), Cape Town, 1969
Lotus, Cape Town, 1970
The Remains (Oorblyfsels), Cape Town, 1970
Skryt. Om 'n sinkende skip blou te verf (Scrit. Painting Blue a sinking Ship), Amsterdam, 1972
Met ander woorde (In Other Words), Cape Town, 1973
Ingrid Jonker was a South African poet and one of the founders of modern Afrikaans literature. Her poems have been widely translated into other languages.
André Philippus Brink was a South African novelist, essayist and poet. He wrote in both Afrikaans and English and taught English at the University of Cape Town.
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Afrikaners are a Southern African ethnic group descended from predominantly Dutch settlers first arriving at the Cape of Good Hope in 1652. Until 1994, they dominated South Africa's politics as well as the country's commercial agricultural sector.
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Boerehaat is an Afrikaans word that means "ethnic hatred of Boers" or Afrikaners as they became known after the Second Boer War. The related term Boerehater has been used to describe a person who hates, prejudices or criticises Boers or Afrikaners.
1 2 3 Saayman, Sandra (2011). "Dépersonnalisation et dédoublement du protagoniste de The True Confessions of an Albino Terrorist de Breyten Breytenbach". Travaux et documents (in French). 40 (Langages, écritures et frontières du corps): 97–107. ISSN1247-1194.
↑ Joyce, P. (1989). The South African Family Encyclopaedia, Cape Town: Struik, p. 58.
↑ Louise Viljoen (2012), Ingrid Jonker: Poet under Apartheid, page 136.
1 2 Schalkwyk, David (1994). "Confession and Solidarity in the Prison Writing of Breyten Breytenbach and Jeremy Cronin". Research in African Literatures. 25 (1). Indiana University Press: 23–45. JSTOR3820035.
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