Busan

"Pusan" and "Fusan" redirect here. For other uses, see Pu San (disambiguation), Fu San (disambiguation), and Busan (disambiguation).

Busan 부산시
Metropolitan city
Busan Metropolitan City 부산광역시
transcription(s)
•  Hangul	부산 광 역 시
•  Hanja	釜山 廣 域 市
•  Revised Romanization	Busan Gwangyeoksi
•  McCune-Reischauer	Pusan Kwangyŏksi [1]
From top, left to right: Haedong Yonggungsa Haeundae Nampo-dong Busan Sajik Baseball Stadium Haeundae Beach and Gwangan Bridge
Flag Logo Wordmark
Anthem: 부산찬가 "Busan Hymn" [2]
Busan Location in South Korea Show map of South Korea Busan Busan (Asia) Show map of Asia
Coordinates: 35°10′48″N129°04′30″E / 35.18000°N 129.07500°E / 35.18000; 129.07500
Country	South Korea
Region	Yeongnam
Districts	16
Government
• Type	Mayor-Council
•  Mayor	Park Heong-joon (People Power)
• Body	Busan Metropolitan Council
• National Representation  -  National Assembly	18 / 299 6.0% (total seats) 18 / 245 7.3% (constituency seats) List Jeon Jaesoo (Democratic) Buk-gu / Gangseo-gu A district Kim Do-eup (People Power) Buk-gu / Gangseo-gu B district Suh Byung-soo (People Power) Busanjin-gu A district Lee Heon-seung (People Power) Busanjin-gu B district Kim Heegon (People Power) Dongnae-gu district Baek Jong-heon (People Power) Geumjeong-gu district Ha Tae-keung (People Power) Haeundae-gu A district Kim Mi-ae (People Power) Haeundae-gu B district Hwangbo Seunghee (People Power) Jung-gu / Yeongdo-gu district Park Soo-young (People Power) Nam-gu A district Park Jaeho (Democratic) Nam-gu B district Choi Inho (Democratic) Saha-gu A district Cho Kyoung Tae (People Power) Saha-gu B district Chang Je Won (People Power) Sasang-gu district Ahn Byung-gil (People Power) Seo-gu / Dong-gu district Jeon Bong-gil (People Power) Suyeong-gu district Jeong Dongman (People Power) Gijang district Lee Juhwan (People Power) Yeonje-gu district
Area
•  Metropolitan city	770.04 km2 (297.31 sq mi)
Population  (August 2022)
•  Metropolitan city	3,331,444
• Density	4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
•  Metro	4,000,000 [3]
• Dialect	Gyeongsang
Gross Regional Product (2020) [4]
• Total	KR₩91.3 trillion US$73.0 billion
Area code	(+82) 051
ISO 3166 code	KR-410
Flower	Camellia flower
Fish	Mackerel
Bird	Seagull
Website	Official website (English)

Korean pronunciation: [pusan] ), officially known as Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second most populous city after Seoul, with a population of over 3.4 million inhabitants as of 2017. ^[5] Formerly romanized as Pusan (and Fuzan under Japanese rule), it is the economic, cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea, with its port being South Korea's busiest and the sixth-busiest in the world. ^{[lower-alpha 1]} The surrounding "Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region" (including Ulsan, South Gyeongsang, Daegu, and some of North Gyeongsang and South Jeolla) is South Korea's largest industrial area. The large volumes of port traffic and urban population in excess of 1 million make Busan a Large-Port metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification. ^[7]

Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county, together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million. The full metropolitan area, the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region, has a population of approximately 8 million. ^[8] The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers, with mountains separating most of the districts. The Nakdong River is Korea's longest river and Busan's Haeundae Beach is also the country's largest.

Busan is a center for international conventions, hosting an APEC summit in 2005. It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea, having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup. It is home to the world's largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. ^[9] Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a "City of Film" in December 2014. ^[10]

Names

The name "Busan" is the Revised Romanization of the city's Korean name since the late 15th century. ^[11] It officially replaced the earlier McCune-Reischauer romanization Pusan in 2000. ^{[12] [lower-alpha 2]} During the Japanese occupation it was spelled "Fuzan".

The name 釜山 (now written 부산 using the Korean alphabet) is Sino-Korean for "Cauldron Mountain", believed to be a former name of Mt Hwangryeong ( 황령 산 , 荒嶺 山 ,Hwangryeong-san) west of the city center. The area's ancient state Mt Geochil ( 거칠산 국 , 居柒山 國 , Geochilsan-guk, "Rough-Mountain Land") is similarly thought to refer to the same mountain, which towers over the town's harbor on the Suyeong. (The later Silla district of Geochilsan-gun was renamed Dongnae in 757.) ^[16]

Busan History Timeline

  Jinhan Ancient dynasty
Three Kingdoms of Korea Silla BC.57–676
Silla 676–936
Goryeo 936–1392
Joseon (Gyeongsang-do) 1392–1897
Korean Empire 1897–1910
  Korea under Japanese rule 1910–1945
People's Republic of Korea 1945
  United States Army Military Government in Korea 1945–1948
  South Korea (Gyeongsangnam-do) 1948–1963
  South Korea 1963–present

Mt Geochil (Geochilsan-guk) is recorded as a chiefdom of the Jinhan Confederacy in the 2nd–4th centuries. It was absorbed by Silla and organized as a district (gun). The grave goods excavated from mounded burials at Bokcheon-dong indicate that a complex chiefdom ruled by powerful individuals was present in the Busan area in the 4th century, just as Korea's Three Kingdoms were forming.^{[ citation needed ]} The mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No. 38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. ^{[ citation needed ]}

From the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement continued until Japan invaded Korea in 1592. After the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, waegwan (倭 館), though relocated into Choryang (草 梁) later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876. In 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea under the terms of the Treaty of Ganghwa.

During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan. Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. ^[17]

During the Korean War, Busan was one of only two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the war, the other being Daegu. As a result, the cities became refugee camp sites for Koreans during the war. According to the Korea Times , around 500,000 refugees were located in Busan in early 1951. ^[18]

As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, for some time it served as a de facto capital of the Republic of Korea.^{[ citation needed ]} UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and fall of 1950. Since then, the city has been a self-governing metropolis and has built a strong urban character.

In 1963, Busan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Directly Governed City (직할시). In 1983, the provincial capital of Gyeongsangnam-do was moved from Busan to Changwon.^{[ citation needed ]}

Geography

Busan is located on the southeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula. It is located on the coast, which determined the development of the whole city itself. The distance from Busan to Seoul is about 314 km (195 mi). Busan borders low mountains on the north and west, and the seas on the south and east. The Nakdong River Delta is located on the west side of the city, and Geumjeongsan, the highest mountain in the city, is on the north. The Nakdong River, South Korea's longest river, flows through the west and empties into the Korea Strait. The southeastern region, called Yeongnam in Korea, encompasses both Gyeongsang Provinces and 3 metropolitan cities of Busan, Daegu and Ulsan. Ulsan lies northeast of Busan. The combined population exceeds 13 million.^{[ citation needed ]}

The closest overseas area to Busan is Tsushima, Japan, with a distance of about 49.5 km (30.8 mi). The closest Japanese mainland area to Busan is Fukuoka, and the distance from Busan to Fukuoka is about 180 km (112 miles). Busan and Fukuoka are sister cities.

Climate

Busan
Climate chart (explanation)
J F M A M J J A S O N D     35     8 0     50     10 2     90     14 5     141     18 10     156     22 15     188     25 18     327     28 22     267     30 24     161     26 20     80     23 15     50     17 8     34     10 2 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °C █ Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion J F M A M J J A S O N D     1.4     47 32     2     50 35     3.5     57 42     5.5     65 50     6.1     72 58     7.4     76 65     13     82 72     10     85 75     6.3     80 68     3.1     73 58     2     62 47     1.3     51 36 █ Average max. and min. temperatures in °F █ Precipitation totals in inches

Located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean Peninsula, Busan has a cooler version of a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, bordering on Cwa). ^[19] Extremely high or low temperatures are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded is 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) on 14 August 2016 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 13 January 1915. ^[20] May to July, late Springs and early Summers, are usually cooler than inland regions because of the ocean effect. Late Summer, and early Fall, August, and September, are generally hot and humid and the city may experience typhoons at that time and be generally rainy. On September 15, 1959, Super Typhoon Sarah passed by the coast of the city and caused catastrophic damage. An unusually severe storm on September 12, 2003, Typhoon Maemi, also caused damage to ships and buildings and resulted in over 48 fatalities. Typhoon Hinnamnor on September 6, 2022, caused destruction in Busan as a category 2, producing high waves, destructive winds, and flooding. Busan is the most prone city in South Korea to typhoons and other natural disasters.^{[ citation needed ]}

October and November are generally the most comfortable, with clear skies and pleasant temperatures. Winters are cool and comparatively dry with high winds, but much milder than other parts of Korea, except Jeju-do and several islands off the southern coast. Busan and the nearby area have the least snow compared to other regions of Korea due to its location. Snow falls on an average of only about 4 days per year. ^[21]

Climate data for Busan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present)
Month	Jan	Feb	Mar	Apr	May	Jun	Jul	Aug	Sep	Oct	Nov	Dec	Year
Record high °C (°F)	18.4 (65.1)	20.3 (68.5)	22.9 (73.2)	28.1 (82.6)	34.0 (93.2)	33.4 (92.1)	35.8 (96.4)	37.3 (99.1)	35.2 (95.4)	30.8 (87.4)	25.6 (78.1)	20.9 (69.6)	37.3 (99.1)
Average high °C (°F)	8.2 (46.8)	10.2 (50.4)	13.8 (56.8)	18.2 (64.8)	22.0 (71.6)	24.6 (76.3)	27.5 (81.5)	29.5 (85.1)	26.4 (79.5)	22.5 (72.5)	16.6 (61.9)	10.4 (50.7)	19.2 (66.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)	3.6 (38.5)	5.4 (41.7)	9.1 (48.4)	13.8 (56.8)	17.9 (64.2)	21.0 (69.8)	24.4 (75.9)	26.1 (79.0)	22.6 (72.7)	17.9 (64.2)	11.9 (53.4)	5.8 (42.4)	15.0 (59.0)
Average low °C (°F)	−0.1 (31.8)	1.5 (34.7)	5.3 (41.5)	10.1 (50.2)	14.6 (58.3)	18.3 (64.9)	22.1 (71.8)	23.7 (74.7)	19.8 (67.6)	14.5 (58.1)	8.3 (46.9)	2.0 (35.6)	11.7 (53.1)
Record low °C (°F)	−14.0 (6.8)	−12.6 (9.3)	−9.7 (14.5)	−1.5 (29.3)	5.4 (41.7)	9.3 (48.7)	13.8 (56.8)	15.4 (59.7)	9.6 (49.3)	1.8 (35.2)	−6.5 (20.3)	−12.0 (10.4)	−14.0 (6.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)	34.5 (1.36)	49.6 (1.95)	89.7 (3.53)	140.9 (5.55)	155.9 (6.14)	188.4 (7.42)	326.8 (12.87)	266.5 (10.49)	160.6 (6.32)	79.6 (3.13)	50.4 (1.98)	33.8 (1.33)	1,576.7 (62.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)	5.4	5.9	8.3	9.2	9.1	10.4	13.6	11.9	9.2	5.3	6.0	4.7	99.0
Average snowy days	1.4	1.2	0.5	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.0	0.1	0.9	4.1
Average relative humidity (%)	46.8	49.4	56.0	61.1	68.3	76.8	83.4	78.5	72.6	62.7	56.3	48.1	63.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours	203.1	189.4	202.0	212.6	228.5	180.3	172.3	199.2	173.8	212.1	195.5	205.6	2,374.4
Percent possible sunshine	63.6	59.3	52.0	53.6	51.1	41.4	37.5	48.2	44.9	59.6	62.6	67.0	52.3
Average ultraviolet index	2	4	6	7	9	10	10	10	8	5	3	2	6
Source 1: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010) [21] [20] [22]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV) [23]

Administrative divisions

In 1957, Busan adopted a division system with the creation of six gu (districts): Busanjin-gu, Dong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Jung-gu, Seo-gu, and Yeongdo-gu. Today, Busan has divided into fifteen gu and one gun (county).

Administrative divisions

Subdivision	Korean	Area (km2) [24]	Population (January 2018) [25]
Buk-gu	북구;北區	39.36	303,955
Busanjin-gu	부산진구;釜山鎭區	29.70	372,922
Dong-gu	동구;東區	9.73	90,668
Dongnae-gu	동래구;東萊區	16.63	271,350
Gangseo-gu	강서구;江西區	181.50	123,636
Geumjeong-gu	금정구;金井區	65.27	249,054
Haeundae-gu	해운대구;海雲臺區	51.47	417,174
Jung-gu	중구;中區	2.83	45,821
Nam-gu	남구;南區	26.81	278,681
Saha-gu	사하구;沙下區	41.75	337,423
Sasang-gu	사상구;沙上區	36.09	233,443
Seo-gu	서구;西區	13.93	111,906
Suyeong-gu	수영구;水營區	10.21	181,526
Yeongdo-gu	영도구;影島區	14.15	124,918
Yeonje-gu	연제구;蓮堤區	12.08	207,396
Gijang-gun	기장군;機張郡	218.32	164,546

Economy

Hanjin Heavy Industries

Busan New Port

Busan is the 2nd largest city in Korea, a maritime logistics hub in Northeast Asia with its world-class mega ports, and a gateway to the Eurasian continent. ^[26] In 2017, the maritime city recorded a GRDP of US$758.4 billion with a per capita GRDP of US$22,000.^{[ citation needed ]} The city's economy is made up of the service industry (70.3%), manufacturing (19.8%), construction (5.9%), agriculture & fisheries (0.8%), and other sectors (3.2%).^{[ citation needed ]}

As the 6th largest port in the world, the port of Busan processed 21.81 million TEU of container cargo volume in 2020. The port's container terminal has 43 berths - 20 berths at the North Port, and 23 berths at the Busan New Port (including 2 multi-purpose berths). The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to Singapore, towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. ^{[27] [28] [29] [30]}

Moreover, the city is a center of marine science and R&D, and home to a number of relevant institutions, such as the Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), the National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA), and the Korea National Maritime Museum, located in Dongsam Innovation Complex in Yeongdo-gu district. Moreover, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) World Congress is scheduled to be hosted in Busan in 2020.^{[ citation needed ]} (Busan New Port)

The city is also known for its global MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions) industry. The city's convention and exhibition zone have excellent conditions and infrastructure to host large-scale international events, which includes BEXCO in Centum City, Nurimaru APEC House, and hotels nearby natural environments. Major international conferences in Busan include the 2005 APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit 2014, and 2018 African Development Bank Group Annual Meetings. (BEXCO)

Busan is also a center of finance. Korea Exchange (KRX), Korea's sole securities exchange operator, is headquartered in Busan. The city is home to a number of financial institutions, such as the Korea Technology Finance Corporation, Korea Asset Management Corporation, Korea Housing-Finance Corporation, Korea Housing & Urban Guarantee Corporation, Korea Securities Depository, Korea Maritime Guarantee Insurance, Maritime Finance Center, The Korea Shipping and Maritime Transportation Co., Ltd, Korea Asset Management Corporation, and BNK Financial Group.

Seomyeon

Jagalchi Market

Commercial areas are dispersed throughout the city near busy intersections and adjacent to university campuses, but the two largest central business districts in Busan are Seomyeon and Gwangbok-dong/Nampo-dong. There are also four substantial shopping areas of note: Seomyeon, Gwangbok-dong, Busan Daehak-ga in Jangjeon-dong, and Centum City in Haeundae-gu.

Seomyeon Station is one of the busiest subway stations in Korea; it is the transfer station between Busan Subway Line 1 and Line 2. Seomyeon subway station is also home to a large number of underground stores, selling a variety of products, predominantly clothing, and footwear. These are small stores selling locally produced products. The local head offices of Korean and international banks are located in Seomyeon. It is recognized as the ascendant shopping and entertainment district. It is also home to "Seomyeon Medical Street", the district encompassing the 1 km-radius range around Lotte Department Store in Seomyeon and the Buam subway station. The Street is home to a total of 160 cosmetic and other medical clinics, including those specializing in cosmetic surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology and dentistry. ^{[31] [32]} Directly adjacent to Seomyeon is Bujeon Market, the largest traditional market in the city.

The Gwangbok-dong, Nampo-dong, and Jungang-dong areas form the old central business district. Some of the restaurants in this district use family recipes passed down through the generations. Jagalchi Market, a large seafood market, is located in this area. The Gukje Market is also nearby. Jungang-dong is the home of many international law offices, the old Immigration Office, and the international ferry terminal serving Japanese routes. Lotte World II is currently under construction along the water between Jungang-dong 7-Ga and 8-Ga. ^[33]

Centum City, an industrial complex, contains luxury department stores. Busan has many major department stores, including Lotte Department Store (located in Seomyeon, Centum City, Gwangbok-dong and Dongnae), Lotte Premium Outlet (in Gimhae and Gijang), Shinsegae Premium Outlet (in Gijang), as well as large supermarket chains across the city, such as Homeplus, e-mart, and Costco.

Busan's major hotels include The Westin Chosun Busan, Paradise Busan, and Park Hyatt Busan. In 2017, Ananti Hilton Busan opened in the Gijang-eup district. ^[34]

Education

Universities with graduate schools

A panoramic view of Pusan National University.

Korea Maritime and Ocean University.

• Busan University of Foreign Studies (BUFS)
• Busan Presbyterian University
• Busan National University of Education (BNUE)
• Catholic University of Pusan
• Dongseo University
• Dong-A University
• Dong-eui University
• Friedrich-Alexander University Busan Campus ^[35] (German University in Korea)
• Inje University – Busan Campus
• Kosin University
• Korea Maritime and Ocean University
• Kyungsung University
• Pukyong National University (PKNU)
• Pusan National University (PNU)
• Silla University
• Tongmyong University
• Youngsan University

Other institutes of higher education

• Busan Arts College
• Busan Institute of Science and Technology (BIST)
• Busan Kyungsang College
• Busan Polytechnic College
• Daedong College
• Dong-Pusan College
• Dongju College
• Korea Institute of Maritime and Fisheries Technology

Foreign schools

Primary and secondary schools:

• Busan Foreign Language High School (부산외국어고등학교)
• Busan Foreign School ^[36] (Pre-Kindergarten through 12th Grade)
• Busan Japanese School ( 釜山日本人学校 , 부산일본인학교 )
• International School of Busan ^[37] ( Pre-Kindergarten through 12th Grade)
• Overseas Chinese Elementary School Busan (韓國釜山華僑小學; 부산화교소학교) ^[38]
• Overseas Chinese High School, Busan

High schools

• Keumjeong High School (1986)

Culture and attractions

Busan not only features a variety of antique and souvenir shops, but also unique restaurants, attractions, and accommodations.

Parks, beaches, and highlights

Dadaepo Beach

Nampo-dong is a central shopping and café district. The area around Pukyong National University and Kyungsung University also has many cafés, bars, and restaurants attracting college students and youth.

Busan is called the summer capital of Korea^{[ citation needed ]} since it attracts tourists from all over the country to its six beaches. Luxury hotels and a carnival boardwalk line the beach at Haeundae. Gwangalli Beach has cafés, bars, and restaurants along the beach, and the Grand Gwangan Bridge. Other beaches include Dadaepo Beach on the west edge of the city and Songdo Beach, which is south-central.

Haeundae Beach is one of the most famous beaches in Korea.^{[ citation needed ]} The 2009 film Tidal Wave (2009) is about a tsunami hitting Busan at this beach.

Geumjeongsan to the west is a weekend hiking spot for Busan residents. To the north, the neighborhoods around Pusan National University (also known as PNU, which is one of the most highly recognized national institutes of higher education in Korea) have student theaters, cafés, bars, and restaurants, as well as open-air cultural street performances on weekend nights. Nearby is Beomeosa, the city's main Korean Buddhist temple.

Yongdusan Park occupies 69,000 square meters/17 acres (7 ha) and is home to the Busan Tower, Yongdusan Art Gallery, and the Busan Aquarium, the largest aquarium in South Korea. The park supports approximately seventy different species of trees and is a tourist destination, with various cultural events throughout the year. ^[39]

Dongnae-gu is a wealthy and traditional residential area. Dongnae Oncheon is a natural spa area with many baths, tourist hotels, restaurants, clubs, and shopping areas. Many restaurants in the area use family recipes. Chungnyeolsa is a Confucian shrine for soldiers who died during the 16th-century battle against the Japanese at Dongnae Fortress. ^[40]

Taejongdae is a natural park with cliffs facing the open sea on the island of Yeongdo.

The area known as the "Foreigners' Shopping Street", but commonly referred to as "Texas Street" near part of the Port of Busan, and adjacent to the front entrance to the Busan Train Station (부산역) has many businesses that cater to the local Russian population, as well as the crews of foreign ships. The area was originally the location of the local Chinatown and still contains a Chinese school.

Haedong Yonggung temple is one of three sacred places related to the Goddess Buddha. It is located right near the sea. It lies on a mountain in the front and the sea at the back.

Gamcheon Cultural Village was created in the 1950s as a residential community along a mountain slope. The houses in the village are built in a staircase fashion. The village often dubbed the "Machu Picchu of Korea" attracts many tourists. In addition, the village received a special mention during the 3rd edition of the international award ceremony, "UCLG-MEXICO CITY-Culture 21".

Nurimaru APEC House

Busan Citizens Park (formerly Camp Hialeah) is a former Imperial Japanese Army base and United States Army camp located in the Busanjin District.

Dongbaek Island is located at the southern end of Haeundae Beach. The island creates a picturesque scene in harmony with a thick forest of camellias and pine trees. Tourist attractions on Dongbaek Island include a walking path and the Nurimaru APEC House, built for the 2005 APEC summit.

Huinnyeoul Culture Village was created when Korean War refugees flocked to this area. It provides an unhindered view of both the Busanhang and Namhang Ports. A major backdrop of the 2013 film The Attorney , the neighborhood was also featured in the 2012 film Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time . The small houses that stand shoulder to shoulder form the signature look of Busan, which is often remembered as a city of the sea and hilly neighborhoods. The village continues to attract an increasing number of visitors with its new cafes, workshops, and guesthouses.

Daejeo Ecological Park

Millak Waterfront Park is the first waterfront park in Korea, which combines the oceanfront with public leisure facilities. The park is located between Haeundae Beach and Gwangalli Beach. The waterfront park, with an area of 33,507m², can accommodate as many as 40,000 visitors. The floor of the park is decorated with colorful blocks, and the park provides visitors a perfect chance to relax and features flower gardens, gazebos, and benches. If you sit on the 3,040–wide stand, you can dip your feet in the water during high tide.

With a length of 7.62 km (4.73 mi) and a size of 2.66 km² (1.03 sq mi), designated as Natural Monument No. 179, Daejeo Ecological Park is a habitat for migratory birds at the Nakdong River Estuary. The estuary was chosen as a trial project for the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project. The sports facilities were partially built on the upper and lower parts of the park only, while the rest of the park underwent a restoration of its wetlands and natural grassland. In the garden inside the park, you can find a large-scale habitat for prickly water lilies, which are part of the Endangered Species Level II classification. Many interesting festivals, such as the Nakdong Riverside Cherry Blossom Festival, the Busan Nakdong River Canola Flower Festival, and the Daejeo Tomato Festival are held around this park every year.

Ilgwang Beach is a long white-sand beach, extending for about 1.8 kilometers, and is particularly popular among families with young children as a vacation spot because the waters are quite shallow. Every summer, the Gaetmaeul Outdoor Drama Festival is held on this beach. The festival features diverse performances of traditional Korean music, outdoor dramas, mime shows, and other performance art forms.

Kiswire Museum offers its visitors a chance to better understand wire, a key material for industrial development, and central to Kiswire's corporate philosophy. The museum won the 2014 Busan Architecture Award for its aesthetic design.^{[ citation needed ]} In addition, the roof of the museum is supported by only 38 cables without any pillars or beams, which makes the museum quite unique. In addition, the museum features special art pieces, including artwork made with wires.

Jeonpo Café Street in Seomyeon, Busan is one of the busiest areas, with a variety of entertainment, restaurants, and stores. Across Seomyeon 1 Beonga (Seomyeon 1st Street), the busiest street in the area, there is a quiet and tranquil street with about 30 unique cafés. Several years ago, the Bujeon-dong and Jeonpo-dong areas were full of hardware stores and machine part suppliers.^{[ citation needed ]} However, since 2010 the area has been transformed into a street full of cafés.^{[ citation needed ]}

Busan is planning to build the first floating city in the world. So-called Oceanix City will be finished and ready for settlement by 2025. ^[41]

Temples, religious and historical sites

See also: List of Buddhist temples in Busan

Beomeosa Temple

Haedong Yonggungsa Temple

• Beomeosa Temple
• Busanjinjiseong Fortress (or Jaseongdae)
• Cheonseongjinseong Fortress
• Chungnyeolsa Shrine
• Dongnaeeupseong Fortress
• Dongnae Hyanggyo Confucian shrine-school
• Dongnaebu Dongheon
• Dongsam-dong Shell Mound
• Fortress site of Jwasuyeong
• Geumjeongsanseong Fortress
• Haedong Yonggung Temple
• Janggwancheong
• Gungwancheong
• Songgongdan Altar
• Jeongongdan Altar
• Samgwangsa Temple
• Tumuli in Bokcheon-dong, Dongnae
• United Nations Memorial Cemetery ^[42]
• Waeseong in Jukseong-ri, Gijang
• Yeongdo Bridge
• Yeonggadae Pavilion
• Yungongdan Altar

Arts

Busan Exhibition and Convention Center

Busan hosts the Busan International Film Festival (BIFF)—one of the most popular international film festivals in Asia—at the Busan Cinema Center every fall. It is also the home of the Busan Biennale, an international contemporary art biennale that takes place every two years.

The city also hosts the One Asia Festival, the largest K-pop festival in Korea beginning in 2016, positioning itself as the center of K-pop culture. ^[43]

In 2012, German artist Hendrik Beikirch painted Asia's tallest mural entitled "Fisherman Portrait" on a building near Millak Raw Fish Town. ^[44]

Busan is home to 80 performance facilities consisting of 30 public ones, including the Busan Cultural Center, Busan Citizens'Hall, Busan Cinema Center, and Busan National Gugak Center. There are 40 private facilities, such as KBS Art Hall Busan, Sohyang Art Center, MBC Samjoo Art Hall, Kyungsung University Concert Hall, and Shinsegae Department Store Culture Hall.

Festivals

A variety of festivals are held in the Busan throughout the year. Following the Joseon Tongsinsa Festival (Registration of Documents on Joseon Tongsinsa on the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme in 2017) and Busan Port Festival in May, the Busan Sea Festival at Haeundae Beach, the largest beach in Korea, and the Busan International Rock Festival takes place in August. In particular, October is the perfect month to enjoy a variety of festivals, such as the Busan International Film Festival, the largest film festival in Asia, the Busan Fireworks Festival, and the One Asia Festival, a global K-pop music festival. In addition, G-Star, the largest gaming exhibition in Korea, and the e-Sports World Championship are hosted in November, followed by the Busan Christmas Tree Festival in December (Busan Fireworks Festival).

Major Public performance facilities

No.	Facility	Number of Seats
1	Busan Cultural Center	2,389
2	Busan Citizens' Hall	1,941
3	BEXCO Auditorium	2,644
4	Busan National Gugak Center	974
5	Busan Cinema Center Haneulyeon Theatre	841
6	Korea National Maritime Museum	311

Museums

Museums in Busan include:

• Busan Museum
• Busan Museum of Art
• Museum of Contemporary Art Busan ^[45]
• Busan Museum of Movies ^[46]
• Busan Modern History Museum
• Busan Marine Natural History Museum
• Korea National Maritime Museum
• Bokcheon Museum
• Kiswire Museum ^[47]
• Provisional Capital Memorial Hall
• Trickeye Museum
• United Nations Peace Memorial Hall
• 40-step Stairway Culture Center
• Dongnae Eupseong History Museum

Traditional cuisine

Dongnae pajeon

Busan was once a center of military affairs in the southern region of the peninsula and therefore was an important site for diplomatic relationships with Japan; high-ranking officers and officials from the court frequently visited the city. Special foods were prepared for the officers such as Dongnae pajeon (동래파전), a variant of pajeon (Korean savory pancakes), made with whole scallions, sliced chili peppers, and various kinds of seafood in a thick batter of wheat flour, glutinous rice flour, eggs, salt and water. ^[48]

During the Korean War, Busan was the biggest refugee destination on the peninsula; people from all regions of Korea went there. Some of these refugees stayed and adapted and adjusted the recipes of their local specialties. One of these foods is milmyeon (밀면) (lit. 'wheat noodle') a version of naengmyeon , cold buckwheat noodle soup, but using wheat flour instead. (Naengmyeon is originally a specialty food of Hamhung and Pyongyang, now part of North Korea. ^{[49] [50]} ) Dwaeji gukbap (돼지국밥) (lit. 'pork/pig soup rice') is also a result of Korean War. It is a hearty pork soup and is becoming more popular nationwide. ^[51] Pork trotters served with vegetables such as cucumbers, onions, and mustard sauce is popular and is called Nangchae-Jokbal. ^[52]

Hot spring resorts and spas

Busan has the largest hot spring resorts and facilities in Korea. Busan's Oncheon is the oldest hot spring spa in Korea.

• Spa Land (Haeundae-Gu)
• HurShimChung Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Town (Dongnae-Gu)
• Haeundae Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Haeundae-Gu)
• Dongnae Hot Spring Resorts and Spa Towns (Dongnae-Gu)
• Gwangalli Spa Towns (Suyeong-Gu)

Media

Station or Newspaper	Types
Busan KBS	TV, Radio
Busan MBC	TV, Radio
KNN	TV, Radio
Busan CBS	Radio
Busan BBS	Radio
Busan eFM	Radio (English, Chinese)
Busan PBC	Radio
Busan Ilbo	Daily Newspaper
Kookje Shinmun	Daily Newspaper

In popular culture

Although Seoul remains the de facto film and television capital of South Korea, Busan shares more in common with Cannes, France than just its reputation as seaside resort town. ^[53]

The Busan International Film Festival is often referred to as the "Cannes of Asia", attracting thousands of entertainment personalities from both Eastern and Western cinema every year, honoring and recognizing international luminaries such as Mike Leigh, Shōhei Imamura, Wong Kar-wai, and Kim Ki-duk. ^{[54] [55]}

It is frequently used as a film location, best known in the west for Marvel's Black Panther and Apple's Pachinko , but also for the Korean market productions of Train to Busan , Old Boy , and Decision to Leave , as well as the popular K-Drama Reply 1997 , highlighting the distinct Gyeongsang dialect, which is comparable to a Scottish English in relation to standard British English. ^{[56] [57]}

Demographics

Busan population pyramid in 2022

Historical population

Year	Pop.	±% p.a.
1995	3,745,784	—
2000	3,587,562	−0.86%
2005	3,439,916	−0.84%
2015	3,448,737	+0.03%
2020	3,349,016	−0.59%
source: [58]

Religion

Religion in Busan (2015) ^[59]

  Not religious (53.2%)

   Buddhism (28.5%)

   Protestantism (12.1%)

   Catholicism (5.4%)

  Other (0.8%)

According to the census of 2015, 28.5% followed Buddhism and 17.5% followed Christianity (12.1% Protestantism and 5.4% Catholicism). 53.2% of the population is irreligious. ^[59]

Sports

The city planned to bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics, but withdrew after the 2018 Winter Olympics were awarded to Pyeongchang, also located in South Korea. The 2020 Summer Olympics were eventually awarded to Tokyo. ^[60] It considered bidding to host the 2032 Summer Olympics. ^[61]

Sports teams and facilities

Club	League	Stadium	Stadium Capacity	Sports Type
Lotte Giants	KBO League	Sajik Baseball Stadium	28,500	Baseball
Busan IPark	K League 2	Busan Asiad Stadium	53,864	Football
Busan BNK Sum	WKBL	Sajik Arena	14,099	Basketball

Baseball

Sajik Baseball Stadium

Since 1982, the city has been home to the Lotte Giants, who play in the Korea Professional Baseball league. In Korea, Busan is known as the capital of baseball and has a reputation for very enthusiastic baseball fans. ^[62] For the first few years, the Lotte Giants utilized Gudeok Baseball Stadium as their home. In the mid-1980s, they moved to Sajik Baseball Stadium, which was built as part of a sports complex for the 1986 Asian Games.

Football

The city is home to a K League football club, the Busan IPark. The club was formerly known as the Busan Daewoo Royals and was a successful team during the 1990s. Busan is also home to a K3 League football club, the Busan Transportation Corporation.

Basketball

Until 2021, Busan was home of the Korean Basketball League team Busan KT Sonicboom, which played at the Sajik Arena.

Since 2019, Busan is the home of the Women's Korean Basketball League team Busan BNK Sum. They played at the Geumjeong Gymnasium from 2019 to 2021, and they currently play at the Sajik Arena.

2002 FIFA World Cup

Busan Asiad Main Stadium.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the world's 17th FIFA World Cup, held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at locations in South Korea and Japan. Busan hosted matches between France and Uruguay, and ROK against Poland at the Busan Asiad Stadium.

2002 Asian Games

The 2002 Asian Games were held in Busan from September 29 to October 14, 2002. 9,900 athletes from 44 countries competed in 38 sports. Many public sports complexes and university gymnasiums, including Busan Asiad Stadium were used for the games' venues. The mascot was a seagull, the city bird of Busan named, "Duria". East Timor took part in the games for the first time. As well, North Korea also participated for the first time in an international event held in South Korea.

Festivals and events

Busan celebrates festivals all year round.

Month	Annual Festivals and Events
January	Busan Sunrise Festival, [63] Polar Bear Swimming Contest [64]
April	Gwangalli Fishery (Eobang) Festival, Busan Nakdong River Yuchae (Canola) Flower Festival [65]
May	Busan Motor Show, [66] Busan Port Festival, [67] Busan Contents Market, Busan International Short Film Festival, [68] Joseon Tongsinsa Korea-Janpan Exchange Festival, [69] Busan International Performing Arts Festival [70]
June	Haeundae Sand Festival, Busan International Dance Festival, Art Busan [71]
July	Busan International Kids and Youth Film Festival, [72]
August	Busan Sea Festival, [73] Busan International Rock Festival, [74] Busan International Magic Festival, Busan International Advertising Festival, Busan International Comedy Festival
September	Busan Biennale, Busan Sea Art Festival, Busan Maru International Music Festival, Busan Queer Festival
October	Busan International Film Festival, Busan International Fireworks Festival, Busan Jagalchi Festival, Asia Song Festival, [75] Busan One-Asia Festival, The Dongnae-eupseong History Festival
November	G-Star-Global Game Exhibition, Busan Choral Festival & Competition
December	Busan Christmas Tree Festival

Medical facilities

Busan has many hospitals and clinics. Many cosmetic surgery, dermatological, ophthalmic, and dental clinics are concentrated in Seomyeon medical street .

Hospitals in Busan include Pusan National University Hospital with 1,300 beds in Ami-dong, Kosin University Gospel Hospital with 957 beds in Amnam-dong, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences specializing in cancer treatment with 298 beds, Dong-A University Hospital with 999 beds in Dongdaesin-dong, Dong-eui Medical Center with 468 beds offering cooperative western and oriental medicine treatment in Yangjeong-dong, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital with 837 beds in Gaegeum-dong, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital with 896 beds in Jwa-dong, Busan Medical Center with 555 beds in Sajik-dong and Busan Veterans Hospital in Jurye-dong, Sasang-gu. In particular, Seomyeon Medical Street, which first started construction in the Bujeon-dong area beginning in 1990, has formed a cluster of more than 230 medical institutions, full of expertise, that is difficult to find in other parts of the world.^{[ citation needed ]} The "Seomyeon Medical Street Festival" has taken place annually since 2012.

Major medical centers

Name of Hospital	Number of beds
Pusan National University Hospital at Busan	1180 [76]
Inje University Paik Hospital at Haeundae	1004 [77]
Dong-A University Hospital	920 [78]
Kosin University Hospital	912 [79]
Busan St. Mary's Medical Center	716 [80]
Dong-eui Medical Center	640 [81]
Busan Baptist Hospital	608 [82]
Busan Medical Center	591 [83]
Maryknoll Medical Center	501 [84]
Inje University Paik Hospital at Busan	898 [85]
Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital	380
Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Cancer Center	304 [86]

Transportation

Bus

Major express bus lines link Busan with other cities in Korea at two primary bus terminals, Nopodong Bus Terminal (at the northern terminus of Subway Line 1) and Busan Seobu Bus Terminal at Sasang Station on Subway Line 2. ^[87] 134 routes of urban bus service reach every part of Busan Metropolitan City.

City buses

City buses operate a total of 160 routes. There are express buses connecting major areas quickly through tunnels and overpasses and general city buses which make stops at each bus stop. There are also airport buses connecting the Gimhae International Airport and the downtown area. Some of the city buses of Busan's adjacent cities including Yangsan, Changwon, Gimhae, and Ulsan also offer service to Busan.

Gimhae Airport Limousine Bus

Gimhae Airport Limousine Bus is one of the fastest buses connecting Gimhae International Airport and the downtown area. As of 2012, three routes are operated by Taeyoung Airport Limousine Corp.

- Nampo-dong: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Seomyeon, Busanjin Station, Busan Station, Nampo-dong ↔ Chungmu-dong (Seo-gu Office)

- Haeundae No.1: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Namcheon-dong, BEXCO, Dongbaekseom (Westin Chosun Busan), Haeundae ↔ New City (Jangsan Station)

- Haeundae No.2: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Namcheon-dong, Gwangan Bridge, Haeundae ↔ New Town (Jangsan Station) Express Bus

Intercity buses

Intercity buses to the east Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Gangwon and Gyeonggi Provinces are available at the Busan Central Bus Terminal. Buses offering service to West Gyeongnam and Jeolla Province depart from the Busan West Bus Terminal located in Sasang. Buses to the east Gyeongnam area, including Ulsan, Gimhae, and Changwon, the Seoul Metropolitan Area, including Osan, Suwon, Ansan, Bucheon and Dong Seoul, and the southern Gangwon area, including Donghae and Gangneung, are available at the Haeundae Intercity Bus Terminal. The Dongnae Intercity Bus Terminal has buses to the central and southern Gyeongnam area, including Changwon, Gimhae, Gosung, Tongyoung, and Geoje, as well as to Suncheon, Yeosu and Gwangyang. ^[88]

Sea

Busan Port Pier 1 with the International Ferry Terminal (3 docked ferries shown)

Ferries leaving from the International Ferry Terminal at Busan Port Pier 3,4 connect Busan to the Japanese ports of Izuhara and Hitakatsu on Tsushima Island, as well as the cities of Shimonoseki, Fukuoka, and Osaka on Japan's mainland. ^[89]

• PanStar ^[90] operates the PanStar Ferry between Busan and Osaka.
• The Seaflower 2, the ferry to Tsushima operated by Dae-a Express Shipping, ^[91] carries passengers only between Busan and Hitakatsu in 1 hour 40 minutes and between Busan and Izuhara in 2 hours 40 minutes.
• The Seonghee, operated by Pukwan Ferry, ^[92] links Busan to Shimonoseki.
• One of the ferries to Fukuoka is the Camellia, operated by Camellia Line. ^[93] The Camellia makes the trip to Fukuoka overnight in 7 hours 30 minutes, and a trip back in the afternoon in 5 hours 30 minutes.
• The other ferry service to Fukuoka is assumed by the Beetles and the Kobees, 2 fleets of high-speed hydrofoils operated by Miraejet. ^[94] About five departures from each city are scheduled every day. By hydrofoil, it only takes 2 hours and 55 minutes to cross the Korea Strait to Fukuoka. The Beetles owned by JR Kyushu.

National Railway

Busan lies on a number of rail lines, of which the most important is the Gyeongbu Line which connects it to other major cities such as Seoul, Daejeon, and Daegu. All classes of trains run along the Gyeongbu Line, including the super high speed KTX trains which provide frequent services to Seoul in approximately 150 minutes. The Gyeongbu Line terminates at Busan Station. Other lines include the Donghae Nambu Line which connects Ulsan, Pohang and Gyeongju.

SRT was first launched in 2016 and runs along the Gyeongbu and Honam high-speed railways. SRT offers a new gateway connecting the Gangnam area of Seoul with major cities. It is directly connected to Subway Line 3 and the Bundang Line, enhancing accessibility to Subway Lines 2, 5, and 8, as well as the Shinbundang Line, and it is also located near the Dongbu Expressway which connects to other major highways.

Metro

Main article: Busan Metro

Busan Metro Line 2

There are six subway lines as of January 2017. The transit stations are as follows: Seomyeon Station (Line 1, 2) / Yeonsan Station (Line 1, 3) / Suyeong Station (Lines 2, 3) / Deokcheon Station (Lines 2, 3) / Minam Station (Lines 3, 4) / Dongnae Station (Lines 1, 4) / Sasang Station (Line 2, Busan - Gimhae Light Rail Transit) / Daejeo Station (Line 3, Busan - Gimhae Light Rail Transit) / Busan National University of Education Station (Line 1, Donghae Line) / Bexco Station (Line 2, Donghae Line) / Geoje Station (Line 3, Donghae Line).

Air

Busan is served by Gimhae International Airport in Gangseo-gu. Gimhae International Airport is connected by Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit.

International relations

See also: List of twin towns and sister cities in South Korea

Twin towns – sister cities

Busan shares the title of sister city with several coastal cities or provinces around the world. ^[95]

• Kaohsiung, Taiwan (1966)
• Los Angeles, US (1967)
• Shimonoseki, Japan (1976)
• Barcelona, Spain (1983)
• Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (1985)
• Vladivostok, Russia (1992)
• Shanghai, China (1993)
• Surabaya, Indonesia (1994)
• State of Victoria, Australia (1994)
• Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam (1995)
• Tijuana, Mexico (1995)
• Auckland, New Zealand (1996)
• Valparaíso, Chile (1999)
• Montreal, Canada (2000)
• Western Cape, South Africa (2000)
• Istanbul, Turkey (2002)
• Dubai, UAE (2006)
• Fukuoka, Japan (2007)
• Chicago, US (2007)
• Saint Petersburg, Russia (2008)
• Phnom Penh, Cambodia (2009)
• Mumbai, India (2009)
• Thessaloniki, Greece (2010)
• Casablanca, Morocco (2011)
• Cebu Province, Philippines (2011)
• Yangon, Myanmar (2013)
• Gdynia, Poland (2020)

Friendship cities

Busan has 11 friendship cities in six countries. ^[96]

• Shenzhen, China (2007)
• Tianjin, China (2007)
• Osaka, Japan (2008)
• Chongqing, China (2010)
• Bangkok, Thailand (2011)
• Beijing, China (2013)
• Nagasaki, Japan (2014)
• Bandar Abbas, Iran (2016)
• Ulaanbaatar, Mongolia (2016)
• Panama City, Panama (2016)
• Guangzhou, China (2019)

Sister ports

The Port of Busan also has 6 sister ports (listed in order of dates). ^[97]

• – Port of Southampton, UK (1978)
• – Port of Miami, US (1981)
• – Port of Osaka, Japan (1985) ^[98]
• – Port of Rotterdam, Netherlands (1985)
• – Port of New York & New Jersey, US (1988)
• – Port of Shanghai, China (1994)

Notable people

• Cho Won-woo (born 1994), windsurfer
• Choi Jin-ri / Sulli (born 1994, died 2019), singer, actress, and former member of F(x)
• Choi Min-gi / Ren (born 1995), singer, songwriter, actor, and former member of NU'EST
• Gong Yoo (born in 1979), award-winning actor
• Heamin Choi (born 1984), racing driver
• Hwang Min-hyun (born 1995), singer, songwriter, actor, and former member of Wanna One and NU'EST
• Jeon Jungkook (born 1997), singer, producer, songwriter, dancer, and member of BTS
• Jung Eun-ji (born 1993), singer, songwriter, actress, and member of Apink
• Jo Yuri (born 2001), singer, actress, and former member of Iz*One
• Kang Daniel (born in 1996), singer, a former member of Wanna One
• Kim Hee-jin (born in 1991), South Korea women's national volleyball team
• Kim Minjeong / Winter (born in 2001), singer and member of Aespa and Got the Beat
• Lee Jang-kun (born 1992), professional Kabaddi player
• Lee Jihoon / Woozi (born 1996), singer, dancer, producer, songwriter, and member of Seventeen
• Park Ji-hoon (born 2000), leader, vocalist, dancer, member of Treasure
• Park Jimin (born 1995), singer, songwriter, dancer, and member of BTS
• Sandara Park (born 1984), singer, actress, and former member of 2NE1
• Park Woo-jin (born 1999), rapper, singer, dancer, songwriter, a former member of Wanna One, member of AB6IX
• Yang Hyo-jin (born in 1989), a former member of the South Korean women's national volleyball team
• Yang Jeong-in / I.N (born 2001), vocalist, member of Stray Kids
• Yoo Kang-min (born 2003), singer, member of VERIVERY
• Kim Suk (born 1975), comedian
• Shin Bong-sun (born 1980), comedian
• Park Jong-cheol, South Korean democratization activist

See also

• 40–step stairway
• Busan–Geoje Fixed Link
• Centum City, urban complex
• Gwangan Bridge
• List of cities in South Korea
• List of East Asian ports
• Pusan Newport International Terminal

Notes

1. It is the 9th busiest in the world by cargo tonnage. ^[6]
2. This name is also encountered as "Pusan City" (Pusan-si) ^[13] and "Pusan Directly-Administered City" (Busan-jikhalsi ^[14] or Pusan-chikhalsi). ^[15]

References

Citations

1. "Pusan-gwangyŏksi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
2. "부산찬가". Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
3. "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps".
4. "2021년 지역소득(잠정)".
5. "Busan Population 2018". World Population Review. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
6. "Cargo processed at Busan port dips 6.5 pct in Oct". Yonhap News. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
7. Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 . S2CID   225502755.
8. Parilla, Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph (22 January 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.
9. "Largest Department Store - Guinness World Records Blog post - Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats". Community.guinnessworldrecords.com. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
10. "Busan city on UNESCO's Creative Cities Network main page". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
11. "The origin of the name Busan" (in Korean). Busan City. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
12. "Pusan: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
13. "Pusan-si: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
14. "Pusan-jikhalsi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
15. "Pusan-chikhalsi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
16. "부산항선 목메어 불러봐도 'Pusan'". 국제신문. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
17. The History of Korean Railway by Photographs. 길잡이미디어. 19 November 2014. ISBN   9788955036541. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020.
18. Lankov, Andrei (31 January 2010). "January 1951: Life of Korean War Refugees in Busan". The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
19. "Busan Climate". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
20. 순위값 - 구역별조회 (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
21. "Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
22. "Climatological Normals of Korea" (PDF). Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
23. "Busan, South Korea - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
24. "Area and Number of Administrative Units". Statistics Korea. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
25. "주민등록 인구통계". Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
26. "South Korea - Largest Cities". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
27. "Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road?". Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
28. ""Iron Silk Road" across Asia set to receive green light". 10 November 2006. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
29. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018).
30. "The Maritime Silk Road in South-East Asia". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
31. Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
32. 부산시, 제1회 서면메디컬스트리트 축제 개최 | 뉴스와이어. Newswire.co.kr. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
33. "World Tourism Summit and TPO Forum 2008". Worldtourismsummit.com. 14 November 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
34. "Ananti Hilton Busan". Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
35. "Welcome to FAU Busan Campus - German University in Korea". fau-busan.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
36. "Busan Foreign School". busanforeignschool.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
37. "· International School of Busan". International School of Busan. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
38. "Homepage". Overseas Chinese Elementary School Busan Korea. International School Information, Government of South Korea. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
39. "Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Yongdusan Park". Visitkorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
40. "Chungnyeolsa Introduction(충렬사소개)". Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
41. "Busan to build first floating city in the world". Maritime Fairtrade. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
42. "Welcome to the United Nations Memorial Cemetery!". 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
43. KOFICE 2nd Asia Song Festival Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-12
44. Asia's Tallest Mural by Hendrik Beikirch Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . Yatzer (2012-09-10). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
45. "Museum of Contemporary Art Busan Opens to the Public". Haps Magazine . 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
46. Inman, Jung (7 July 2017). "Korean Films Get the Spotlight at New Museum". Busan ddadang. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
47. "Kiswire Museum and Training Center". Architizer. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
48. [내고장 이 맛!] 부산 동래파전. Seoul.co.kr. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
49. Kim Gi-hyeon (김기현) (13 May 2009). 동래파전·돼지국밥…음식도 관광자원으로 (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
50. Lee Gyeong-taek (이경택) (26 September 2002). 부산AG 장외 음식열전 (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
51. Noh, Ju-Seok (노주석) (29 July 2009). 영도다리/노주석 논설위원 (in Korean). Seoul Sinmun. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
52. 서울에서 `빵 뜬` 부산 명물 먹을거리 Best 4. mk.co.kr (in Korean). 9 May 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
53. "Why visit Busan in South Korea? The freshest seafood, scenery and beaches – city has it all, says tourism insider". South China Morning Post. 27 July 2023.
54. Nordine, Michael (18 October 2012). "Dispatch From Busan: Highlights (and Lowlights) From 'The Cannes of Asia'". Indiewire.
55. Conran, Pierce (28 September 2022). "Busan International Film Festival: the history, the scandals and the winners at Korea's 'Cannes of Asia'". South China Morning Post.
56. "The pleasure of visiting the Busan seen in movies". Visit Busan. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
57. Cho, May Myong-won (3 August 2012). "Reply 1997 Features Fun Subtitles for Easy Pop Culture Understanding". enewsWorld. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
58. "Statistics Korea". Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
59. "2015 Census – Religion Results" (in Korean). KOSIS KOrean Statistical Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
60. People's Daily Online (14 November 2005). "Pusan to declare bid to host 2020 Olympic Games". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
61. "24 HOUR NEWS CHANNEL ::::: YTN (와이티엔)". YTN. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
62. (in Korean) 사직구장 대대적 보수로 지정석만 2만1천석 Archived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine . Sports Khan. Retrieved 2011-11-27
63. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
64. "The 31st Polar Bear Swim Festival". bear.busan.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
65. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
66. "Busan Motor Show". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
67. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
68. "BISFF". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015.
69. "Joseon Tongsinsa History Museum". tongsinsa.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
70. 2018 부산국제연극제. bipaf.org. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
71. "Art Busan" 아트부산 2018. artbusankorea.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
72. BIKY. 제13회 부산국제어린이청소년영화제. 제13회 부산국제어린이청소년영화제 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
73. "Haeundae Sand Festival (해운대 모래축제) | Official Korea Tourism Organization". english.visitkorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
74. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
75. 아시아송 페스티벌2017. asiasongfestival.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
76. "Pusan National University Hospital". .pnuh.co.kr. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
77. "Inje University Paik Hospital". Paik.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
78. 동아대학교의료원 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다. Damc.or.kr. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
79. "Kosin University Gospel Hospital". Kosinmed.or.kr. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
80. 부산성모병원. Bsm.or.kr. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
81. "Dong-Eui Medical Center - Busan, Korea". Demc.kr. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
82. 침례병원. wmbh.co.kr. Archived from the original on 4 December 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
83. "Busan Medical Center". Eng.busanmc.or.kr. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
84. 메리놀병원. Maryknoll.co.kr. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
85. 인제대학교 부산백병원 - 환자중심의 병원, 내집처럼 편안한 병원. Paik.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
86. "Dongnam Inst. Of Radiological". Dirams.re.kr. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
87. "Express Bus". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019.
88. "Intercity Bus". Archived from the original on 16 April 2019.
89. "International Ferry Terminal". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
90. PanStar Ferry Archived February 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Korean operator of the ferry linking to Osaka, Japan.
91. (in Korean) Dae-a Express Shipping Archived 2019-07-06 at the Wayback Machine , operator of the ferry linking to Tsushima Island, Japan.
92. Pukwan Ferry Archived 2020-08-18 at the Wayback Machine , operator of the ferry linking to Shimonoseki, Japan.
93. (in Japanese) Camellia Line Archived 2019-06-29 at the Wayback Machine , (in Korean) Korea Ferry Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
94. Kobee Archived 2020-07-22 at the Wayback Machine and Beetle Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine , ferries linking to Fukuoka, Japan.
95. "List of Sister Cities". english.busan.go.kr. Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
96. "Friendship Cities". english.busan.go.kr. Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
97. Port of Busan Archived 2010-12-03 at the Wayback Machine , Sister Ports, Busan
98. "Port & Harbor Bureau, City of Osaka". Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2006.

Bibliography

• "Corea"  , 'Encyclopædia Britannica, 9th ed., Vol. VI, New York: Charles Scribner's Sons, 1878, pp. 390–394.
• Overkamp, Sven (2009), "Selected Materials on Korean from the Siebold Archive in Bochum", BJOAF (PDF), vol. 33, pp. 187–216.

External links

• Official website (in English)
• All About Busan – The Official Korea Tourism Guide Site
• Geographic data related to Busan at OpenStreetMap