Busan

Last updated

Busan
부산시
Busan Metropolitan City
부산광역시
  transcription(s)
   Hangul 부산
   Hanja 釜山
   Revised Romanization Busan Gwangyeoksi
   McCune-Reischauer Pusan Kwangyŏksi [1]
Haedong Yonggungsa, Busan.jpg
Haeundae 2008 (cropped).png
Busan South Korea Republic of Korea ROK Daehan Minguk (31877197338).jpg
Busan Sajik Stadium 20080706.JPG
Haeundae Beach in Busan.jpg
Gwangan Bridge1.jpg
From top, left to right:
Flag of Busan.svg
Symbol of Busan.svg
Slogan of Busan is good.svg
Anthem:
부산찬가
"Busan Hymn" [2]
Busan-gwangyeoksi in South Korea.svg
South Korea adm location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Busan
Location in South Korea
Asia laea location map.svg
Red pog.svg
Busan
Busan (Asia)
Coordinates: 35°10′48″N129°04′30″E / 35.18000°N 129.07500°E / 35.18000; 129.07500
Country Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea
Region Yeongnam
Districts16
Government
  Type Mayor-Council
   Mayor Park Heong-joon (People Power)
  Body Busan Metropolitan Council
  National Representation
 -  National Assembly
18 / 299
6.0% (total seats)
18 / 245
7.3% (constituency seats)
List
Area
   Metropolitan city 770.04 km2 (297.31 sq mi)
Population
 (August 2022)
   Metropolitan city 3,331,444
  Density4,300/km2 (11,000/sq mi)
   Metro
4,000,000 [3]
  Dialect
Gyeongsang
Gross Regional Product (2020)
[4]
  Total KR₩91.3 trillion
US$73.0 billion
Area code (+82) 051
ISO 3166 code KR-410
Flower Camellia flower
Fish Mackerel
Bird Seagull
Website Official website (English)
Korean pronunciation: [pusan] ), officially known as Busan Metropolitan City, is South Korea's second most populous city after Seoul, with a population of over 3.4 million inhabitants as of 2017. [5] Formerly romanized as Pusan (and Fuzan under Japanese rule), it is the economic, cultural and educational center of southeastern South Korea, with its port being South Korea's busiest and the sixth-busiest in the world. [lower-alpha 1] The surrounding "Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region" (including Ulsan, South Gyeongsang, Daegu, and some of North Gyeongsang and South Jeolla) is South Korea's largest industrial area. The large volumes of port traffic and urban population in excess of 1 million make Busan a Large-Port metropolis using the Southampton System of Port-City classification. [7]

Contents

Busan is divided into 15 major administrative districts and a single county, together housing a population of approximately 3.6 million. The full metropolitan area, the Southeastern Maritime Industrial Region, has a population of approximately 8 million. [8] The most densely built-up areas of the city are situated in a number of narrow valleys between the Nakdong and the Suyeong Rivers, with mountains separating most of the districts. The Nakdong River is Korea's longest river and Busan's Haeundae Beach is also the country's largest.

Busan is a center for international conventions, hosting an APEC summit in 2005. It is also a center for sports tournaments in Korea, having hosted the 2002 Asian Games and FIFA World Cup. It is home to the world's largest department store, the Shinsegae Centum City. [9] Busan was added to the UNESCO Creative Cities Network as a "City of Film" in December 2014. [10]

Names

The name "Busan" is the Revised Romanization of the city's Korean name since the late 15th century. [11] It officially replaced the earlier McCune-Reischauer romanization Pusan in 2000. [12] [lower-alpha 2] During the Japanese occupation it was spelled "Fuzan".

The name 釜山 (now written 부산 using the Korean alphabet) is Sino-Korean for "Cauldron Mountain", believed to be a former name of Mt Hwangryeong ( 황령 , 荒嶺 ,Hwangryeong-san) west of the city center. The area's ancient state Mt Geochil ( 거칠산 , 居柒山 , Geochilsan-guk, "Rough-Mountain Land") is similarly thought to refer to the same mountain, which towers over the town's harbor on the Suyeong. (The later Silla district of Geochilsan-gun was renamed Dongnae in 757.) [16]

History

Busan History Timeline

  Jinhan Ancient dynasty
Seal of Silla.svg Three Kingdoms of Korea Silla BC.57–676
Seal of Silla.svg Silla 676–936
Royal flag of Goryeo (Bong-gi).svg Goryeo 936–1392
Flag of the King of Joseon (fringeless).svg Joseon (Gyeongsang-do) 1392–1897
Flag of Korea (1899).svg Korean Empire 1897–1910
  Korea under Japanese rule 1910–1945
Flag of the People's Committee of Korea.svg People's Republic of Korea 1945
  United States Army Military Government in Korea 1945–1948
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea (Gyeongsangnam-do) 1948–1963
Flag of South Korea.svg  South Korea 1963–present

Mt Geochil (Geochilsan-guk) is recorded as a chiefdom of the Jinhan Confederacy in the 2nd–4th centuries. It was absorbed by Silla and organized as a district (gun). The grave goods excavated from mounded burials at Bokcheon-dong indicate that a complex chiefdom ruled by powerful individuals was present in the Busan area in the 4th century, just as Korea's Three Kingdoms were forming.[ citation needed ] The mounded burials of Bokcheon-dong were built along the top of a ridge that overlooks a wide area that makes up parts of modern-day Dongnae-gu and Yeonje-gu. Archaeologists excavated more than 250 iron weapons and ingots from Burial No. 38, a wooden chamber tomb at Bokcheon-dong. [ citation needed ]

From the beginning of the 15th century, the Korean government designated Busan as a trading port with the Japanese and allowed their settlement. Other Japanese settlements in Ulsan and Jinhae diminished later, but the Busan settlement continued until Japan invaded Korea in 1592. After the war, diplomatic relations with the new shogunate in Japan were established in 1607, and Busan was permitted to be reconstructed. The Japanese settlement, waegwan ( ), though relocated into Choryang ( ) later, continued to exist until Korea was exposed to modern diplomacy in 1876. In 1876, Busan became the first international port in Korea under the terms of the Treaty of Ganghwa.

During the Japanese rule, Busan developed into a hub trading port with Japan. Busan was the only city in Korea to adopt the steam tramway before electrification was introduced in 1924. [17]

During the Korean War, Busan was one of only two cities in South Korea not captured by the North Korean army within the first three months of the war, the other being Daegu. As a result, the cities became refugee camp sites for Koreans during the war. According to the Korea Times , around 500,000 refugees were located in Busan in early 1951. [18]

As Busan was one of the few areas in Korea that remained under the control of South Korea throughout the Korean War, for some time it served as a de facto capital of the Republic of Korea.[ citation needed ] UN troops established a defensive perimeter around the city known as the Pusan Perimeter in the summer and fall of 1950. Since then, the city has been a self-governing metropolis and has built a strong urban character.

In 1963, Busan separated from Gyeongsangnam-do to become a Directly Governed City (직할시). In 1983, the provincial capital of Gyeongsangnam-do was moved from Busan to Changwon.[ citation needed ]

Geography

Busan is located on the southeastern tip of the Korean Peninsula. It is located on the coast, which determined the development of the whole city itself. The distance from Busan to Seoul is about 314 km (195 mi). Busan borders low mountains on the north and west, and the seas on the south and east. The Nakdong River Delta is located on the west side of the city, and Geumjeongsan, the highest mountain in the city, is on the north. The Nakdong River, South Korea's longest river, flows through the west and empties into the Korea Strait. The southeastern region, called Yeongnam in Korea, encompasses both Gyeongsang Provinces and 3 metropolitan cities of Busan, Daegu and Ulsan. Ulsan lies northeast of Busan. The combined population exceeds 13 million.[ citation needed ]

The closest overseas area to Busan is Tsushima, Japan, with a distance of about 49.5 km (30.8 mi). The closest Japanese mainland area to Busan is Fukuoka, and the distance from Busan to Fukuoka is about 180 km (112 miles). Busan and Fukuoka are sister cities.

Climate

Busan
Climate chart (explanation)
J
F
M
A
M
J
J
A
S
O
N
D
 
 
35
 
 
8
0
 
 
50
 
 
10
2
 
 
90
 
 
14
5
 
 
141
 
 
18
10
 
 
156
 
 
22
15
 
 
188
 
 
25
18
 
 
327
 
 
28
22
 
 
267
 
 
30
24
 
 
161
 
 
26
20
 
 
80
 
 
23
15
 
 
50
 
 
17
8
 
 
34
 
 
10
2
Average max. and min. temperatures in °C
Precipitation totals in mm
Imperial conversion
JFMAMJJASOND
 
 
1.4
 
 
47
32
 
 
2
 
 
50
35
 
 
3.5
 
 
57
42
 
 
5.5
 
 
65
50
 
 
6.1
 
 
72
58
 
 
7.4
 
 
76
65
 
 
13
 
 
82
72
 
 
10
 
 
85
75
 
 
6.3
 
 
80
68
 
 
3.1
 
 
73
58
 
 
2
 
 
62
47
 
 
1.3
 
 
51
36
Average max. and min. temperatures in °F
Precipitation totals in inches

Located on the southeasternmost tip of the Korean Peninsula, Busan has a cooler version of a humid subtropical climate (Köppen: Cfa, bordering on Cwa). [19] Extremely high or low temperatures are rare. The highest temperature ever recorded is 37.3 °C (99.1 °F) on 14 August 2016 while the lowest temperature ever recorded is −14.0 °C (6.8 °F) on 13 January 1915. [20] May to July, late Springs and early Summers, are usually cooler than inland regions because of the ocean effect. Late Summer, and early Fall, August, and September, are generally hot and humid and the city may experience typhoons at that time and be generally rainy. On September 15, 1959, Super Typhoon Sarah passed by the coast of the city and caused catastrophic damage. An unusually severe storm on September 12, 2003, Typhoon Maemi, also caused damage to ships and buildings and resulted in over 48 fatalities. Typhoon Hinnamnor on September 6, 2022, caused destruction in Busan as a category 2, producing high waves, destructive winds, and flooding. Busan is the most prone city in South Korea to typhoons and other natural disasters.[ citation needed ]

October and November are generally the most comfortable, with clear skies and pleasant temperatures. Winters are cool and comparatively dry with high winds, but much milder than other parts of Korea, except Jeju-do and several islands off the southern coast. Busan and the nearby area have the least snow compared to other regions of Korea due to its location. Snow falls on an average of only about 4 days per year. [21]

Climate data for Busan (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1904–present)
MonthJanFebMarAprMayJunJulAugSepOctNovDecYear
Record high °C (°F)18.4
(65.1)
20.3
(68.5)
22.9
(73.2)
28.1
(82.6)
34.0
(93.2)
33.4
(92.1)
35.8
(96.4)
37.3
(99.1)
35.2
(95.4)
30.8
(87.4)
25.6
(78.1)
20.9
(69.6)
37.3
(99.1)
Average high °C (°F)8.2
(46.8)
10.2
(50.4)
13.8
(56.8)
18.2
(64.8)
22.0
(71.6)
24.6
(76.3)
27.5
(81.5)
29.5
(85.1)
26.4
(79.5)
22.5
(72.5)
16.6
(61.9)
10.4
(50.7)
19.2
(66.6)
Daily mean °C (°F)3.6
(38.5)
5.4
(41.7)
9.1
(48.4)
13.8
(56.8)
17.9
(64.2)
21.0
(69.8)
24.4
(75.9)
26.1
(79.0)
22.6
(72.7)
17.9
(64.2)
11.9
(53.4)
5.8
(42.4)
15.0
(59.0)
Average low °C (°F)−0.1
(31.8)
1.5
(34.7)
5.3
(41.5)
10.1
(50.2)
14.6
(58.3)
18.3
(64.9)
22.1
(71.8)
23.7
(74.7)
19.8
(67.6)
14.5
(58.1)
8.3
(46.9)
2.0
(35.6)
11.7
(53.1)
Record low °C (°F)−14.0
(6.8)
−12.6
(9.3)
−9.7
(14.5)
−1.5
(29.3)
5.4
(41.7)
9.3
(48.7)
13.8
(56.8)
15.4
(59.7)
9.6
(49.3)
1.8
(35.2)
−6.5
(20.3)
−12.0
(10.4)
−14.0
(6.8)
Average precipitation mm (inches)34.5
(1.36)
49.6
(1.95)
89.7
(3.53)
140.9
(5.55)
155.9
(6.14)
188.4
(7.42)
326.8
(12.87)
266.5
(10.49)
160.6
(6.32)
79.6
(3.13)
50.4
(1.98)
33.8
(1.33)
1,576.7
(62.07)
Average precipitation days (≥ 0.1 mm)5.45.98.39.29.110.413.611.99.25.36.04.799.0
Average snowy days1.41.20.50.00.00.00.00.00.00.00.10.94.1
Average relative humidity (%)46.849.456.061.168.376.883.478.572.662.756.348.163.3
Mean monthly sunshine hours 203.1189.4202.0212.6228.5180.3172.3199.2173.8212.1195.5205.62,374.4
Percent possible sunshine 63.659.352.053.651.141.437.548.244.959.662.667.052.3
Average ultraviolet index 2467910101085326
Source 1: Korea Meteorological Administration (percent sunshine 1981–2010) [21] [20] [22]
Source 2: Weather Atlas (UV) [23]

Administrative divisions

In 1957, Busan adopted a division system with the creation of six gu (districts): Busanjin-gu, Dong-gu, Dongnae-gu, Jung-gu, Seo-gu, and Yeongdo-gu. Today, Busan has divided into fifteen gu and one gun (county).

Administrative divisions 02-00-busan-en.svg
Administrative divisions
SubdivisionKoreanArea (km2)
[24]
Population
(January 2018) [25]
Buk-gu 북구;北區39.36303,955
Busanjin-gu 부산진구;釜山鎭區29.70372,922
Dong-gu 동구;東區9.7390,668
Dongnae-gu 동래구;東萊區16.63271,350
Gangseo-gu 강서구;江西區181.50123,636
Geumjeong-gu 금정구;金井區65.27249,054
Haeundae-gu 해운대구;海雲臺區51.47417,174
Jung-gu 중구;中區2.8345,821
Nam-gu 남구;南區26.81278,681
Saha-gu 사하구;沙下區41.75337,423
Sasang-gu 사상구;沙上區36.09233,443
Seo-gu 서구;西區13.93111,906
Suyeong-gu 수영구;水營區10.21181,526
Yeongdo-gu 영도구;影島區14.15124,918
Yeonje-gu 연제구;蓮堤區12.08207,396
Gijang-gun 기장군;機張郡218.32164,546

Economy

Hanjin Heavy Industries Ships in Busan.jpg
Hanjin Heavy Industries
Busan New Port Busan Port (1).jpg
Busan New Port

Busan is the 2nd largest city in Korea, a maritime logistics hub in Northeast Asia with its world-class mega ports, and a gateway to the Eurasian continent. [26] In 2017, the maritime city recorded a GRDP of US$758.4 billion with a per capita GRDP of US$22,000.[ citation needed ] The city's economy is made up of the service industry (70.3%), manufacturing (19.8%), construction (5.9%), agriculture & fisheries (0.8%), and other sectors (3.2%).[ citation needed ]

As the 6th largest port in the world, the port of Busan processed 21.81 million TEU of container cargo volume in 2020. The port's container terminal has 43 berths - 20 berths at the North Port, and 23 berths at the Busan New Port (including 2 multi-purpose berths). The port is part of the 21st Century Maritime Silk Road that runs from the Chinese coast to Singapore, towards the southern tip of India to Mombasa, from there through the Red Sea via the Suez Canal to the Mediterranean, there to the Upper Adriatic region to the northern Italian hub of Trieste with its connections to Central Europe and the North Sea. [27] [28] [29] [30]

Moreover, the city is a center of marine science and R&D, and home to a number of relevant institutions, such as the Korea Maritime Institute (KMI), the Korea Institute of Ocean Science and Technology (KIOST), the National Fishery Products Quality Management Service, the Korea Hydrographic and Oceanographic Agency (KHOA), and the Korea National Maritime Museum, located in Dongsam Innovation Complex in Yeongdo-gu district. Moreover, the International Federation of Freight Forwarders Associations (FIATA) World Congress is scheduled to be hosted in Busan in 2020.[ citation needed ] (Busan New Port)

The city is also known for its global MICE (Meetings, Incentives, Conferences, and Exhibitions) industry. The city's convention and exhibition zone have excellent conditions and infrastructure to host large-scale international events, which includes BEXCO in Centum City, Nurimaru APEC House, and hotels nearby natural environments. Major international conferences in Busan include the 2005 APEC Economic Leaders' Meeting, ASEAN–Republic of Korea Commemorative Summit 2014, and 2018 African Development Bank Group Annual Meetings. (BEXCO)

Busan is also a center of finance. Korea Exchange (KRX), Korea's sole securities exchange operator, is headquartered in Busan. The city is home to a number of financial institutions, such as the Korea Technology Finance Corporation, Korea Asset Management Corporation, Korea Housing-Finance Corporation, Korea Housing & Urban Guarantee Corporation, Korea Securities Depository, Korea Maritime Guarantee Insurance, Maritime Finance Center, The Korea Shipping and Maritime Transportation Co., Ltd, Korea Asset Management Corporation, and BNK Financial Group.

Seomyeon Seomyeon Street.jpg
Seomyeon
Jagalchi Market Busan Jagalchi Market.jpg
Jagalchi Market

Commercial areas are dispersed throughout the city near busy intersections and adjacent to university campuses, but the two largest central business districts in Busan are Seomyeon and Gwangbok-dong/Nampo-dong. There are also four substantial shopping areas of note: Seomyeon, Gwangbok-dong, Busan Daehak-ga in Jangjeon-dong, and Centum City in Haeundae-gu.

Seomyeon Station is one of the busiest subway stations in Korea; it is the transfer station between Busan Subway Line 1 and Line 2. Seomyeon subway station is also home to a large number of underground stores, selling a variety of products, predominantly clothing, and footwear. These are small stores selling locally produced products. The local head offices of Korean and international banks are located in Seomyeon. It is recognized as the ascendant shopping and entertainment district. It is also home to "Seomyeon Medical Street", the district encompassing the 1 km-radius range around Lotte Department Store in Seomyeon and the Buam subway station. The Street is home to a total of 160 cosmetic and other medical clinics, including those specializing in cosmetic surgery, dermatology, ophthalmology and dentistry. [31] [32] Directly adjacent to Seomyeon is Bujeon Market, the largest traditional market in the city.

The Gwangbok-dong, Nampo-dong, and Jungang-dong areas form the old central business district. Some of the restaurants in this district use family recipes passed down through the generations. Jagalchi Market, a large seafood market, is located in this area. The Gukje Market is also nearby. Jungang-dong is the home of many international law offices, the old Immigration Office, and the international ferry terminal serving Japanese routes. Lotte World II is currently under construction along the water between Jungang-dong 7-Ga and 8-Ga. [33]

Centum City, an industrial complex, contains luxury department stores. Busan has many major department stores, including Lotte Department Store (located in Seomyeon, Centum City, Gwangbok-dong and Dongnae), Lotte Premium Outlet (in Gimhae and Gijang), Shinsegae Premium Outlet (in Gijang), as well as large supermarket chains across the city, such as Homeplus, e-mart, and Costco.

Busan's major hotels include The Westin Chosun Busan, Paradise Busan, and Park Hyatt Busan. In 2017, Ananti Hilton Busan opened in the Gijang-eup district. [34]

Education

Universities with graduate schools

A panoramic view of Pusan National University. PNU Busan campus 1.JPG
A panoramic view of Pusan National University.
Korea Maritime and Ocean University. Busan Korea Maritime University.jpg
Korea Maritime and Ocean University.

Other institutes of higher education

Foreign schools

Primary and secondary schools:

High schools

Culture and attractions

Busan not only features a variety of antique and souvenir shops, but also unique restaurants, attractions, and accommodations.

Parks, beaches, and highlights

Dadaepo Beach Dadaepo Beach, Busan, Korea.jpg
Dadaepo Beach

Nampo-dong is a central shopping and café district. The area around Pukyong National University and Kyungsung University also has many cafés, bars, and restaurants attracting college students and youth.

Busan is called the summer capital of Korea[ citation needed ] since it attracts tourists from all over the country to its six beaches. Luxury hotels and a carnival boardwalk line the beach at Haeundae. Gwangalli Beach has cafés, bars, and restaurants along the beach, and the Grand Gwangan Bridge. Other beaches include Dadaepo Beach on the west edge of the city and Songdo Beach, which is south-central.

Haeundae Beach is one of the most famous beaches in Korea.[ citation needed ] The 2009 film Tidal Wave (2009) is about a tsunami hitting Busan at this beach.

Geumjeongsan to the west is a weekend hiking spot for Busan residents. To the north, the neighborhoods around Pusan National University (also known as PNU, which is one of the most highly recognized national institutes of higher education in Korea) have student theaters, cafés, bars, and restaurants, as well as open-air cultural street performances on weekend nights. Nearby is Beomeosa, the city's main Korean Buddhist temple.

Yongdusan Park occupies 69,000 square meters/17 acres (7 ha) and is home to the Busan Tower, Yongdusan Art Gallery, and the Busan Aquarium, the largest aquarium in South Korea. The park supports approximately seventy different species of trees and is a tourist destination, with various cultural events throughout the year. [39]

Dongnae-gu is a wealthy and traditional residential area. Dongnae Oncheon is a natural spa area with many baths, tourist hotels, restaurants, clubs, and shopping areas. Many restaurants in the area use family recipes. Chungnyeolsa is a Confucian shrine for soldiers who died during the 16th-century battle against the Japanese at Dongnae Fortress. [40]

Taejongdae is a natural park with cliffs facing the open sea on the island of Yeongdo.

The area known as the "Foreigners' Shopping Street", but commonly referred to as "Texas Street" near part of the Port of Busan, and adjacent to the front entrance to the Busan Train Station (부산역) has many businesses that cater to the local Russian population, as well as the crews of foreign ships. The area was originally the location of the local Chinatown and still contains a Chinese school.

Haedong Yonggung temple is one of three sacred places related to the Goddess Buddha. It is located right near the sea. It lies on a mountain in the front and the sea at the back.

Gamcheon Cultural Village was created in the 1950s as a residential community along a mountain slope. The houses in the village are built in a staircase fashion. The village often dubbed the "Machu Picchu of Korea" attracts many tourists. In addition, the village received a special mention during the 3rd edition of the international award ceremony, "UCLG-MEXICO CITY-Culture 21".

Nurimaru APEC House APEC Nurimaru.jpg
Nurimaru APEC House

Busan Citizens Park (formerly Camp Hialeah) is a former Imperial Japanese Army base and United States Army camp located in the Busanjin District.

Dongbaek Island is located at the southern end of Haeundae Beach. The island creates a picturesque scene in harmony with a thick forest of camellias and pine trees. Tourist attractions on Dongbaek Island include a walking path and the Nurimaru APEC House, built for the 2005 APEC summit.

Huinnyeoul Culture Village was created when Korean War refugees flocked to this area. It provides an unhindered view of both the Busanhang and Namhang Ports. A major backdrop of the 2013 film The Attorney , the neighborhood was also featured in the 2012 film Nameless Gangster: Rules of the Time . The small houses that stand shoulder to shoulder form the signature look of Busan, which is often remembered as a city of the sea and hilly neighborhoods. The village continues to attract an increasing number of visitors with its new cafes, workshops, and guesthouses.

Daejeo Ecological Park Daejeo Ecological Park.jpg
Daejeo Ecological Park

Millak Waterfront Park is the first waterfront park in Korea, which combines the oceanfront with public leisure facilities. The park is located between Haeundae Beach and Gwangalli Beach. The waterfront park, with an area of 33,507m², can accommodate as many as 40,000 visitors. The floor of the park is decorated with colorful blocks, and the park provides visitors a perfect chance to relax and features flower gardens, gazebos, and benches. If you sit on the 3,040–wide stand, you can dip your feet in the water during high tide.

With a length of 7.62 km (4.73 mi) and a size of 2.66 km2 (1.03 sq mi), designated as Natural Monument No. 179, Daejeo Ecological Park is a habitat for migratory birds at the Nakdong River Estuary. The estuary was chosen as a trial project for the Four Major Rivers Restoration Project. The sports facilities were partially built on the upper and lower parts of the park only, while the rest of the park underwent a restoration of its wetlands and natural grassland. In the garden inside the park, you can find a large-scale habitat for prickly water lilies, which are part of the Endangered Species Level II classification. Many interesting festivals, such as the Nakdong Riverside Cherry Blossom Festival, the Busan Nakdong River Canola Flower Festival, and the Daejeo Tomato Festival are held around this park every year.

Ilgwang Beach is a long white-sand beach, extending for about 1.8 kilometers, and is particularly popular among families with young children as a vacation spot because the waters are quite shallow. Every summer, the Gaetmaeul Outdoor Drama Festival is held on this beach. The festival features diverse performances of traditional Korean music, outdoor dramas, mime shows, and other performance art forms.

Kiswire Museum offers its visitors a chance to better understand wire, a key material for industrial development, and central to Kiswire's corporate philosophy. The museum won the 2014 Busan Architecture Award for its aesthetic design.[ citation needed ] In addition, the roof of the museum is supported by only 38 cables without any pillars or beams, which makes the museum quite unique. In addition, the museum features special art pieces, including artwork made with wires.

Jeonpo Café Street in Seomyeon, Busan is one of the busiest areas, with a variety of entertainment, restaurants, and stores. Across Seomyeon 1 Beonga (Seomyeon 1st Street), the busiest street in the area, there is a quiet and tranquil street with about 30 unique cafés. Several years ago, the Bujeon-dong and Jeonpo-dong areas were full of hardware stores and machine part suppliers.[ citation needed ] However, since 2010 the area has been transformed into a street full of cafés.[ citation needed ]

Busan is planning to build the first floating city in the world. So-called Oceanix City will be finished and ready for settlement by 2025. [41]

Temples, religious and historical sites

Beomeosa Temple Korea-Busan-Beomeosa-01.jpg
Beomeosa Temple
Haedong Yonggungsa Temple Haedong Yonggungsa Temple, Busan, South Korea.jpg
Haedong Yonggungsa Temple

Arts

Busan Exhibition and Convention Center Busan BEXCO.jpg
Busan Exhibition and Convention Center

Busan hosts the Busan International Film Festival (BIFF)—one of the most popular international film festivals in Asia—at the Busan Cinema Center every fall. It is also the home of the Busan Biennale, an international contemporary art biennale that takes place every two years.

The city also hosts the One Asia Festival, the largest K-pop festival in Korea beginning in 2016, positioning itself as the center of K-pop culture. [43]

In 2012, German artist Hendrik Beikirch painted Asia's tallest mural entitled "Fisherman Portrait" on a building near Millak Raw Fish Town. [44]

Busan is home to 80 performance facilities consisting of 30 public ones, including the Busan Cultural Center, Busan Citizens'Hall, Busan Cinema Center, and Busan National Gugak Center. There are 40 private facilities, such as KBS Art Hall Busan, Sohyang Art Center, MBC Samjoo Art Hall, Kyungsung University Concert Hall, and Shinsegae Department Store Culture Hall.

Festivals

A variety of festivals are held in the Busan throughout the year. Following the Joseon Tongsinsa Festival (Registration of Documents on Joseon Tongsinsa on the UNESCO Memory of the World Programme in 2017) and Busan Port Festival in May, the Busan Sea Festival at Haeundae Beach, the largest beach in Korea, and the Busan International Rock Festival takes place in August. In particular, October is the perfect month to enjoy a variety of festivals, such as the Busan International Film Festival, the largest film festival in Asia, the Busan Fireworks Festival, and the One Asia Festival, a global K-pop music festival. In addition, G-Star, the largest gaming exhibition in Korea, and the e-Sports World Championship are hosted in November, followed by the Busan Christmas Tree Festival in December (Busan Fireworks Festival).

Major Public performance facilities

No.FacilityNumber of Seats
1Busan Cultural Center2,389
2Busan Citizens' Hall1,941
3BEXCO Auditorium2,644
4Busan National Gugak Center974
5Busan Cinema Center Haneulyeon Theatre841
6Korea National Maritime Museum311

Museums

Museums in Busan include:

Traditional cuisine

Dongnae pajeon Korean pan cake-Dongnae pajeon-01.jpg
Dongnae pajeon

Busan was once a center of military affairs in the southern region of the peninsula and therefore was an important site for diplomatic relationships with Japan; high-ranking officers and officials from the court frequently visited the city. Special foods were prepared for the officers such as Dongnae pajeon (동래파전), a variant of pajeon (Korean savory pancakes), made with whole scallions, sliced chili peppers, and various kinds of seafood in a thick batter of wheat flour, glutinous rice flour, eggs, salt and water. [48]

During the Korean War, Busan was the biggest refugee destination on the peninsula; people from all regions of Korea went there. Some of these refugees stayed and adapted and adjusted the recipes of their local specialties. One of these foods is milmyeon (밀면) (lit. 'wheat noodle') a version of naengmyeon , cold buckwheat noodle soup, but using wheat flour instead. (Naengmyeon is originally a specialty food of Hamhung and Pyongyang, now part of North Korea. [49] [50] ) Dwaeji gukbap (돼지국밥) (lit. 'pork/pig soup rice') is also a result of Korean War. It is a hearty pork soup and is becoming more popular nationwide. [51] Pork trotters served with vegetables such as cucumbers, onions, and mustard sauce is popular and is called Nangchae-Jokbal. [52]

Hot spring resorts and spas

Busan has the largest hot spring resorts and facilities in Korea. Busan's Oncheon is the oldest hot spring spa in Korea.

Media

Station or NewspaperTypes
Busan KBSTV, Radio
Busan MBCTV, Radio
KNN TV, Radio
Busan CBSRadio
Busan BBSRadio
Busan eFMRadio (English, Chinese)
Busan PBCRadio
Busan IlboDaily Newspaper
Kookje ShinmunDaily Newspaper

Although Seoul remains the de facto film and television capital of South Korea, Busan shares more in common with Cannes, France than just its reputation as seaside resort town. [53]

The Busan International Film Festival is often referred to as the "Cannes of Asia", attracting thousands of entertainment personalities from both Eastern and Western cinema every year, honoring and recognizing international luminaries such as Mike Leigh, Shōhei Imamura, Wong Kar-wai, and Kim Ki-duk. [54] [55]

It is frequently used as a film location, best known in the west for Marvel's Black Panther and Apple's Pachinko , but also for the Korean market productions of Train to Busan , Old Boy , and Decision to Leave , as well as the popular K-Drama Reply 1997 , highlighting the distinct Gyeongsang dialect, which is comparable to a Scottish English in relation to standard British English. [56] [57]

Demographics

Busan population pyramid in 2022 Busan population pyramid in 2022.svg
Busan population pyramid in 2022
Historical population
YearPop.±% p.a.
19953,745,784    
20003,587,562−0.86%
20053,439,916−0.84%
20153,448,737+0.03%
20203,349,016−0.59%
source: [58]

Religion

Religion in Busan (2015) [59]

  Not religious (53.2%)
   Buddhism (28.5%)
   Protestantism (12.1%)
   Catholicism (5.4%)
  Other (0.8%)

According to the census of 2015, 28.5% followed Buddhism and 17.5% followed Christianity (12.1% Protestantism and 5.4% Catholicism). 53.2% of the population is irreligious. [59]

Sports

The city planned to bid for the 2020 Summer Olympics, but withdrew after the 2018 Winter Olympics were awarded to Pyeongchang, also located in South Korea. The 2020 Summer Olympics were eventually awarded to Tokyo. [60] It considered bidding to host the 2032 Summer Olympics. [61]

Sports teams and facilities

ClubLeagueStadiumStadium CapacitySports Type
Lotte Giants KBO League Sajik Baseball Stadium 28,500Baseball
Busan IPark K League 2 Busan Asiad Stadium 53,864Football
Busan BNK Sum WKBL Sajik Arena 14,099Basketball

Baseball

Sajik Baseball Stadium Busan Sajik Stadium 20080706.JPG
Sajik Baseball Stadium

Since 1982, the city has been home to the Lotte Giants, who play in the Korea Professional Baseball league. In Korea, Busan is known as the capital of baseball and has a reputation for very enthusiastic baseball fans. [62] For the first few years, the Lotte Giants utilized Gudeok Baseball Stadium as their home. In the mid-1980s, they moved to Sajik Baseball Stadium, which was built as part of a sports complex for the 1986 Asian Games.

Football

The city is home to a K League football club, the Busan IPark. The club was formerly known as the Busan Daewoo Royals and was a successful team during the 1990s. Busan is also home to a K3 League football club, the Busan Transportation Corporation.

Basketball

Until 2021, Busan was home of the Korean Basketball League team Busan KT Sonicboom, which played at the Sajik Arena.

Since 2019, Busan is the home of the Women's Korean Basketball League team Busan BNK Sum. They played at the Geumjeong Gymnasium from 2019 to 2021, and they currently play at the Sajik Arena.

2002 FIFA World Cup

Busan Asiad Main Stadium. Busanasiadmainstadium 2019EAFF.jpg
Busan Asiad Main Stadium.

The 2002 FIFA World Cup was the world's 17th FIFA World Cup, held from 31 May to 30 June 2002 at locations in South Korea and Japan. Busan hosted matches between France and Uruguay, and ROK against Poland at the Busan Asiad Stadium.

2002 Asian Games

The 2002 Asian Games were held in Busan from September 29 to October 14, 2002. 9,900 athletes from 44 countries competed in 38 sports. Many public sports complexes and university gymnasiums, including Busan Asiad Stadium were used for the games' venues. The mascot was a seagull, the city bird of Busan named, "Duria". East Timor took part in the games for the first time. As well, North Korea also participated for the first time in an international event held in South Korea.

Festivals and events

Busan celebrates festivals all year round.

MonthAnnual Festivals and Events
January Busan Sunrise Festival, [63] Polar Bear Swimming Contest [64]
AprilGwangalli Fishery (Eobang) Festival, Busan Nakdong River Yuchae (Canola) Flower Festival [65]
May Busan Motor Show, [66] Busan Port Festival, [67] Busan Contents Market, Busan International Short Film Festival, [68] Joseon Tongsinsa Korea-Janpan Exchange Festival, [69] Busan International Performing Arts Festival [70]
JuneHaeundae Sand Festival, Busan International Dance Festival, Art Busan [71]
JulyBusan International Kids and Youth Film Festival, [72]
AugustBusan Sea Festival, [73] Busan International Rock Festival, [74] Busan International Magic Festival, Busan International Advertising Festival, Busan International Comedy Festival
September Busan Biennale, Busan Sea Art Festival, Busan Maru International Music Festival, Busan Queer Festival
October Busan International Film Festival, Busan International Fireworks Festival, Busan Jagalchi Festival, Asia Song Festival, [75] Busan One-Asia Festival, The Dongnae-eupseong History Festival
November G-Star-Global Game Exhibition, Busan Choral Festival & Competition
DecemberBusan Christmas Tree Festival

Medical facilities

Busan has many hospitals and clinics. Many cosmetic surgery, dermatological, ophthalmic, and dental clinics are concentrated in Seomyeon medical street .

Hospitals in Busan include Pusan National University Hospital with 1,300 beds in Ami-dong, Kosin University Gospel Hospital with 957 beds in Amnam-dong, Dongnam Institute of Radiological & Medical Sciences specializing in cancer treatment with 298 beds, Dong-A University Hospital with 999 beds in Dongdaesin-dong, Dong-eui Medical Center with 468 beds offering cooperative western and oriental medicine treatment in Yangjeong-dong, Inje University Busan Paik Hospital with 837 beds in Gaegeum-dong, Inje University Haeundae Paik Hospital with 896 beds in Jwa-dong, Busan Medical Center with 555 beds in Sajik-dong and Busan Veterans Hospital in Jurye-dong, Sasang-gu. In particular, Seomyeon Medical Street, which first started construction in the Bujeon-dong area beginning in 1990, has formed a cluster of more than 230 medical institutions, full of expertise, that is difficult to find in other parts of the world.[ citation needed ] The "Seomyeon Medical Street Festival" has taken place annually since 2012.

Major medical centers

Name of HospitalNumber of beds
Pusan National University Hospital at Busan1180 [76]
Inje University Paik Hospital at Haeundae1004 [77]
Dong-A University Hospital920 [78]
Kosin University Hospital912 [79]
Busan St. Mary's Medical Center716 [80]
Dong-eui Medical Center 640 [81]
Busan Baptist Hospital608 [82]
Busan Medical Center591 [83]
Maryknoll Medical Center501 [84]
Inje University Paik Hospital at Busan898 [85]
Wallace Memorial Baptist Hospital380
Dongnam Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences Cancer Center304 [86]

Transportation

Bus

Major express bus lines link Busan with other cities in Korea at two primary bus terminals, Nopodong Bus Terminal (at the northern terminus of Subway Line 1) and Busan Seobu Bus Terminal at Sasang Station on Subway Line 2. [87] 134 routes of urban bus service reach every part of Busan Metropolitan City.

City buses

City buses operate a total of 160 routes. There are express buses connecting major areas quickly through tunnels and overpasses and general city buses which make stops at each bus stop. There are also airport buses connecting the Gimhae International Airport and the downtown area. Some of the city buses of Busan's adjacent cities including Yangsan, Changwon, Gimhae, and Ulsan also offer service to Busan.

Gimhae Airport Limousine Bus

Gimhae Airport Limousine Bus is one of the fastest buses connecting Gimhae International Airport and the downtown area. As of 2012, three routes are operated by Taeyoung Airport Limousine Corp.

- Nampo-dong: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Seomyeon, Busanjin Station, Busan Station, Nampo-dong ↔ Chungmu-dong (Seo-gu Office)

- Haeundae No.1: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Namcheon-dong, BEXCO, Dongbaekseom (Westin Chosun Busan), HaeundaeNew City (Jangsan Station)

- Haeundae No.2: Gimhae International Airport ↔ Namcheon-dong, Gwangan Bridge, Haeundae ↔ New Town (Jangsan Station) Express Bus

Intercity buses

Intercity buses to the east Gyeongnam, Gyeongbuk, Gangwon and Gyeonggi Provinces are available at the Busan Central Bus Terminal. Buses offering service to West Gyeongnam and Jeolla Province depart from the Busan West Bus Terminal located in Sasang. Buses to the east Gyeongnam area, including Ulsan, Gimhae, and Changwon, the Seoul Metropolitan Area, including Osan, Suwon, Ansan, Bucheon and Dong Seoul, and the southern Gangwon area, including Donghae and Gangneung, are available at the Haeundae Intercity Bus Terminal. The Dongnae Intercity Bus Terminal has buses to the central and southern Gyeongnam area, including Changwon, Gimhae, Gosung, Tongyoung, and Geoje, as well as to Suncheon, Yeosu and Gwangyang. [88]

Sea

Busan Port Pier 1 with the International Ferry Terminal (3 docked ferries shown) Busan-port-from-Busan-tower-2.jpg
Busan Port Pier 1 with the International Ferry Terminal (3 docked ferries shown)

Ferries leaving from the International Ferry Terminal at Busan Port Pier 3,4 connect Busan to the Japanese ports of Izuhara and Hitakatsu on Tsushima Island, as well as the cities of Shimonoseki, Fukuoka, and Osaka on Japan's mainland. [89]

National Railway

Busan lies on a number of rail lines, of which the most important is the Gyeongbu Line which connects it to other major cities such as Seoul, Daejeon, and Daegu. All classes of trains run along the Gyeongbu Line, including the super high speed KTX trains which provide frequent services to Seoul in approximately 150 minutes. The Gyeongbu Line terminates at Busan Station. Other lines include the Donghae Nambu Line which connects Ulsan, Pohang and Gyeongju.

SRT was first launched in 2016 and runs along the Gyeongbu and Honam high-speed railways. SRT offers a new gateway connecting the Gangnam area of Seoul with major cities. It is directly connected to Subway Line 3 and the Bundang Line, enhancing accessibility to Subway Lines 2, 5, and 8, as well as the Shinbundang Line, and it is also located near the Dongbu Expressway which connects to other major highways.

Metro

Busan Metro Line 2 Humetro Sasang 02.JPG
Busan Metro Line 2

There are six subway lines as of January 2017. The transit stations are as follows: Seomyeon Station (Line 1, 2) / Yeonsan Station (Line 1, 3) / Suyeong Station (Lines 2, 3) / Deokcheon Station (Lines 2, 3) / Minam Station (Lines 3, 4) / Dongnae Station (Lines 1, 4) / Sasang Station (Line 2, Busan - Gimhae Light Rail Transit) / Daejeo Station (Line 3, Busan - Gimhae Light Rail Transit) / Busan National University of Education Station (Line 1, Donghae Line) / Bexco Station (Line 2, Donghae Line) / Geoje Station (Line 3, Donghae Line).

Air

Busan is served by Gimhae International Airport in Gangseo-gu. Gimhae International Airport is connected by Busan-Gimhae Light Rail Transit.

International relations

Twin towns – sister cities

Busan shares the title of sister city with several coastal cities or provinces around the world. [95]

Friendship cities

Busan has 11 friendship cities in six countries. [96]

Sister ports

The Port of Busan also has 6 sister ports (listed in order of dates). [97]

Notable people

See also

Notes

  1. It is the 9th busiest in the world by cargo tonnage. [6]
  2. This name is also encountered as "Pusan City" (Pusan-si) [13] and "Pusan Directly-Administered City" (Busan-jikhalsi [14] or Pusan-chikhalsi). [15]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Incheon</span> City in Seoul Capital Area, South Korea

Incheon, formerly Jemulpo or Chemulp'o (제물포) until the period after 1910, officially the Incheon Metropolitan City, is a city located in northwestern South Korea, bordering Seoul and Gyeonggi to the east. Inhabited since the Neolithic, Incheon was home to just 4,700 people when it became an international port in 1883. Today, about 3 million people live in the city, making it South Korea's third-most-populous city after Seoul and Busan.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gimhae International Airport</span> Airport in western Busan, South Korea

Gimhae International Airport (Korean: 김해국제공항) is located on the western end of Busan, South Korea. Opened in 1976, the airport is named after the nearby city of Gimhae. A new international terminal opened on October 31, 2007. Gimhae International Airport is the main hub for Air Busan, and a secondary hub for Asiana Airlines and Korean Air. Runway 18L/36R is used for military purposes only for Gimhae Air Base, but due to increasing traffic, there are plans to open the runway for airliners. In 2018, 17,064,613 passengers used the airport.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">South Gyeongsang Province</span> Province of South Korea

South Gyeongsang Province is a province in the southeast of South Korea. The provincial capital is at Changwon. It is adjacent to the major metropolitan center and port of Busan. The UNESCO World Heritage Site Haeinsa, a Buddhist temple that houses the Tripitaka Koreana and tourist attraction, is located in this province. Automobile and petrochemical factories are largely concentrated along the southern part of the province, extending from Ulsan through Busan, Changwon, and Jinju.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Changwon</span> Specific city in South Gyeongsang, South Korea

Changwon is the capital and largest city of Gyeongsangnam-do, South Korea, and the 11th largest city of the country.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gimhae</span> Specific city in Yeongnam, South Korea

Gimhae is a city in South Gyeongsang Province, South Korea, situated near the Nakdong River.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Yangsan</span> Municipal City in Yeongnam, South Korea

Yangsan is a city in Gyeongsangnam-do Province, South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Haeundae District</span> District of Busan, South Korea

Haeundae District is a district (gu) of Busan, South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dongnae District</span> Autonomous District in Yeongnam, South Korea

Dongnae District is a gu in central Busan, South Korea.

Busan Bank is a regional bank in South Korea. The company was established in 1967 to facilitate the regional economy. The bank is based and headquartered in the busy port city of Busan, South Korea, and offers a full range of retail banking services including foreign exchange at its Seomyeon main branch. The bank has 229 branches in Korea. Its main shareholders include Aberdeen Asset Management Asia Ltd., Lotte group, National Pension Service, Capital Research & Global Investors, Parkland, Templeton, etc.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Centum City</span>

Centum City is a major multi-project urban development part of Haeundae-gu, Busan, South Korea. It is also one of CBDs in Busan Metropolitan City. This site is at the westernmost area of Haeundae-gu in U-1-dong, Jae-song-dong. The site was originally the place of Suyeong Airport, the former airport of Busan. Centum City can be accessed by Busan Metro Line 2 at Centum City Station.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Kyungsung University</span> University

Kyungsung University is a private university in Busan, South Korea. It is located in the district of Nam-gu, southwest of the famous Haeundae beach. The campus is located near Kyungsung University-Pukyong National University Station on Line 2.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pukyong National University</span> National university in Busan, South Korea

Pukyong National University (PKNU) is a national university in Busan, South Korea, formed in 1996. The university has two campuses, Daeyeon-dong and Yongdang-dong, situated near the coastal district of Nam-gu. PKNU has a traditional focus on fisheries sciences and other maritime fields, and has extensive facilities for Marine and Technology studies.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Tourism in South Korea</span> Tourist industry in the Republic of Korea

Tourism in South Korea refers to the tourist industry in the Republic of Korea. In 2012, 11.1 million foreign tourists visited South Korea, making it the 20th most visited country in the world, and the 5th most visited in Asia. Most non-Korean tourists come from other parts of East Asia such as Japan, mainland China, Taiwan, and Hong Kong. The recent popularity of Korean popular culture, often known as the "Korean Wave", in these countries has increased tourist arrivals. Seoul is the principal tourist destination for visitors; popular tourist destinations outside of Seoul include the major coastal city of Busan, the Seorak-san national park, the historic city of Gyeongju and subtropical Jeju Island. Traveling to North Korea is not normally possible without a special permission.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geumjeong District</span> District of Busan, South Korea

Geumjeong District is a district in north central Busan, South Korea. Approximately 7.3% of Busan's population is in Geumjeong-gu. The Hoedong Reservoir is located on the district's eastern boundary, and the mountain Geumjeongsan on the west. Because of this, 75% of the district's land is restricted from residential development. The district's population is concentrated in the valley of the Oncheoncheon stream, a tributary of the Suyeonggang.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Busan Metro</span> Subway system of Busan, South Korea

The Busan Metro is the urban rail system operated by the Busan Transportation Corporation of Busan, South Korea. The metro network first opened in 1985 with seventeen stations, making Busan the second city in South Korea and third in the Korean Peninsula to have a metro system. The Metro itself consists of 4 numbered lines, covering 116.5 kilometres (72.4 mi) of route and serving 114 stations. Including the BGL and the Donghae Line, the network covers 205.6 kilometres (127.8 mi) of route and serving 158 stations.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Jangjeon-dong</span> Place in South Korea

Jangjeon is a dong, or precinct, in Geumjeong-gu, Busan, South Korea. A heavily populated district, it is located between the slopes of Geumjeongsan and the valley of the Oncheoncheon. It is bounded to the south by Oncheon-dong in Dongnae-gu and to the north by Guseo-dong. Due to its large population, Jangjeon-dong is divided into three "administrative dong," Jangjeon 1, 2, and 3-dong.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gijang County</span> County in Yeongnam, South Korea

Gijang County is a gun, or county, located between Haeundae-gu and Ulsan in northern Busan, South Korea.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Gwangalli Beach</span> Beach in Busan, South Korea

The Gwangalli Beach or Gwangan Beach is a beach in Busan, South Korea. It is located at Gwangan 2(i)-dong, Suyeong-gu, Busan Metropolitan City, west of Haeundae Beach. It sits inside a cove spanned by the Gwangan Bridge and covers 82,000 square meters over a length of 1.4 km and a width of 25 to 110 metres, in a curved in a half-moon shape with fine sand. Adjacent are alleys with restaurants, coffee shops and nightclubs. Because of its popularity, city officials are pushing for improving water quality around the beaches.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pusan East (K-9) Air Base</span> Decommissioned air base in Busan, South Korea (1950—1990)

Pusan East (K-9) Air Base(동부산공군기지) was a United States Air Force (USAF) and Republic of Korea Air Force (ROKAF) air base adjacent to the Suyeong River in Haeundae District, Busan, South Korea. It was redeveloped in the 1990s as Centum City, a commercial and residential area.

National Route 14 is a national highway in South Korea connects Geoje to Pohang. It established on 31 August 1971.

References

Citations

  1. "Pusan-gwangyŏksi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  2. "부산찬가". Archived from the original on 11 September 2021. Retrieved 22 September 2021.
  3. "Major Agglomerations of the World - Population Statistics and Maps".
  4. "2021년 지역소득(잠정)".
  5. "Busan Population 2018". World Population Review. 17 December 2017. Archived from the original on 3 February 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2008.
  6. "Cargo processed at Busan port dips 6.5 pct in Oct". Yonhap News. 24 November 2016. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  7. Roberts, Toby; Williams, Ian; Preston, John (2021). "The Southampton system: A new universal standard approach for port-city classification". Maritime Policy & Management. 48 (4): 530–542. doi: 10.1080/03088839.2020.1802785 . S2CID   225502755.
  8. Parilla, Alan Berube, Jesus Leal Trujillo, Tao Ran, and Joseph (22 January 2015). "Global Metro Monitor". Brookings. Archived from the original on 7 January 2019. Retrieved 9 December 2019.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  9. "Largest Department Store - Guinness World Records Blog post - Home of the Longest, Shortest, Fastest, Tallest facts and feats". Community.guinnessworldrecords.com. 29 June 2009. Archived from the original on 23 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  10. "Busan city on UNESCO's Creative Cities Network main page". Yonhap News Agency. Archived from the original on 4 October 2018. Retrieved 3 October 2018.
  11. "The origin of the name Busan" (in Korean). Busan City. Archived from the original on 3 May 2012. Retrieved 4 January 2012.
  12. "Pusan: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  13. "Pusan-si: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  14. "Pusan-jikhalsi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  15. "Pusan-chikhalsi: South Korea". Geographical Names. Archived from the original on 6 April 2012. Retrieved 15 August 2011.
  16. "부산항선 목메어 불러봐도 'Pusan'". 국제신문. Archived from the original on 31 May 2019. Retrieved 31 May 2019.
  17. The History of Korean Railway by Photographs. 길잡이미디어. 19 November 2014. ISBN   9788955036541. Archived from the original on 27 July 2020.
  18. Lankov, Andrei (31 January 2010). "January 1951: Life of Korean War Refugees in Busan". The Korea Times . Archived from the original on 7 June 2015. Retrieved 4 April 2015.
  19. "Busan Climate". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
  20. 1 2 순위값 - 구역별조회 (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  21. 1 2 "Climatological Normals of Korea (1991 ~ 2020)" (PDF) (in Korean). Korea Meteorological Administration. Archived from the original (PDF) on 29 January 2022. Retrieved 4 April 2022.
  22. "Climatological Normals of Korea" (PDF). Korea Meteorological Administration. 2011. Archived from the original (PDF) on 7 December 2016. Retrieved 8 December 2016.
  23. "Busan, South Korea - Detailed climate information and monthly weather forecast". Weather Atlas. Yu Media Group. Archived from the original on 9 July 2019. Retrieved 9 July 2019.
  24. "Area and Number of Administrative Units". Statistics Korea. Archived from the original on 12 January 2017. Retrieved 10 January 2017.
  25. "주민등록 인구통계". Archived from the original on 3 March 2011. Retrieved 22 March 2013.
  26. "South Korea - Largest Cities". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
  27. "Can The New Silk Road Compete With The Maritime Silk Road?". Archived from the original on 28 January 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  28. ""Iron Silk Road" across Asia set to receive green light". 10 November 2006. Archived from the original on 27 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  29. Marcus Hernig: Die Renaissance der Seidenstraße (2018).
  30. "The Maritime Silk Road in South-East Asia". Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 9 March 2021.
  31. Archived April 25, 2012, at the Wayback Machine
  32. 부산시, 제1회 서면메디컬스트리트 축제 개최 | 뉴스와이어. Newswire.co.kr. Archived from the original on 18 May 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  33. "World Tourism Summit and TPO Forum 2008". Worldtourismsummit.com. 14 November 2005. Archived from the original on 18 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  34. "Ananti Hilton Busan". Archived from the original on 2 March 2023. Retrieved 2 March 2023.
  35. "Welcome to FAU Busan Campus - German University in Korea". fau-busan.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 18 October 2018. Retrieved 15 August 2015.
  36. "Busan Foreign School". busanforeignschool.org. Archived from the original on 16 September 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  37. "· International School of Busan". International School of Busan. Archived from the original on 22 May 2020. Retrieved 30 September 2020.
  38. "Homepage". Overseas Chinese Elementary School Busan Korea. International School Information, Government of South Korea. n.d. Archived from the original on 22 April 2013. Retrieved 30 March 2016.
  39. "Official Site of Korea Tourism Org.: Yongdusan Park". Visitkorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  40. "Chungnyeolsa Introduction(충렬사소개)". Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 April 2012. Retrieved 11 December 2011.
  41. "Busan to build first floating city in the world". Maritime Fairtrade. 10 December 2021. Archived from the original on 12 December 2021. Retrieved 12 December 2021.
  42. "Welcome to the United Nations Memorial Cemetery!". 26 May 2012. Archived from the original on 26 May 2012.
  43. KOFICE 2nd Asia Song Festival Archived 2011-08-16 at the Wayback Machine 11 November 2005. Retrieved 2011-10-12
  44. Asia's Tallest Mural by Hendrik Beikirch Archived 2013-05-20 at the Wayback Machine . Yatzer (2012-09-10). Retrieved on 2013-07-12.
  45. "Museum of Contemporary Art Busan Opens to the Public". Haps Magazine . 20 June 2018. Archived from the original on 21 February 2020. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  46. Inman, Jung (7 July 2017). "Korean Films Get the Spotlight at New Museum". Busan ddadang. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  47. "Kiswire Museum and Training Center". Architizer. 5 May 2015. Archived from the original on 11 August 2018. Retrieved 11 August 2018.
  48. [내고장 이 맛!] 부산 동래파전. Seoul.co.kr. 11 May 2009. Archived from the original on 29 September 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  49. Kim Gi-hyeon (김기현) (13 May 2009). 동래파전·돼지국밥…음식도 관광자원으로 (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  50. Lee Gyeong-taek (이경택) (26 September 2002). 부산AG 장외 음식열전 (in Korean). Munhwa Ilbo. Archived from the original on 14 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  51. Noh, Ju-Seok (노주석) (29 July 2009). 영도다리/노주석 논설위원 (in Korean). Seoul Sinmun. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 8 September 2009.
  52. 서울에서 `빵 뜬` 부산 명물 먹을거리 Best 4. mk.co.kr (in Korean). 9 May 2014. Retrieved 28 April 2018.
  53. "Why visit Busan in South Korea? The freshest seafood, scenery and beaches – city has it all, says tourism insider". South China Morning Post. 27 July 2023.
  54. Nordine, Michael (18 October 2012). "Dispatch From Busan: Highlights (and Lowlights) From 'The Cannes of Asia'". Indiewire.
  55. Conran, Pierce (28 September 2022). "Busan International Film Festival: the history, the scandals and the winners at Korea's 'Cannes of Asia'". South China Morning Post.
  56. "The pleasure of visiting the Busan seen in movies". Visit Busan. Retrieved 27 September 2023.
  57. Cho, May Myong-won (3 August 2012). "Reply 1997 Features Fun Subtitles for Easy Pop Culture Understanding". enewsWorld. Archived from the original on 29 January 2013. Retrieved 18 November 2012.
  58. "Statistics Korea". Archived from the original on 23 February 2020. Retrieved 20 February 2020.
  59. 1 2 "2015 Census – Religion Results" (in Korean). KOSIS KOrean Statistical Information Service. Archived from the original on 26 February 2021. Retrieved 10 March 2021.
  60. People's Daily Online (14 November 2005). "Pusan to declare bid to host 2020 Olympic Games". Archived from the original on 20 October 2012. Retrieved 8 December 2006.
  61. "24 HOUR NEWS CHANNEL ::::: YTN (와이티엔)". YTN. 7 July 2011. Archived from the original on 26 March 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  62. (in Korean) 사직구장 대대적 보수로 지정석만 2만1천석 Archived 2013-08-29 at the Wayback Machine . Sports Khan. Retrieved 2011-11-27
  63. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  64. "The 31st Polar Bear Swim Festival". bear.busan.com. Archived from the original on 30 July 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  65. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  66. "Busan Motor Show". Archived from the original on 4 September 2018.
  67. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  68. "BISFF". Archived from the original on 25 March 2015.
  69. "Joseon Tongsinsa History Museum". tongsinsa.com. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  70. 2018 부산국제연극제. bipaf.org. Archived from the original on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  71. "Art Busan" 아트부산 2018. artbusankorea.com (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  72. BIKY. 제13회 부산국제어린이청소년영화제. 제13회 부산국제어린이청소년영화제 (in Korean). Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  73. "Haeundae Sand Festival (해운대 모래축제) | Official Korea Tourism Organization". english.visitkorea.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  74. 부산문화관광축제조직위원회. bfo.or.kr. Archived from the original on 1 August 2018. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  75. 아시아송 페스티벌2017. asiasongfestival.com. Archived from the original on 25 September 2017. Retrieved 1 August 2018.
  76. "Pusan National University Hospital". .pnuh.co.kr. Archived from the original on 20 July 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  77. "Inje University Paik Hospital". Paik.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 22 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  78. 동아대학교의료원 홈페이지에 오신것을 환영합니다. Damc.or.kr. Archived from the original on 18 September 2013. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  79. "Kosin University Gospel Hospital". Kosinmed.or.kr. Archived from the original on 4 March 2016. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  80. 부산성모병원. Bsm.or.kr. Archived from the original on 8 February 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  81. "Dong-Eui Medical Center - Busan, Korea". Demc.kr. Archived from the original on 20 October 2010. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  82. 침례병원. wmbh.co.kr. Archived from the original on 4 December 2000. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  83. "Busan Medical Center". Eng.busanmc.or.kr. Archived from the original on 24 September 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  84. 메리놀병원. Maryknoll.co.kr. Archived from the original on 23 April 2012. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  85. 인제대학교 부산백병원 - 환자중심의 병원, 내집처럼 편안한 병원. Paik.ac.kr. Archived from the original on 15 October 2011. Retrieved 15 September 2011.
  86. "Dongnam Inst. Of Radiological". Dirams.re.kr. 29 January 2013. Archived from the original on 19 February 2013. Retrieved 12 March 2013.
  87. "Express Bus". Archived from the original on 18 April 2019.
  88. "Intercity Bus". Archived from the original on 16 April 2019.
  89. "International Ferry Terminal". Archived from the original on 4 December 2010. Retrieved 18 July 2006.
  90. PanStar Ferry Archived February 9, 2008, at the Wayback Machine , Korean operator of the ferry linking to Osaka, Japan.
  91. (in Korean) Dae-a Express Shipping Archived 2019-07-06 at the Wayback Machine , operator of the ferry linking to Tsushima Island, Japan.
  92. Pukwan Ferry Archived 2020-08-18 at the Wayback Machine , operator of the ferry linking to Shimonoseki, Japan.
  93. (in Japanese) Camellia Line Archived 2019-06-29 at the Wayback Machine , (in Korean) Korea Ferry Archived 2017-08-06 at the Wayback Machine
  94. Kobee Archived 2020-07-22 at the Wayback Machine and Beetle Archived 2012-03-26 at the Wayback Machine , ferries linking to Fukuoka, Japan.
  95. "List of Sister Cities". english.busan.go.kr. Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  96. "Friendship Cities". english.busan.go.kr. Busan Metropolitan City. Archived from the original on 26 February 2020. Retrieved 18 February 2020.
  97. Port of Busan Archived 2010-12-03 at the Wayback Machine , Sister Ports, Busan
  98. "Port & Harbor Bureau, City of Osaka". Archived from the original on 13 March 2007. Retrieved 15 September 2006.

Bibliography