Categories of New Testament manuscripts

Last updated November 11, 2022

New Testament manuscripts in Greek are categorized into five groups,^[1] according to a scheme introduced in 1981 by Kurt and Barbara Aland in The Text of the New Testament. The categories are based on how each manuscript relates to the various text-types. Generally speaking, earlier Alexandrian manuscripts are category I, while later Byzantine manuscripts are category V. Aland's method involved considering 1000 passages where the Byzantine text differs from non-Byzantine text. The Alands did not select their 1000 readings from all of the NT books; for example, none were drawn from Matthew and Luke.^[2]

Description of categories

The Alands' categories do not simply correspond to the text-types; all they do is demonstrate the 'Byzantine-ness' of a particular text; that is, how much it is similar to the Byzantine text-type, from least (Category I) to most similar (Category V). Category V can be equated with the Byzantine text-type, but the other categories are not necessarily representative of a text-type. Even though most texts in Category I agree with the Alexandrian text-type, they are not necessarily Alexandrian themselves; they are just very non-Byzantine.^[3]

The Alands introduced the following categories (Aland & Aland category description according to the 1989 English translation, p. 106, between quotation marks):^[3]

Category I: "Manuscripts of a very special quality which should always be considered in establishing the original text."^[3] This category includes almost all manuscripts before the 4th century.^[3] These manuscripts have almost no Byzantine influence, and often agree with the Alexandrian text-type (but are not necessarily Alexandrian themselves, for example P⁴⁵, P⁴⁶, B, and 1739).^[3] Some 4th-century and earlier papyri and uncials are in this category, as are manuscripts of the Alexandrian text-type. The manuscripts in this category are important when considering textual problems and are considered by many scholars to be a good representation of the autograph, due to their early dating.^{[ citation needed ]}

Category II: "Manuscripts of a special quality, but distinguished from manuscripts of Category I by the presence of alien influences."^[3] The manuscripts in this category are similar to category I manuscripts, and are important in textual consideration of the autograph. However, the texts usually contain some alien influences, such as those found in the Byzantine text-type. Egyptian texts fall in this category.^{[ citation needed ]}

Category III: "Manuscripts of a distinctive character with an independent text... particularly important for the history of the text."^[3] The manuscripts in category III are important when discussing the history of the textual traditions and to a lesser degree for establishing the original text. The manuscripts usually contain independent readings, and have a distinctive character. f¹, f¹³ are examples of manuscript families that fall within this category. Manuscripts of this category usually present mixed or eclectic text-type.^{[ citation needed ]}

Category IV: "Manuscripts of the D text."^[3] Category IV contains the few manuscripts that follow the text of the Codex Bezae (D). These texts are of the Western text-type.^{[ citation needed ]}

Category V: "Manuscripts with a purely or predominantly Byzantine text."^[3] This category may be equated with the Byzantine text-type.^[3] Byzantine and mostly Byzantine texts fall under this category.^[3]

Uncategorised: Some manuscripts studied by the Alands were not categorised, for example because they were too short to determine which group they belonged to, or fell somewhere in between.^[3] The unclassified manuscript could be representative of the Western text-type, the "Caesarean text-type" (a term proposed by certain scholars to denote a consistent pattern of variant readings of the four Gospels), or anything else.^[3]

Distribution of Greek manuscripts by century and category

See Aland , pp. 159–162.

Date (CE)	I	II	III	IV	V
150	𝔓⁵² , 𝔓⁹⁰ , 𝔓¹⁰⁴
200	𝔓³² , 𝔓⁴⁶ , 𝔓^64/67 , 𝔓⁶⁶ , 𝔓⁷⁵ , 𝔓⁷⁷ , 0189,
250	𝔓¹ , 𝔓⁴ , 𝔓⁵ , 𝔓⁹ , 𝔓¹² , 𝔓¹⁵ , 𝔓²⁰ , 𝔓²² , 𝔓²³ , 𝔓²⁷ , 𝔓²⁸ , 𝔓²⁹ , 𝔓³⁰ , 𝔓³⁹ , 𝔓⁴⁰ , 𝔓⁴⁵ , 𝔓⁴⁷ , 𝔓⁴⁹ , 𝔓⁵³ , 𝔓⁶⁵ , 𝔓⁷⁰ , 𝔓⁸⁰ , 𝔓⁸⁷ , 0220		0212	𝔓⁴⁸ , 𝔓⁶⁹
300	𝔓¹³ , 𝔓¹⁶ , 𝔓¹⁸ , 𝔓³⁷ , 𝔓⁷² , 𝔓⁷⁸ , 0162, 𝔓¹¹⁵			𝔓³⁸ , 0171
350	𝔓¹⁰ , 𝔓²⁴ , 𝔓³⁵ , 01, 03	𝔓⁶ , 𝔓⁸ , 𝔓¹⁷ , 𝔓⁵⁰ , 𝔓⁶² , 𝔓⁷¹ , 𝔓⁸¹ , 𝔓⁸⁶ , 0185	𝔓⁸⁸ , 058 (?), 0169, 0188, 0206, 0207, 0221, 0228, 0231, 0242
400	057	𝔓¹⁹ , 𝔓⁵¹ , 𝔓⁵⁷ , 𝔓⁸² , 𝔓⁸⁵ , 0181, 0270	𝔓²¹ , 059, 0160, 0176, 0214, 0219
450	02 (except Gospels), 0254	𝔓¹⁴ , 04, 016, 029, 048, 077, 0172, 0173, 0175, 0201, 0240, 0244, 0274	02 (Gospels), 032, 062, 068, 069, 0163, 0165 (?), 0166, 0182, 0216, 0217, 0218, 0226, 0227, 0236, 0252, 0261	05	026, 061
500		𝔓⁵⁶ , 071, 076, 088, 0232, 0247	𝔓⁵⁴ , 𝔓⁶³ , 072, 0170, 0186, 0213
550		𝔓³³ , 06, 08, 073, 081, 085, 087, 089, 091, 093 (1 Peter), 094, 0184, 0223, 0225, 0245	𝔓² , 𝔓³⁶ , 𝔓⁷⁶ , 𝔓⁸³ , 𝔓⁸⁴ , 06, 015, 035, 040, 060, 066, 067, 070, 078, 079, 082, 086, 0143, 0147, 0159, 0187, 0198, 0208, 0222, 0237, 0241, 0251, 0260, 0266		022, 023, 024, 027, 042, 043, 064, 065, 093 (Acts), 0246, 0253, 0265 (?)
600	𝔓²⁶	𝔓⁴³ , 𝔓⁴⁴ , 𝔓⁵⁵ , 083	𝔓³ , 0164, 0199
650	𝔓⁷⁴ , 098	𝔓¹¹ , 𝔓³¹ , 𝔓³⁴ , 𝔓⁷⁹ , 0102, 0108, 0111, 0204, 0275	𝔓⁵⁹ , 𝔓⁶⁸ , 096, 097, 099, 0106, 0107, 0109, 0145, 0167, 0183, 0200, 0209, 0210, 0239, 0259, 0262		𝔓⁷³ , 0103, 0104, 0211
700		𝔓⁴² , 𝔓⁶¹	𝔓⁶⁰
750		019, 0101, 0114, 0156, 0205, 0234	𝔓⁴¹ , 095, 0126, 0127, 0146, 0148, 0161, 0229, 0233, 0238, 0250, 0256		07, 047, 054 (?), 0116, 0134
800		044 (Catholic epistles)	044 (except Catholic epistles)
850	33 (except Gospels)	010, 038, 0155, 0271, 33 (Gospels), 892, 2464	012, 025 (except Acts, Rev), 037, 050, 0122, 0128, 0130, 0131, 0132, 0150, 0269, 565		09, 011, 013, 014, 017, 018, 020, 021, 025 (Acts, Rev), 030, 031, 034, 039, 041, 045, 049, 053 (?), 063, 0120, 0133, 0135, 0136 (?), 0151, 0197, 0248, 0255, 0257, 0272, 0273 (?), 461
900		1841	0115, 1424 (Mark)		1424 (except Mark), 1841
950	1739 (Catholic epistles, Paul)	0177, 0243 (?), 1739 (Acts), 1891, 2329	051, 075, 0105, 0121a, 0121b, 0140, 0141, 0249, 307, 1582, 1836, 1845, 1874, 1875, 1912, 2110, 2193, 2351		028, 033, 036, 046, 052, 056, 0142, 1874, 1891
1050	1175, 1243, 2344	81, 323, 945, 1006, 1854, 1962, 2298	28, 104, 181, 323, 398, 424, 431, 436, 451, 459, 623, 700, 788, 1243, 1448, 1505, 1838, 1846, 1908, 2138, 2147, 2298, 2344, 2596 (?)		103, 104, 181 (Rev), 398, 431, 451, 459, 945, 1006, 1448, 1505, 1846, 1854, 2138, 2147, 2298
1100		256, 1735	1735, 1910		256
1150	1241 (Catholic epistles)	36, 1611, 2050, 2127	1 (Gospels), 36, 88, 94 (?), 157, 326, 330, 346, 378, 543, 610, 826, 828, 917, 983, 1071, 1241 (Gospels, Acts, Paul), 1319, 1359, 1542b, 1611, 1718, 1942, 2030, 2412, 2541, 2744		1 (except Gospels), 180, 189, 330, 378, 610, 911, 917, 1010, 1241, 1319, 1359, 1542b (?), 2127, 2541
1200			1573		1573 (?)
1250	2053, 2062	442, 579, 1292, 1852	6 (Catholic epistles, Paul), 13, 94, 180, 206, 218 (epistles), 263, 365, 441, 614, 720, 915, 1398, 1563, 1641, 1852, 2374, 2492, 2516, 2542, 2718 (?)		6 (Gospels, Acts), 94 (?), 180, 206, 218 (except epistles), 263, 365, 597, 720, 1251 (?), 1292, 1398, 1642, 1852, 2374, 2400, 2492 (?), 2516
1300			1342
1350		1067, 1409, 1506, 1881	5, 209, 254, 429 (except Paul), 453, 621, 629, 630, 1523, 1534, 1678 (?), 1842, 1877, 2005, 2197, 2200, 2377		5 (?), 189, 209, 254, 429 (Paul), 1067, 1409, 1506, 1523, 1524, 1877, 2200
1400			2495
1450		322	69, 205, 322, 467, 642, 1751, 1844, 1959, 2523, 2652		69, 181, 205, 429 (Rev.), 467, 642, 886, 2523, 2623, 2652 (?)
1500			61 (epistles, Rev), 522, 918, 1704, 1884		61 (Gospels, Acts), 522, 918, 1704
1550-			849, 2544 (Paul)		2544 (except Paul)

Number of manuscripts by century and category

Century	Category I	Category II	Category III	Category IV	Category V
II	3
II/III	6
III	25		1	2
III/IV	8			2
IV	5	8	10
IV/V	1	7	7
V	2	16	19	1	2
V/VI		6	6
VI		15	31		12
VI/VII	1	4	3
VII	2	8	17		4
VII/VIII		2	1
VIII		6	12		5
VIII/IX		1	1
IX	3	7	12		5
IX/X		1	2		2
X	1	5	18		10
XI	3	7	24		16
XI/XII		2	2		1
XII	1	5	24		16
XII/XIII			1		1
XIII	2	4	21		18
XIII/XIV			1
XIV	1	4	17		12
XIV/XV			1
XV		1	11		9
XVI			5		4
XVI/XVII			2		1

Limitations

This system of classification prefers the Alexandrian text-type.^{[ citation needed ]} Manuscripts that represent the Western text-type are classified as Category IV in Gospels, and Category II/III in the Pauline Letters.^{[ citation needed ]} This is significant because some scholars believe that some or all of the Minuscule text or the Western texts are closer to the original texts.^{[ citation needed ]} Some manuscripts are not classified.^{[ citation needed ]} Uncial 055 is not because it is a commentary, and according to some specialists, written in a minuscule hand.^{[ citation needed ]} 𝔓⁷ , 𝔓⁸⁹ , 𝔓¹²¹ , Uncial 080, Uncial 0100, Uncial 0118, 0174, 0230, 0263, 0264, 0267, 0268 are too brief to classify.^{[ citation needed ]} Uncial 0144 and 0196 are not accessible. 𝔓²⁵ is not classified because of the Diatessaric character of text (i.e. the four Gospels combined into a single narrative).^{[ citation needed ]}

𝔓⁵ was classified to Category I, but it is not a representative of the Alexandrian text-type. According to Philip Comfort (2001) it is "a good example of what Kurt and Barbara Aland call "normal" (i.e. a relatively accurate text manifesting a normal amount of error and idiosyncrasy).^[4]

Waltz (2013) stated:

As a classification scheme, [Aland & Aland's] attempt was at once a success and a failure. A success, in that it has conveniently gathered data about how Byzantine the various manuscripts are. A failure, because it has not been widely adopted, and in any case does not succeed in moving beyond Byzantine/non-Byzantine classification.^[3]

Notes

↑ Aland: 106f, 332-337.
↑ Wisse, Frederik (1982). The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke . Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 21. ISBN 0-8028-1918-4.
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Waltz, Robert B. (2013). The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. p. 116–133. Retrieved 8 September 2021.
↑ Philip Comfort, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts, Tyndale House Publishers 2001, pp. 73–74.

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Biblical manuscript</span> Handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible

A biblical manuscript is any handwritten copy of a portion of the text of the Bible. Biblical manuscripts vary in size from tiny scrolls containing individual verses of the Jewish scriptures to huge polyglot codices containing both the Hebrew Bible (Tanakh) and the New Testament, as well as extracanonical works.

Papyrus 42, designated by 𝔓⁴², is a small fragment of six verses from the Gospel of Luke dating to the 6th/7th century. The Greek text of this manuscript is a representative of the Alexandrian text-type with some Byzantine readings. Aland placed it in Category II.

Codex Athous Dionysiou, designated by Ω or 045, ε 61, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. The codex is dated palaeographically to the 9th century. It has marginalia.

Uncial 053 (in the Gregory-Aland numbering), A⁴ (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 9th century.

Uncial 071, ε 015 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 5th or 6th century. It came from Oxyrhynchus.

Minuscule 5, δ 453, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 342 parchment leaves. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 13th century.

Minuscule 565, ε 93 (Soden), also known as the Empress Theodora's Codex, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on purple parchment, dated palaeographically to the 9th century. It was labelled by Scrivener as 473. The manuscript is lacunose. It has marginalia.

Minuscule 1143, ε 1035, also known as the Beratinus 2, or Codex Aureus Anthimi. It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament on purple parchment, dated paleographically to the 9th century. This is one of the seven “purple codices” in the world to have survived to the present day, and one of the two known purple minuscules written with a gold ink.

Papyrus 39, signed by 𝔓³⁹, is an early copy of the New Testament in Greek. It is a papyrus manuscript of the Gospel of John, it contains only John 8:14-22. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 3rd century. Written by professional scribe, in 25 lines per page, in large, beautiful letters. It has numbered pages.

Minuscule 892, ε 1016 (Soden). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, on 353 parchment leaves. It is dated palaeografically to the 9th century.

Uncial 0206, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 4th century.

Uncial 0211, ε 051 (Soden), is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament, dated paleographically to the 7th century.

Uncial 0233, is a Greek uncial manuscript of the New Testament. The manuscript paleographically had been assigned to the 8th-century.

Minuscule 2616, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 280 parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century.

Minuscule 27, ε 1023 (Soden). It is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on vellum. Palaeographically it has been assigned to the 10th-century. It has liturgical books and marginalia.

Minuscule 2766, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 147 parchment leaves. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 13th century.

Minuscule 1424, δ 30 is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament, written on 337 parchment leaves. It has been dated paleographically to the 9th or 10th century).

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Minuscule 579</span> New Testament manuscript

Minuscule 579, ε 376, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, written on parchment. Using the study of comparative writing styles (palaeography), it has been dated to the 13th century. It was formerly labelled as 80^e. The manuscript has some missing portions of text.

Minuscule 157, ε 207, is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament Gospels, on vellum. According to the colophon it is dated to the year 1122. Formerly the date was wrongly deciphered as 1128. It has complex contents and full marginalia.

Minuscule 365, δ 367 (Soden), is a Greek minuscule manuscript of the New Testament with some parts of the Old Testament, on parchment. Paleographically it has been assigned to the 12th century. It has marginalia.

References

Aland, Kurt and Aland, Barbara. The Text of the New Testament: An Introduction to the Critical Editions and to the Theory and Practice of Modern Textual Criticism. Second revised edition. Translated by Erroll F Rhodes. Grand Rapids, Michigan: William B Eerdmans Publishing Company, 1995. ISBN 0-8028-4098-1.
David Ewert. From Ancient Tablets to Modern Translations: A General Introduction to the Bible. Grand Rapids, Michigan: The Zondervan Corporation, 1983. ISBN 0-310-45730-0

External links

Manuscript Categories

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[1] Aland: 106f, 332-337.

[2] Wisse, Frederik (1982). The Profile Method for the Classification and Evaluation of Manuscript Evidence, as Applied to the Continuous Greek Text of the Gospel of Luke . Grand Rapids: William B. Eerdmans Publishing Company. p. 21. ISBN 0-8028-1918-4.

[Waltz-3] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Waltz, Robert B. (2013). The Encyclopedia of New Testament Textual Criticism. p. 116–133. Retrieved 8 September 2021.

[4] Philip Comfort, The Text of the Earliest New Testament Greek Manuscripts, Tyndale House Publishers 2001, pp. 73–74.

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