"},"parts":[{"template":{"target":{"wt":"efn-ua","href":"./Template:Efn-ua"},"params":{"1":{"wt":"However in the 20th century most of Sweden's foreign trade went through the [[North Sea]] with the consequence that [[Gothenburg]] at the western end of the lowlands has overtaken Stockholm as the chief port of Sweden."}},"i":0}}]}"> [upper-alpha 1] These advantages are reflected in the location of Sweden's capital, Stockholm, at the eastern end of the lowlands. Most of Sweden's manufacturing industries lies in this region. [2]
The reason on how the lowlands reached its sunken position relative to other parts of Sweden is not clear. Possibly its boundaries are flexures in Earth's crust rather, the possibility of geological faults forming its boundaries is ruled out as none of them have been found. [3] Much of the Sub-Cambrian peneplain, that is otherways common in eastern Sweden, is preserved on the Central Swedish lowland. [4] The relief of the region is contain various areas of joint valley terrain (Swedish : Sprickdalsterräng), this means that the landscape is dissected by valleys following joints, faults and other weakness zones in the Precambrian shield rocks. [5] NNW-SSE trending eskers, that are usually forested, crosses the lowlands. [6] In Västergötland the lowland contain a series of hills made up Silurian-aged sedimentary rock, these are; Kinnekulle, Halleberg, Hunneberg and Billingen. [6]
The region forms a belt of fertile soils suitable for agriculture that interrupts the forested and till-coated lands to the north and south. [6] [7] The soil types of the Central Swedish lowland include fine grained sediments, like clays, as patent materials. This is because the whole region is below the highest coastline (Swedish : Högsta kustlinjen) since deglaciation, allowing for marine and lacustrine sedimentation before post-glacial rebound bought the lowland above sea level. [8] Before the expansion of agriculture fertile soils were occupied by contiguous broad-leaved tree forest where maples, oaks, ashes, small-leaved lime and common hazel grew. The Central Swedish lowland does however also contain soils of poor quality, particularly in hills where Scots pine and Norway spruce grows on top of thin till soils. [6]
Sweden's four largest lakes, Vänern, Vättern, Mälaren and Hjälmaren, all lie within the lowlands. [6] The Central Swedish lowland is one of Sweden's ten groundwater regions. [upper-alpha 2] The groundwater of the coast of the Central Swedish lowlands have high amounts of chloride as result of the presence of fossil sea water. The soils developed on fine-grained sediments are better buffers against groundwater acidification than tills found elsewhere in Sweden. [8]
In geography, a plain, commonly known as flatland, is a flat expanse of land that generally does not change much in elevation, and is primarily treeless. Plains occur as lowlands along valleys or at the base of mountains, as coastal plains, and as plateaus or uplands. Plains are one of the major landforms on earth, being present on all continents and covering more than one-third of the world's land area. Plains in many areas are important for agriculture. There are various types of plains and biomes on them.
Sweden is a country in Northern Europe on the Scandinavian Peninsula. It borders Norway to the west ; Finland to the northeast; and the Baltic Sea and Gulf of Bothnia to the south and east. At 450,295 km2 (173,860 sq mi), Sweden is the largest country in Northern Europe, the fifth largest in Europe, and the 55th largest country in the world.
Norrland is the northernmost, largest and least populated of the three traditional lands of Sweden, consisting of nine provinces. Although Norrland does not serve any administrative purposes, it continues to exist as a historical, cultural, and geographic region; it is often referred to in everyday language, e.g., in weather forecasts. Several related Norrland dialects form a distinct subset of dialects of the Swedish language separate from those to its south.
The 1912-13 season in Swedish football, starting August 1912 and ending July 1913:
The 1923–24 season in Swedish football, starting August 1923 and ending July 1924:
The 1924–25 season in Swedish football, starting August 1924 and ending July 1925:
Sommen is a lake in the South Swedish highlands lying across the border of the provinces of Östergötland and Småland. Situated about 147 metres above mean sea level, the lake has an area of 132 km2 (51 sq mi) and has a maximum depth of 60 metres. The lake is shared between the administrative kommunes of Ydre, Kinda, Boxholm and Tranås and the area around it is sparsely populated.
Södertörn is a roughly triangular peninsula and artificial island in eastern Södermanland, Sweden, with an area of 1,207 km² and is bordered by:
Färnebofjärden National Park is a Swedish national park traversed by the river Dalälven, about 140 km (87 mi) north of Stockholm. It covers 10,100 ha, of which 4,110 ha aquatic, on the frontier between the counties of Dalarna and Gävleborg.
The Ministry for Rural Affairs, known between 1900 and 2010 as the Ministry of Agriculture, was a ministry within the government of Sweden. The ministry was responsible for matters relating to rural areas, food and land- and water-based industries, regional development, transport and infrastructure, housing, and community planning. The ministry was headed by the minister for rural affairs (2011–2014) and the minister of agriculture (1900–2010). The ministry was disbanded on 31 December 2014, and from 1 January 2015, the matters was handled by the Ministry of Enterprise and Innovation.
The geology of Gotland is made up of a sequence of sedimentary rocks of a Silurian age, dipping to the south-east. Gotland is the largest island of Sweden, and is located in the Baltic Sea. The main Silurian succession of limestones and shales comprises thirteen units spanning 200–500 m (660–1,640 ft) of stratigraphic thickness, being thickest in the south, and overlies a 75–125 m (246–410 ft) thick Ordovician sequence. Precambrian shield rocks that underlie these sediments are found 400 to 500 meters sea level. Sedimentary rocks cropping out in Gotland were deposited in a shallow, hot and salty sea, on the edge of an equatorial continent. The water depth never exceeded 175–200 m (574–656 ft), and shallowed over time as bioherm detritus, and terrestrial sediments, filled the basin. Reef growth started in the Llandovery, when the sea was 50–100 m (160–330 ft) deep, and reefs continued to dominate the sedimentary record. Some sandstones are present in the youngest rocks towards the south of the island, which represent sand bars deposited very close to the shore line.
South Swedish dialects is one of the main dialect groups of Swedish. It includes the closely related dialects spoken in the formerly Danish but since 1658 Swedish traditional provinces of Scania, Blekinge and southern Halland, as well as in the southern parts of Småland, which are the remains of an old dialect continuum between Danish and Swedish. The phonology of South Swedish dialects is influenced by Danish. Examples are the use of a uvular trills and "softening" of certain consonants.
The sub-Cambrian peneplain is an ancient, extremely flat, erosion surface (peneplain) that has been exhumed and exposed by erosion from under Cambrian strata over large swathes of Fennoscandia. Eastward, where this peneplain dips below Cambrian and other Lower Paleozoic cover rocks. The exposed parts of this peneplain are extraordinarily flat with relief of less than 20 m. The overlying cover rocks demonstrate that the peneplain was flooded by shallow seas during the Early Paleozoic. Being the oldest identifiable peneplain in its area the Sub-Cambrian peneplain qualifies as a primary peneplain.
Norrland terrain is a geomorphic unit covering the bulk of Norrland and the northwestern half of Svealand. Except for The High Coast the coastal areas of Norrland do not belong to the Norrland terrain. The southern and eastern boundary of the Norrland terrain is made up of geological faults that disrupt the Sub-Cambrian peneplain found the lowlands. In some locations these faults have been extensively eroded making the Norrland terrain boundary partly a result of erosion. Karna Lidmar-Bergström categorizes the Norrland Terrain into the following classes:
The South Swedish highlands or South Swedish Uplands are a hilly area covering large parts of Götaland in southern Sweden. Except for a lack of deep valleys, the landscape is similar to the Norrland terrain found further north in Sweden. The central-eastern parts of the highlands contain about thirty narrow canyons locally known as skurus.
In north European geology, Jotnian sediments are a group of Precambrian rocks assigned to the Mesoproterozoic Era (Riphean), albeit some might be younger. Jotnian sediments include the oldest known sediments in the Baltic area that have not been subject to metamorphism. Stratigraphically, Jotnian sediments overlie the rapakivi granites and other igneous and metamorphic rocks and are often intruded by younger diabases.
The geology of Finland is made up of a mix of geologically very young and very old materials. Common rock types are orthogneiss, granite, metavolcanics and metasedimentary rocks. On top of these lies a widespread thin layer of unconsolidated deposits formed in connection to the Quaternary ice ages, for example eskers, till and marine clay. The topographic relief is rather subdued because mountain massifs were worn down to a peneplain long ago.
Topostratigraphy is a method of establishing stratigraphical units based on a mix of biostratigraphy and lithostratigraphy. It is used locally in the Baltic region to study the Ordovician-aged sedimentary rock. In topostratgraphy the ages of units is defined with the aid of fossils and their extent is known from their rock type. The concept works better in Ordovician rocks in Estonia than in Sweden. This is because in Ordovician rock outcrops of Estonia changes in biostratigraphy are usually matched by changes in lithostratigraphy. In Sweden topostratigraphical units are mostly based on biostratigraphy as lithological variations are few, making topostratigraphy problematic as units are named after lithology.
Curt Fredén is a Swedish Quaternary geologist. Most of his work has centered on the Holocene geology of the Baltic Sea. He was a member of the landslide commission that existed from 1988 to 1996. In 2002 he was awarded the prize Geologist of the Year by Naturvetarna. He has been editor for Berg och jord, the geology volume of the Swedish National Atlas and worked on various geological maps of Quaternary deposits. Fredén was one of geologists who helped make the High Coast a World Heritage Site.
Located in the Scandinavian Peninsula, Sweden is a mountainous country dominated by lakes and forests. Its habitats include mountain heath, montane forests, tundra, taiga, beech forests, rivers, lakes, bogs, brackish, marine coasts, and cultivated land. The climate of Sweden is mild for a country at this latitude, largely owing to the significant maritime influence.
Urbergsområden under HK runt de stora mellansvenska sjöarna. Relativt svårvittrade berg- och jordarter. Läget under högsta kustlinjen med förekomst av leror och andra finkorniga jordar ökar dock motståndskraften mot försurning. Höga naturliga kloridhalter förekommer i kustnära områden samt från kvarvarande relikt havsvatten i berggrund och jordlager.