Central Tibetan Administration

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Central Tibetan Administration
བོད་མིའི་སྒྲིག་འཛུགས་
Motto: བོད་གཞུང་དགའ་ལྡན་ཕོ་བྲང་ཕྱོགས་ལས་རྣམ་རྒྱལ
"Tibetan Government, Ganden Palace, Victorious in all Directions"
Anthem: བོད་རྒྱལ་ཁབ་ཆེན་པོའི་རྒྱལ་གླུ
"Tibetan National Anthem"
Status Government-in-exile
Capital-in-exile McLeod Ganj
Headquarters Dharamshala, 176215 Himachal Pradesh, India
Official languages Tibetan
Religion
Tibetan Buddhism
Government Presidential republic
  Sikyong
Penpa Tsering
 Speaker
Pema Jungney
Legislature Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration
Establishment29 May 2011
  17 Point Agreement repudiated
March 1959
 Re-establishment of the Kashag in exile
29 April 1959
14 June 1991
Time zone UTC+5:30 (IST)
Website
tibet.net

The Central Tibetan Administration (Tibetan : བོད་མིའི་སྒྲིག་འཛུགས་, Wylie : Bod mi'i sgrig 'dzugs, THL : Bömi Drikdzuk, Tibetan pronunciation: [ˈpʰỳmìːˈʈìʔt͡sùʔ] , lit.'Tibetan People's Exile Organization') [1] is the Tibetan government in exile, based in Dharamshala, India. [2] It is composed of a judiciary branch, a legislative branch, and an executive branch, and offers support and services to the Tibetan exile community.

Contents

The 14th Dalai Lama formally rescinded the 1951 17 Point Agreement with China in early March 1959, as he was escaping Tibet for India. On 29 April 1959, the 14th Dalai Lama in exile re-established the Kashag, which was abolished a month earlier by the Government of the People's Republic of China on 28 March 1959. [3] [4] [5] He later became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile. On 11 February 1991, Tibet became a founding member of the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization (UNPO) at a ceremony held at the Peace Palace in The Hague, Netherlands. [6] After the 14th Dalai Lama decided no longer to assume administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated in May 2011 to repeal all articles relating to his political duties.

The Tibetan diaspora and refugees support the Central Tibetan Administration by voting for members of its parliament, the Sikyong, and by making annual financial contributions through the use of the Green Book. The Central Tibetan Administration also receives international support from other organizations and individuals. The Central Tibetan Administration authors reports, press releases, and administers a network of schools and other cultural activities for Tibetans in India.

Position on Status of Tibet

Tibet-claims.jpg

   Greater Tibet as claimed by Tibetan exile groups

In 1963, the 14th Dalai Lama promulgated the Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent head of state of Tibet. [5] In 1974, the 14th Dalai Lama rejected calls for Tibetan independence, [7] and he became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. In 2005, the 14th Dalai Lama emphasized that Tibet is a part of China, and Tibetan culture and Buddhism are part of Chinese culture. [8] In March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed. In 2017, the 14th Dalai Lama restated that Tibet does not seek independence from China but seeks development. [9]

Funding

The funding of the Central Tibetan Administration comes mostly from private donations collected with the help of organisations like the Tibet Fund, revenue from the Green Book (the "Tibetan in exile passport") [10] and aid from governments like India and the US. [11] [12]

The annual revenue of the Central Tibetan Administration is officially 22 million (measured in US dollars), with the biggest shares going to political activity ($7 million), and administration ($4.5 million).[ citation needed ] However, according to Michael Backman, these sums are "remarkably low" for what the organisation claims to do, and it probably receives millions more in donations. The CTA does not acknowledge such donations or their sources. [13]

According to a Chinese source, between 1964 and 1968, the U.S. provided 1.735 million dollars to the Dalai Lama's group each year. [14] In October 1998, The Dalai Lama's administration stated that it had received US$1.7 million a year during the 1960s from the Central Intelligence Agency. [15]

In 2002, the Tibetan Policy Act of 2002 was passed in the U.S. [16] [17] In 2016, the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) awarded a grant of US$23 million to CTA. [18]

In 2017, U.S. president Donald Trump proposed to stop aid to the CTA in 2018. [19] Trump's proposal was criticised heavily by members of the Democratic Party like Nancy Pelosi, [19] and co-chair of the bipartisan Tom Lantos Human Rights Commission, Jim McGovern. [20] In February 2020, at the annual National Prayer Breakfast, Pelosi prayed as Trump attended; "Let us pray for the Panchen Lama and all the Tibetan Buddhists in prison in China or missing for following their faith". [21]

Headquarters

Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in 2010 Tibetan Library Dharamsala.jpg
Library of Tibetan Works and Archives in 2010

The Central Tibetan Administration is headquartered in McLeod Ganj, Dharamshala, India. It represents the people of the entire Tibet Autonomous Region and Qinghai province, as well as two Tibetan Autonomous Prefectures and one Tibetan Autonomous County in Sichuan Province, one Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture and one Tibetan Autonomous County in Gansu Province and one Tibetan Autonomous Prefecture in Yunnan Province [22] – all of which is termed "Historic Tibet" by the CTA.

The CTA attends to the welfare of the Tibetan exile community in India, who number around 100,000. It runs schools, health services, cultural activities and economic development projects for the Tibetan community. As of 2003, more than 1,000 refugees still arrive each year from China, [23] usually via Nepal. [24]

Green Book

Tibetans living outside Tibet can apply at a Central Tibetan Administration office in their country of residence for a personal document called the Green Book , which serves as a receipt book for the person's "voluntary contributions" to the CTA and the evidence of their claims for "Tibetan citizenship". [25]

For this purpose, CTA defines a Tibetan as "any person born in Tibet, or any person with one parent who was born in Tibet." As Tibetan refugees often lack documents attesting to their place of birth, the eligibility is usually established by an interview. [25]

Blue Book

The Blue Book or Tibetan Solidarity Partnership is a project by Central Tibetan Administration, in which the CTA issues any supporter of Tibet who is of age 18 years or more a Blue Book. This initiative enables supporters of Tibet worldwide to make financial contributions to help the administration in supporting educational, cultural, developmental and humanitarian activities related to Tibetan children and refugees. The book is issued at various CTA offices worldwide. [26]

Internal structure

The former chairman of the Cabinet of the CTA, Samdhong Rinpoche, addresses a fundraising dinner in Sydney, Australia, February 2006 SamdhongRinpoche.jpg
The former chairman of the Cabinet of the CTA, Samdhong Rinpoche, addresses a fundraising dinner in Sydney, Australia, February 2006
Penpa Tsering, current Sikyong of the CTA Penpa Tsering - Sikyong.jpg
Penpa Tsering, current Sikyong of the CTA
Finance Kalon Tsering Dhondup (front row, second from left) visited the Republic of China in Taiwan's Legislative Yuan in 2013 2013Xi Cang Liu Wang Zheng Fu (Cang Ren Xing Zheng Zhong Yang )Cai Zheng Bu Chang Bai Hui Tai Wan Guo Hui (Li Fa Yuan ) TIBETAN Minister of Finance visited TAIWANESE Congress.jpg
Finance Kalon Tsering Dhondup (front row, second from left) visited the Republic of China in Taiwan's Legislative Yuan in 2013

The Central Tibetan Administration currently operates under the "Charter of the Tibetans In-Exile", adopted in 1991, amended in 2011. [27] Executive authority is vested in the Sikyong, an office formerly held by Lobsang Sangay, who was elected in 2011. The Sikyong is supported by a cabinet of Kalons responsible for specific portfolios. Legislative authority is vested in the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration.

The Central Tibetan Administration's Department of Finance is made of seven departments and several special offices. Until 2003, it operated 24 businesses, including publishing, hotels, and handicrafts distribution companies.

On 29 April 1959, the Dalai Lama re-established the Kashag. In 1963, he promulgated Constitution of Tibet, and he became permanent head of state of Tibet. In 1974, he rejected calls for Tibetan independence, [7] and he became permanent head of the Tibetan Administration and the executive functions for Tibetans-in-exile in 1991. On 10 March 2011, at 71 years of age, he decided not to assume any political and administrative authority, the Charter of Tibetans in Exile was updated immediately in May 2011, and all articles related to regents were also repealed, and position Sikyong was created.

Kashag

Notable past members of the Cabinet include Gyalo Thondup, the Dalai Lama's eldest brother, who served as Chairman of the Cabinet and as Kalon of Security, and Jetsun Pema, the Dalai Lama's younger sister, who served variously as Kalon of Health and of Education. [13] Lobsang Nyandak Zayul who served as a representative of the 14th Dalai Lama in the Americas [28] and a multiple cabinet member. [29] [30] [31] He currently serves as president of The Tibet Fund. [32]

Settlements

The Central Tibetan Administration, together with the Indian government, has constructed more than 45 "settlements" in India for Tibetan refugees as of 2020. [33] The establishment of the Tibetan Re-settlement and Rehabilitation (TRR) settlements began in 1966, [34] :120,127–131 with the TRR settlements in South India, Darjeeling, and Sikkim becoming officially "protected areas" and requiring special entry permits for entry. [34] :120

Media activities

A 1978 study by Melvyn Goldstein and a 1983 study by Lynn Pulman on Tibetan communities-in-exile in southern India argue that the CTA adopted a stance of preserving an "idea of return" and fostering the development of an intense feeling of Tibetan cultural and political nationalism among Tibetans" in order to remain a necessary part of the communities. [35] :408–410 [34] :158–159 They state that this was accomplished through the creation of the Tibetan Uprising Day holiday, a Tibetan National Anthem, and the CTA control over local Tibetan-language media that promotes the idea of Chinese endeavours to "eradicate the Tibetan race". [35] :410–417 [34] :159–161 From the 1990s onwards, the CTA used Hollywood films in addition to local media to emphasise the Tibetan exile struggle, secure the loyalty of Tibetans both in exile and in Tibet, promote Tibetan nationalism, and foster the CTA's legitimacy to act in the name of the entire Tibetan nation. [36]

Foreign relations

The Central Tibetan Authority is not recognised as a sovereign government by any country, but it receives financial aid from governments and international organisations for its welfare work among the Tibetan exile community in India. [37] [38]

United States

In 1991, United States President George H. W. Bush signed a Congressional Act that explicitly called Tibet "an occupied country", and identified the Dalai Lama and his administration as "Tibet's true representatives". [39]

In October 1998 the Dalai Lama's administration issued a statement acknowledging the Dalai Lama Group received US$1.7 million a year during the 1960s from the U.S. government through the Central Intelligence Agency, [15] used to train volunteers, run guerrilla operations against the Chinese, and used to open offices and for international lobbying. A guerrilla force was reportedly trained at Camp Hale in Colorado. [40]

During his administration, United States President Barack Obama supported Middle Way Policy of the Central Tibetan Administration [41] and met with the Dalai Lama four times, [42] including at the 2015 annual National Prayer Breakfast. [43]

In 2021, the Biden Administration pledged its support for the CTA, to which a representative expressed gratitude. [44]

See also

Footnotes

    Related Research Articles

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Dalai Lama</span> Tulku lineage of Gelug Tibetan Buddhism

    Dalai Lama is part of the full title "Holiness Knowing Everying Vajradhara Dalai Lama" given by Altan Khan, the first Shunyi King of Ming China. He offered it in appreciation to the leader of the Gelug school of Tibetan Buddhism, Sonam Gyatso, who received it in 1578 at Yanghua Monastery. At that time, Sonam Gyatso had just given teachings to the Khan, and so the title of Dalai Lama was also given to the entire tulku lineage. Sonam Gyatso became the 3rd Dalai Lama, while the first two tulkus in the lineage, the 1st Dalai Lama and the 2nd Dalai Lama, were posthumously awarded the title.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Flag of Tibet</span>

    The national flag of Tibet (བོད་ཀྱི་རྒྱལ་དར།), also unofficially known as the Snow Lion Flag, depicts a white snow-covered mountain, a yellow sun with red and blue rays emanating from it, two Tibetan snow lions, a multi-coloured jewel representing Buddhist values, a taijitu and a yellow border around three of its four sides. The flag was used as the national flag of the independent country of Tibet from 1916 until 1951, when Tibet was annexed by the People's Republic of China. It was adopted by the 13th Dalai Lama in 1916 and used in Tibet until the Tibetan uprising of 1959, after which the flag was outlawed in the People's Republic of China. While the Tibetan flag is illegal in Tibet today as it is governed by the PRC as the Tibet Autonomous Region, it continues to be used by the Central Tibetan Administration, the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala in India, and by pro-Tibet groups all over the world to show support for human rights in Tibet and Tibetan independence.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobsang Tenzin</span> Tibetan Buddhist monk and politician

    Lobsang Tenzin, better known by the titles Professor Venerable Samdhong Rinpoche and to Tibetans as the 5th Samdhong Rinpoche, is a Tibetan Buddhist monk and politician who served as the Prime Minister of the cabinet of the Central Tibetan Administration, the Tibetan government-in-exile based in Dharamshala, India.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies</span>

    The Central Institute of Higher Tibetan Studies, formerly called Central University for Tibetan Studies (CUTS), is a Deemed University founded in Sarnath, Varanasi, India, in 1967, as an autonomous organisation under Union Ministry of Culture. The CIHTS was founded by Pt. Jawahar Lal Nehru in consultation with Tenzin Gyatso, the 14th Dalai Lama, with the aim of educating Tibetan youths in exile and Himalayan border students as well as with the aim of retranslating lost Indo-Buddhist Sanskrit texts that now existed only in Tibetan, into Sanskrit, to Hindi, and other modern Indian languages.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Tempa Tsering</span>

    Tempa risang.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Sikyong</span> Head of government of the Central Tibetan Administration

    The Sikyong is the political leader of the Central Tibetan Administration, a Tibetan exile organisation in India also known as the Tibetan government-in-exile based on the 2011 Charter of Tibetans-in-exile. The title was created in 2012 after the 14th Dalai Lama decided not to assume any political and administrative authority as the head of the Tibetan Administration for Tibetans-in-exile.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration</span> Unicameral legislature of the government-in-exile of Tibet

    The Tibetan Parliament in Exile (TPiE), officially the Parliament of the Central Tibetan Administration, is the unicameral and highest legislative organ of the Central Tibetan Administration, the government-in-exile of the Independent Country Of Tibet. It was established and is based in Dharamshala, India. The creation of this democratically elected body has been one of the major changes that the 14th Dalai Lama brought about in his efforts to introduce a democratic system of administration.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kashag</span> Governing council of Tibet from 1721 to 1959

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Tibetan diaspora</span> Communities of Tibetans living outside of Tibet

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Protests and uprisings in Tibet since 1950</span>

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Dolma Gyari</span> Tibetan politician

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Alak Jigme Thinley Lhundup Rinpoche</span>

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Lobsang Nyandak</span> President at The Tibet Fund

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    <span class="mw-page-title-main">India–Tibet relations</span> Relations between Tibet and India

    Tibet–India relations are said to have begun during the spread of Buddhism to Tibet from India during the 6th century AD. In 1959, the Dalai Lama fled to India after the failed 1959 Tibetan uprising. Since then, Tibetans-in-exile have been given asylum in India, with the Indian government accommodating them into 45 residential settlements across 10 states in the country, creating the Tibetan diaspora. From around 150,000 Tibetan refugees in 2011, the number fell to 85,000 in 2018, according to government data. Many Tibetans are now leaving India to go back to Tibet and other countries such as United States or Germany. The Government of India, soon after India's independence in 1947, treated Tibet as a de facto independent country. However, more recently India's policy on Tibet has been mindful of Chinese sensibilities, and has recognized Tibet as a part of China.

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Kaydor Aukatsang</span> Tibetian politician

    Kelsang Dorjee "Kaydor" Aukatsang is a Tibetan politician and candidate for the Central Tibetan Administration office of Sikyong. Kaydor was a close aide of the previous Sikyong, Dr. Lobsang Sangay, under whom he held various official positions including, the role of North America representative for the Dalai Lama, Chief Resilience Officer of the Central Tibetan Administration and the Director of the Social and Resource Development Fund (SARD).

    <span class="mw-page-title-main">Penpa Tsering</span> Sikyong of the Tibetan Government in Exile

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