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The Xianfeng Emperor had eighteen consorts, including three empresses, two imperial noble consorts, two noble consorts, four consorts, four concubines and three first attendants. The consorts are classified according to their posthumous titles.
All consorts were palace maids known as Four Spring Ladies. The name of the clique was derived from their personal names and a poem line "When four springs follow upwards the wind, the copper fish swims in the water every five nights".
《袅袅四春随风撵,沈沈五夜递铜鱼》 [11]
The consorts were promoted together within one year. The highest title they held during the Xianfeng era was noble lady.
Concubine Rong, of the Irgen Gioro clan (容嬪 / 容嫔, 伊爾根覺羅氏 / 伊尔根觉罗氏; 6 July 1837 – 21 June 1869) was a consort of the Xianfeng Emperor. [16]
Concubine Rong was a booi hehe of Bordered Yellow Banner.
Lady Irgen Gioro was born on 6 July 1837. When her father died in June 1838, Lady Irgen Gioro and her mother, lady Luo, lived in poverty, enjoying an income of 1 tael monthly. Since 1839, Lady Irgen Gioro with her mother have been receiving a social rent consisting of money and crops. [20]
Lady Irgen Gioro entered the imperial harem in September 1853 and was bestowed a title of First Class Female Attendant Rong (容常在; tolerant, pretty). [21] Her half-length portrait was hung in the Ruyi pavillion (如意舘) shortly after the entry. [22] In November 1855, First Attendant Rong was promoted to Noble Lady Rong (容貴人) [23] together with majority of Xianfeng Emperor's concubines. [24] She remained childless during the Xianfeng era.
Noble Lady Rong was promoted to Dowager Concubine Rong (皇考容嬪) in 1861. [25] Although Noble Lady Rong was conferred a title of Concubine, Ministry of Internal Affairs delayed production of sedan chair and gilded promotional document, which was investigated by Ministry of Rites in 1868. [26]
Concubine Rong died on 21 June 1869. Her coffin was transferred to Ji'an study for lying in state. Consort Xi and Consort Qing left the Imperial Palace so as to guard Concubine Rong's coffin. [27] The coffin was temporarily placed in the Tiancun village and thereafter interred in Ding Mausoleum of Eastern Qing tombs. [13] Concubine Rong's personal maids were married off. [28]
First Class Female Attendant Chun (瑃常在,暝谙氏; 1835 -1859) was a member of the Ming'an clan.
First Class Female Attendant Chun was born in 1835, which translates to 15th year of the Daoguang era. Her family background is not mentioned.
Lady Ming'an entered the palace at the same time as most of the Xianfeng Emperor's consorts, including Empress Dowager Cixi, Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangjing, Noble Consort Mei, Noble Consort Wan. [31] She was granted a title of Noble Lady Chun (春贵人, meaning "spring") upon the entry in 1852. In 1853, she was demoted to First Class Female Attendant Chun (春常在). In 1855, the Head of Palace Administration Zhang Xin proclaimed a decree demoting her further to Second Class Female Attendant without the right to convey a honorifical name. [32] As a substitution for honorifical name, the two characters of her clan name were used. [33] At that time, she had one personal maid and her allowance was 50 taels. [34] In 1856, Lady Ming'an was restored as First Attendant Chun (瑃常在). First Attendant Chun died in 1859. She was interred in the Ding Mausoleum of the Eastern Qing tombs in 1865. [25]
春贵人→春常在→答应→瑃常在
First Class Female Attendant Xin (鑫常在, 戴佳氏; d.27 May 1859) was a member of Sinjeku caste of the Daigiya clan of Plain White Banner
Lady Daigiya entered the palace in 1852 and was bestowed a title of First Class Attendant Xin (鑫常在). [35] As the first entered first class attendant, Lady Daigiya was made an informal leader of first attendants. [36]
On 25 June 1857, her personal maid, Daniu, was expelled from palace because of leg ailment. However, it was suspected that actual reason behind Daniu's removal from service differed from declared recuperation. [37]
Lady Daigiya died on 27 May 1859 and her coffin was interred at Ding Mausoleum of Eastern Qing tombs.
First Class Female Attendant Ping (玶常在, 伊尔根觉罗氏; d.1856) was a member of the Irgen Gioro clan. [6]
Lady Irgen Gioro entered the palace in 1852 and was given a title of Noble Lady Ying (英貴人). [40] In March 1852, Noble Lady Ying received one black lacquered copper clock. In October 1852, Lady Irgen Gioro was promoted to Concubine Ying (英嬪) [41] In October 1853, she was demoted to Noble Lady Yi (伊貴人) to fulfill the limit of 6 concubines. [42] On 11 January 1855,during the burial of Concubine Yun all imperial concubines stayed in the Tiancun village. Noble Lady Yi, who arrived from Ji'an studio, departed to the Forbidden city earlier than other concubines. In March 1855, she was demoted to First Class Female Attendant Yi because of her behavior during the funeral. [43] [44] In January 1857, Lady Irgen Gioro was demoted to Second Class Female Attendant. [45] Second Attendant Yi fell ill in May 1856 and was suddenly restored as First Class Female Attendant Ping (玶常在; "ping" as a kind of fine jade). [46] First Class Female Attendant Ping died on 15 August 1856 and was buried in Xihua garden in Tiancun on 27 August 1856. [47] Her coffin was interred in Ding Mausoleum in 1864.
Year | Imperial consort | Palace | Notes |
---|---|---|---|
1852-1861 | Empress Dowager Ci'an [48] | Zhongcui palace | |
1852-1853 | Concubine Yun | ||
1858-1861 | Consort Ji | ||
1852-1861 | Imperial Noble Consort Zhuangshun | Yonghe palace | |
1853-1859 | First Class Female Attendant Xin | ||
1852-1861 | Noble Consort Mei | ||
1853-1855 | Concubine Yun | Chengqian palace | |
1852-1855 | Noble Consort Wan | ||
1852 | First Attendant Chun | ||
1858-1861 | Imperial Noble Consort Duanke | ||
1852-1861 | Empress Dowager Cixi | Chuxiu palace | |
1852-1856 | First Attendant Ping | ||
1855-1861 | Consort Lu | ||
Consort Xi | |||
1859-1861 | Concubine Yu | ||
1856-1861 | Concubine Shu | ||
1855-1861 | Noble Consort Wan | Jingren palace | |
1852-1859 | First Attendant Chun | Yikun palace | |
1852-1861 | Concubine Rong | NN |
The Xianfeng Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Wenzong of Qing, personal name Yizhu, was the eighth emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the seventh Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigned from 1850 to 1861. During his reign, the Qing dynasty experienced several wars and rebellions including the Taiping Rebellion, Nian Rebellion, and Second Opium War. He was the last Chinese emperor to exercise sole power.
The Daoguang Emperor, also known by his temple name Emperor Xuanzong of Qing, personal name Mianning, was the seventh emperor of the Qing dynasty, and the sixth Qing emperor to rule over China proper, reigning from 1820 to 1850. His reign was marked by "external disaster and internal rebellion." These included the First Opium War and the beginning of the Taiping Rebellion which nearly brought down the dynasty. The historian Jonathan Spence characterizes the Daoguang Emperor as a "well meaning but ineffective man" who promoted officials who "presented a purist view even if they had nothing to say about the domestic and foreign problems surrounding the dynasty."
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