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The term corporation refers to different kinds of student organizations worldwide. Generally, universities in the various European countries have student organizations called corporations. The name is derived from the Latin corporatio meaning a body or group. There was an earlier type of student organization, called a nation from the Middle Ages, where students from all over Europe at a particular university would unite according to national (actually regional) lines. Today, many student organizations in Sweden, Finland, and, to a lesser degree, Scotland are still termed nations, while most of the rest of European universities, the organizations are considered corporations.
Below are short entries on the organizations found at universities on a country-by-country basis. There are also references to longer articles.
Austria
Sharing common roots, Austrian corporations are quite similar to their German counterparts. While Catholic corporations generally are associated with the Christian-conservative Austrian People's Party (ÖVP) and are generally pro-Austrian, other corporations, especially Burschenschaften, are involved with the right-wing Freedom Party (FPÖ) and can be characterized as German-nationalist organizations.
Belgium
Most Belgian corporations were founded during the last century. In French, they are called ordres, in Dutch studentenvereniging.
Non-exhaustive list of main active corporations:
ASMO, Academic Order of Saint Michel, founded in Brussels in 1937
Pétase, founded in Brussels in 1958
Academic Order of Saint-Louis, founded in Brussels in 1980
Vulcania, founded in Brussels in 1921
Vulcain, founded in Brussels in 1969
Bacchus, founded in Brussels in 1971
CDSO, founded in Brussels in 1967
ODSL, Order of the Disciples of Saint-Luc, founded in Brussels in 1989
Academicus Martini Quinti Ordo, founded Brussels in 1993
CDOSA, Saint Aubain, founded in Namur in 1984
Bretelle, founded in Namur in 1989
Torè, founded in Liège in 1921
OGS, Grand Seminar Order, founded in Liège in 1982
Corporations in Estonia are very much like those in Germany though foxes (first-year members) do not wear colours, but a black cap instead. Estonian corporations usually have a circinus stitched to their caps, that is, the letters VCFC (an abbreviation for a Latin sentence: Vivat, crescat, floreat corporatio, meaning "Live, grow, prosper corporation") and the initials of the name of the corporation. Corporations are popular in Estonia. Other student organisations or societies with a lengthy tradition, but without the name, corporation, are also commonly referred to as corporations.
Active corporations and student societies in Estonia:
Corporations in Finland are called in Finnishosakunta, in English, "nations". The name refers to the historical custom of the continental universities where students usually formed corporations according to their home nations. In Swedish universities, the same practice was followed by the provinces but the name remained. The Finnish version of the name actually is an archaic form of department, and this name was adopted to replace the term "kansakunta" ("nation" in the purely ethnic sense) during the 19th century when the Russian government tried to diminish the importance of nations as political organizations.
Earlier, it was traditional for students to belong to the nations of their provinces. Since 1937, students could resign from their nation, but they still had to pay the fee to the nation throughout their time at the university. This compulsory fee was abolished in the 1960s. Nowadays, the nations are a feature peculiar to the University of Helsinki, the oldest Finnish university and they concentrate on the student culture. There is also a Swedish-speaking nation, Teknologföreningen, at Aalto University School of Science and Technology.
In most universities, the primary form of corporation is an association of students majoring in a particular subject. In the universities of technology, these are called guilds.
In addition to the voluntary corporations, every Finnish university student is also required to be a member of the general student corporation of the university, the Student Union (ylioppilaskunta, studentkår), which has the power to levy a membership fee. The union also has the legal power to represent the students to the university administration and in all other matters. It also organizes the health care of the students.
France
Corporations in France are called bureau des étudiants, corporation or, for short, corpo.
Corporations in Italy are known as confraternite studentesche or collectively as goliardia (from Goliard), although the latter generally refers to the spirit they follow (conviviality, license, celebrating love and drink, and making satyrical songs).
There are also two German-speaking Catholic corporations. In Rome, the Capitolina, associated with the German CV, and composed mainly of German Theology students. In Bozen, the Meinhardia, associated with the Austrian ÖCV.
Corporations in Latvia follow traditions similar to those in Germany, however a "fuksis" (from Latin: faex "sediment", first year members) does not wear colours, but a black cap instead with a circinus stitched to it, usually made of silver. Although there are some differences, tradition of the Baltic, to include Latvian corporations is still based on 1812 Jena rules. The Baltic branch of German tradition is distinct to Latvian, Estonian, Polish and some German corporations founded at universities of Tartu and Riga. Their umbrella organizations maintain reciprocal links. THe umbrella organization for Latvian student corporations is the Presidium Convent (P!K!) and for female corporations the Female Student Presidium Convent or S!P!K!.
Latvian student corporations are closed, lifelong organizations and strictly wear 3 colours. During the Soviet occupation corporations were prohibited but they continued to work abroad, among Latvian refugees in countries like the USA, Canada, Australia, Sweden and Germany. In Latvia corporations renewed operation after the collapse of the Soviet Union. The first Latvian corporation, Lettonia was founded in 1870 at the University of Tartu (then Dorpat). It combined beer, commercium songs, and academic fencing traditions of German corporations with Latvian nationalism and a strong emphasis on Latvian culture. The first Latvian corporation founded in Riga was Selonija, founded in 1880 at the Riga Polytechnicum. The first female corporation, Daugaviete, was founded in 1921 at the University of Latvia. As of 2004, Latvia has 23 male and 13 female corporations, with about 10,000 members in total.
Various academic lifelong organisations (student societies etc.)with similar traditions, also sometimes named as corporations, but with differences in traditions and symbols, are also active in Latvia.
Corporations in Poland mostly follow traditions similar to those in Germany, however "fuxes" (first year members) do not wear full colours. The first Polish corporation, Konwent Polonia, was established in 1828 by the Polish students of the University of Dorpat. The second and third oldest corporations were established by the Polish students of the Riga Technical University: Arkonia (1879) and Welecja (1883). There were more than one hundred corporations in Poland between 1918 and 1939. During communism in Poland (1944–1989), corporations were forbidden. Today about fifteen corporations continue to be active in Poland, at the universities in Warsaw, Kraków, Poznań, Wrocław, Gdańsk and Toruń
Netherlands
The oldest corporation in the Netherlands, the Leidse Studenten Vereniging 'Minerva', was established in the Dutch city of Leiden in 1814. In the following years corporations were established in the cities of Utrecht, Groningen, Delft, Amsterdam, Rotterdam and Wageningen.
During the first half of the 19th century, it was very common for every student to join such a corporation (or corps in Dutch). At the beginning of the 20th century, more types of student associations were established, and many had a religious basis.
During World War II, all corpora (Latin plural of corps) not willing to subscribe to the new German law that Jewish students no longer could become member of non-commercial unions, the corpora either closed-down or became clandestine organizations. During the 1970s, most of the corporations started to enroll women as fully accepted members. Now, corporations and other student associations are widespread in the Netherlands.
Name of corporation:
Founded in:
Leidse Studenten Vereniging 'Minerva'
1814
Groninger Studenten Corps 'Vindicat atque Polit'
1815
Utrechtsch Studenten Corps
1816
Delftsch Studenten Corps
1848
Amsterdamsch Studenten Corps / Amsterdamsche Vrouwelijke Studenten Vereeniging
1851
Wageningse Studenten Vereniging Ceres
1878
Utrechtsche Vrouwelijke Studenten Vereeniging / Nieuwe Vereniging van Vrouwelijke Studenten te Utrecht
1899
Rotterdams Studenten Corps / Rotterdamse Vrouwelijke Studenten Vereniging
There is a continuous tradition of corporations in Switzerland which goes back to the early 19th century. Especially in its beginnings, political developments had a strong influence on the foundation of corporations and their activities. In the 1840s, the catholic-conservative Schweizerischer Studentenverein was founded as the counterpart of the radical-liberal Schweizerischer Zofingerverein which led to religion playing a more important role in corporation life. Today, many corporations are still active (the Schweizerischer Studentenverein being the biggest umbrella organization), but play a less significant role in society. Swiss corporations call themselves Studentenverbindung and resemble strongly to German Studentenverbindungen.
Louvain-la-Neuve is a planned city in the municipality of Ottignies-Louvain-la-Neuve, Belgium, situated 30 km southeast of Brussels, in the French-speaking part of the country. The city was built to house the Université catholique de Louvain (UCLouvain) which owns its entire territory; following the linguistic quarrels that took place in Belgium during the 1960s, and Flemish claims of discrimination at the Catholic University of Leuven, the institution was split into the Dutch language Katholieke Universiteit te Leuven which remained in Leuven, and the Université catholique de Louvain.
A student society, student association, university society or student organization is a society or an organization, operated by students at a university or a college institution, whose membership typically consists only of students or alumni.
Valga is a town in southern Estonia and the capital of Valga County. Until their separation in 1920, Valga and the town of Valka in northern Latvia were one town. They are now twin-towns. The area of Valga is 16.5 square kilometres and that of Valka is 14.2 km2 (5.5 sq mi). Their populations are respectively 12,261 and 6,164. On 21 December 2007 all border-crossing points were removed and roads and fences opened between the two countries with both countries joining the Schengen Agreement.
The Université catholique de Louvain is Belgium's largest French-speaking university. It is located in Louvain-la-Neuve, which was expressly built to house the university, and Brussels, Charleroi, Mons, Tournai and Namur. Since September 2018, the university has used the branding UCLouvain, replacing the acronym UCL, following a merger with Saint-Louis University, Brussels.
Korporatsioon Vironia is an Estonian fraternal student organization and the oldest student corps in Estonia. The organization is named after the Latin name for the ancient Estonian county of Virumaa. A full member of the organization is called a "vironus", while every member can also be called a "Vironian" (viroonlane).
Korporatsioon Sakala is a fraternal organization of Estonian higher education students. It was established at the University of Tartu on November 14, 1909.
The Baltic University in Exile was established in the displaced persons camps in Germany to educate refugees from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania in the aftermath of the Second World War.
SELL Student Games is a multi-sport event that is open for all university and college students all over the world. The name of the games is according to the first letters of the hosting countries – Finland, Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania – in their respective languages . The principles of the games are that everyone can participate and therefore the event combines top sports and joyful student event. Nowadays the games gather around 1800–2000 students.
The Estonian Students' Society is the largest and oldest all-male academical student society in Estonia, and is similar to the Baltic German student organizations known as corporations. It was founded in 1870 at Tartu. It has over 900 members in Estonia and abroad.
Fraternitas Estica is an all-male academic corporation at the University of Tartu, Estonia. It was founded in 1907.
Eižens Laube was a Latvian architect. He was responsible for some of the reconstruction work of Riga Castle in the 1930s and designed more than 200 houses in Riga.
Korp! Ugala is a fraternal organization of Estonian higher education students. It was established at the University of Tartu on 10 November 1913.
Fraternitas Vanenica is Latvian all-male student fraternity (corporation) which was founded in Munich, Germany on June 20, 1947. It is the youngest Latvian student fraternity.
The Brotherhood of Blackheads is an association of local unmarried merchants, ship owners, and foreigners that was active in Livonia from the mid-14th century till 1940 but still remains active in present-day Hamburg. The Brotherhood of Blackheads was founded as a military organization but the non-military aspects of the association gradually became more pronounced until the Brotherhood became a predominantly social organization after the end of the Great Northern War.
The Academicus Neo Lovaniensis Ordo, is a mixed student corporation which is composed of present and alumni students of the University of Louvain (UCLouvain). It was founded on 26 September 1991.
Fraternitas Baltica was a Baltic-German fraternity founded in Riga. Its motto was Freundschaft, Frohsinn, Tugend, Wissen - soll man nie bei den Balten missen. and In Treuen fest.
The Schweizerischer Studentenverein is a society of colour bearing students of both genders and at the same time a federation of student corporations which are called sections. Its members are students and former students of high schools, universities and universities of applied sciences in Switzerland, Germany, Austria and Italy. Formerly, sections also existed in Belgium, France and in the Czech Republic. Its motto is virtus, scientia, amicitia!
Presidium Convent also known as simply (P!K!) is an organisation that unites all-male academic corporations in Latvia.
The First Latvian National Awakening or the First Awakening was a cultural and national revival movement between 1850 and 1880 among the Young Latvians, a group of well-educated Latvians, who, opposed to the Baltic German dominance in Livonia and Courland Governorates, created the basis for the modern Latvian nation state. It was influenced by the European romantic nationalism movements of Young Germans and Czech National Revival. Most of their efforts were spent on educating Latvians, criticizing Germans and removing the stigma from Latvian language, traditions and culture.
Anna Bērzkalne was a Latvian teacher and folklorist who founded the Archives of Latvian Folklore in 1924 and headed the organization for its first five years. Her analysis of Latvian folk ballads was awarded the Krišjānis Barons Prize in 1933. She was the first Latvian to earn a degree in Folkloric Studies and is recognized as one of the central figures in developing folkloric study as an academic discipline in Latvia.
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