Dahieh

Dahieh الضاحية الجنوبية
Dahieh Location in Lebanon
Coordinates: 33°51′N35°31′E / 33.85°N 35.51°E / 33.85; 35.51
Country	Lebanon
Governorate	Mount Lebanon
District	Baabda
Area
• Total	1,563 ha (3,862 acres)
Elevation	1,250 m (4,100 ft)

The Haret Hreik suburb of Dahieh in 2009

Dahieh (Arabic : الضاحية الجنوبية, lit.  'the southern suburb', French: Banlieue Sud de Beyrouth, Dâhiye de Beyrouth) is a predominantly Shia Muslim suburb in the south of Beirut, in the Baabda District of Lebanon. It has a minority of Sunni Muslims, Christians, and a Palestinian refugee camp with 20,000 inhabitants. It is a residential and commercial area with malls, stores and souks, ^[1] and comprises several towns and municipalities. ^[2] It is north of Rafic Hariri International Airport, and the M51 Freeway that links Beirut to the airport passes through it.

Dahieh is the Beirut stronghold of Lebanese political party and militant group Hezbollah, and it had large auditoria in Haret Hreik, Hadath, Mount Lebanon and Bourj el-Barajneh, where Hezbollah followers gathered on special occasions. The area was severely bombed by Israel in the July War and in Israel–Hezbollah conflict, the latter of which killed Secretary-General of Hezbollah Hassan Nasrallah. ^[3]

Demographics

Religion in Dahieh (excluding Palestinian refugees)

   Shia Islam (85%)

   Maronite Christianity (10%)

   Sunni Islam (4%)

  Other (1%)

Dahieh is home to one of the most densely populated communities in Lebanon. In 1986 the number of Shia living in Dahieh was estimated to be 800,000. ^[4]

History

In the 14th century, there was a sizeable Shia Muslim community at Bourj Beirut. The community was first mentioned in a decree that the Mamluk viceroy issued against the Shiites of Beirut and the surrounding areas in 1363, demanding that they stop practicing Shia rituals. ^[5] In Ottoman tapu tahrir tax records of 1545, Bourj had a population of 169 households, 11 bachelors and one imam, all Shia Muslims. Shia of Bourj were also identified in al-Duwayhi's writings in 1661, and the town was then known as Burj Beirut (lit. "the tower of Beirut"). ^{[6] [ page needed ]}

Prior to the start of the Lebanese Civil War in 1975, Dahieh was one of the increasingly urbanized rural settlements outside of Beirut, with a mixed community of Christians and Shia Muslims. From 1920 to 1943 many Shia moved to Dahieh from Southern Lebanon and Beqaa Valley, where the French mandate cracked down on Shiite anti-French rebels in June 1920. More Shiites arrived in the early 1960s escaping financial hardship and state neglect of the countryside. By the start of 1975, 45% of Lebanese Shiites were living in Greater Beirut. ^{[6] [ page needed ]}

Dahieh's population further increased during the Civil War. By 1976, around 100,000 Shia had been displaced from the East Beirut canton following sectarian violence in the Black Saturday and Karantina massacres. These included the prominent Ayatollah Mohammad Hussein Fadlallah. Most of the displaced were destitute, and their needs stimulated Shia solidarity and self-reliance, which focused on the urban insularity of Dahieh. ^{[6] [ page needed ]} An additional influx of Shiites arrived in Dahieh following the 1978 and 1982 Israeli invasions of Lebanon, both of which displaced more than 250,000 and destroyed 80 percent of villages. ^[7] Refusing to live under the Israeli South Lebanon Security Belt, more Shiites moved out of their villages to Beirut. By 1986, an estimated 800,000 Shias were living in Dahieh, the vast majority of Shia in Lebanon. ^[4]

2006 Lebanon war

See also: Dahiya doctrine

A crater in Dahieh in 2008, two years after the 2006 Lebanon War

Hezbollah's television station, Al-Manar, was targeted in the area. ^{[1] [8]}

Hours after the August 14, 2006, ceasefire, Hezbollah pledged to reconstruct houses for the residents of Dahieh, and offered rent money for the period in which they were being built. ^[9]

On September 22, 2006, Hezbollah's leader Hassan Nasrallah attended a mass rally in Dahieh declaring a "Divine Victory" against Israel. Apart from mentioning Hezbollah having 20,000 rockets at its disposal, he also went on to criticize Lebanon's central government, stating it should step down and form a unity government. ^[10] According to the Hezbollah's "Jihad al-Bina' " association, ^[11] the reconstruction of Dahieh started from May 25, 2007, the day of the anniversary of the 2000 Israeli pullout from Lebanon. ^[11]

2013 bombings

Main articles: July 2013 Beirut bombing and August 2013 Beirut bombing

On July 9, 2013, 53 people were wounded after a bomb exploded in a busy shopping street in the suburb; the blast came on a busy shopping day on the eve of the holy Muslim month of Ramadan. ^[12] A faction of the Free Syrian Army (FSA) claimed responsibility; however, FSA spokesman Luay Miqdad condemned the attack, as well as another attack the following month. ^[12]

On August 16, 2013, a month after the first bomb, another car bomb blast hit the suburb. ^[13] At least 21 people were killed and 200 injured in the massive explosion, the majority of whom children. ^[13] A group linked to the Syrian opposition calling itself the "Brigade of Aisha" claimed responsibility for the attack. ^[13]

2024 airstrikes

Main article: September 2024 Lebanon strikes

On September 27, 2024, Israel launched airstrikes on the suburb, which led to the assassination of Hassan Nasrallah as part of the attack, as confirmed on the following day. ^[14]

See also

• Dahiya doctrine, a military strategy of asymmetric warfare, which encompasses the destruction of the civilian infrastructure and endorses the employment of disproportionate force
• War crimes in the 2006 Lebanon War

References

1. Traboulsi, Karim (July 4, 2017). "Oppa Dahieh Style: Searching for K-Pop in Hizballah land". english.alaraby.co.uk. Archived from the original on January 28, 2022. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
2. Cobban, Helena (April–May 2005). "Hizbullah's New Face". Boston Review. Archived from the original on June 13, 2010. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
3. "Hezbollah leader Hassan Nasrallah killed by Israeli airstrike in Lebanon's capital Beirut". CBS News. September 28, 2024. Archived from the original on September 28, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.
4. Tveit, Odd Karsten (2010). Goodbye Lebanon. Israel's First Defeat. Translated by Scott-Hansen, Peter. Rimal Publication. pp. 163–164. ISBN   978-9963-715-03-9.
5. Vermeulen, Urbain, 'The Rescript against the Shiʿites and Rafidites of Beirut, Saida and District (767 A.H./1363 A.D.)', Orientalia Lovaniensia Periodica 4 (1973), 169–175
6. Harris, William (2014). Lebanon: A History, 600–2011. Oxford University Press. ISBN   978-0190217839.
7. Saad-Ghorayeb, Amal (2001). Hizbu'llah: Politics and Religion. London: Pluto Press. ISBN   0-7453-1792-8.
8. Bouckaert, Peter (2007). Why They Died: Civilian Casualties in Lebanon During the 2006 War. Human Rights Watch. p. 75.
9. ""جهاد البناء".. إنماء من رحم المقاومة" ["Jihad Al-Binaa"... Development from the womb of resistance]. www.alahednews.com.lb (in Arabic). July 5, 2022. Archived from the original on May 18, 2023. Retrieved May 18, 2023.
10. "موقع حرب تموز 2006" [July 2006 War Site]. www.alahednews.com.lb (in Arabic). Retrieved May 18, 2023.
11. "Jihad al-Bina Association in Lebanon: A Hezbollah social foundation engaged in construction and social projects among the Shiite community, being a major component in Hezbollah's civilian infrastructure". The Meir Amit Intelligence and Terrorism Information Center. June 23, 2019. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
12. "Beirut car bomb blasts Hezbollah stronghold". The Guardian. July 9, 2013. ISSN   0261-3077 . Retrieved January 28, 2022.
13. "Beirut car bomb rips through Hezbollah stronghold". The Guardian. August 15, 2013. Retrieved January 28, 2022.
14. "حزب الله يعلن رسميا استشهاد حسن نصرالله" [Hezbollah officially announces the martyrdom of Hassan Nasrallah]. Saraya (in Arabic). September 28, 2024. Retrieved September 28, 2024.