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Amartya Kumar Sen is an Indian economist and philosopher, who has taught and worked in the United Kingdom and the United States since 1972. Sen has made contributions to welfare economics, social choice theory, economic and social justice, economic theories of famines, decision theory, development economics, public health, and measures of well-being of countries.
Martha Craven Nussbaum is an American philosopher and the current Ernst Freund Distinguished Service Professor of Law and Ethics at the University of Chicago, where she is jointly appointed in the law school and the philosophy department. She has a particular interest in ancient Greek and Roman philosophy, political philosophy, existentialism, feminism, and ethics, including animal rights. She also holds associate appointments in classics, divinity, and political science, is a member of the Committee on Southern Asian Studies, and a board member of the Human Rights Program. She previously taught at Harvard and Brown.
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A value is a universal value if it has the same value or worth for all, or almost all, people. Spheres of human value encompass morality, aesthetic preference, traits, human endeavour, and social order. Whether universal values exist is an unproven conjecture of moral philosophy and cultural anthropology, though it is clear that certain values are found across a great diversity of human cultures, such as primary attributes of physical attractiveness whereas other attributes are subject to aesthetic relativism as governed by cultural norms. This objection is not limited to aesthetics. Relativism concerning morals is known as moral relativism, a philosophical stance opposed to the existence of universal moral values.
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Pragmatic ethics is a theory of normative philosophical ethics and meta-ethics. Ethical pragmatists such as John Dewey believe that some societies have progressed morally in much the way they have attained progress in science. Scientists can pursue inquiry into the truth of a hypothesis and accept the hypothesis, in the sense that they act as though the hypothesis were true; nonetheless, they think that future generations can advance science, and thus future generations can refine or replace their accepted hypotheses. Similarly, ethical pragmatists think that norms, principles, and moral criteria are likely to be improved as a result of inquiry.
Henry Shattuck Richardson is an American philosopher, author, Professor of Philosophy at Georgetown University, and Senior Research Scholar at the Kennedy Institute of Ethics.
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Creating Capabilities is a book, first published by economist Martha Nussbaum in 2011, which outlines a unique theory regarding the Capability approach or the Human development approach. Nussbaum draws on theories of other notable advocates of the Capability approach like Amartya Sen, but makes specific distinctions. One distinct idea she proposes is to choose a list of capabilities based on some aspects of John Rawls' concept of "central human capabilities." These ten capabilities encompass everything Nussbaum considers essential to living a life that one values. Martha Nussbaum and Amartya Sen are considered to be the main scholars of this approach, but have distinctions in their approach to capabilities. Sen disagrees with Nussbaum's list of values on the grounds that it does not fully encompass the range of capabilities one would consider to live a fulfilling life, which inherently differs by person.
References
- ↑ "Crocker, David A." Library of Congress. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
found: Ethics of consumption, 1997: CIP t.p. (David A. Crocker) data sheet (b. 10-04-37)
- 1 2 3 "David Crocker, vitae" (PDF). Ethics of empowerment. May 2007. Archived from the original (PDF) on 6 February 2017. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ↑ "About: History of IDEA". Wordpress. IDEA: International Development Ethics Association. 2012-01-21. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ↑ Crocker, David A (2007). "Deliberative participation in local development". Journal of Human Development and Capabilities. 8 (3): 431–455. doi:10.1080/14649880701462379. S2CID 153677857.
- ↑ United Nations Development Programme, UNDP, ed. (2010). "Chapter 1. Reaffirming human development | The original statement". Human Development Report 2010 | 20th anniversary edition | the real wealth of nations: pathways to human development. New York, NY: United Nations Development Programme. p. 13. ISBN 9780230284456. Pdf version.
- ↑ Morris, Christopher (2009), "Contributors", in Morris, Christopher (ed.), Amartya Sen, Cambridge New York: Cambridge University Press, pp. xi, ISBN 9780521618069
- ↑ "HDCA fellows". Human Development and Capability Association. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
- ↑ Michael S. Malone (host) Michael Tobias (dir) (1999). A parliament of minds: philosophy for a new millennium (Democracy, ethics and the relevance of philosophy / David Crocker) (TV Mini-Series documentary / VHS video). produced for PBS by KTEH/San Jose Public Television and JMT Productions in association with the Wisdom Channel. OCLC 48127065.
- ↑ "A Parliament of Minds: 109. David Crocker - Democracy, Ethics and the Relevancy of Philosophy". San Francisco State University / Academic Technology. Archived from the original on 26 June 2014. Retrieved 8 July 2014.
