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Municipality [1] 直辖市 Zhíxiáshì | |
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Category | First-level administration Unitary state |
Location | People's Republic of China |
Number | 4 (#1 Beijing; #2 Tianjin; #3 Chongqing; #4 Shanghai) |
Populations | 12,938,224 (Tianjin) 28,846,170 (Chongqing) 21.7 million (2016) (Beijing) 24.15 million (2016) (Shanghai) |
Areas | 6,341 km2 (2,448.1 sq mi) (Shanghai) – 82,400 km2 (31,816 sq mi) (Chongqing) |
Subdivisions |
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This article is part of a series on |
Administrative divisions of China |
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History: before 1912, 1912–49, 1949–present Administrative division codes |
A municipality (simplified Chinese :直辖市; traditional Chinese :直轄市; pinyin :zhíxiáshì; lit. 'direct-controlled city'), formally a municipality under the direct administration of central government, is the highest level of classification for cities used by the People's Republic of China. These cities have the same rank as provinces, and form part of the first tier of administrative divisions of China.
A municipality is a "city" (Chinese :市; pinyin :shì) with "provincial" (Chinese :省级; pinyin :shěngjí) power under a unified jurisdiction. As such it is simultaneously a city and a province of its own right.
A municipality is often not a "city" in the usual sense of the term (i.e., a large continuous urban settlement), but instead an administrative unit comprising, typically, a main central urban area (a city in the usual sense, usually with the same name as the municipality), and its much larger surrounding rural area containing many smaller cities (districts and subdistricts), towns and villages. The larger municipality spans over 100 kilometres (62 mi). To distinguish a "municipality" from its actual urban area (the traditional meaning of the word city), the term "urban area" (Chinese :市区) is used.
The first municipalities were the 11 cities of Nanjing, Shanghai, Beijing, Tianjin, Qingdao, Chongqing, Xi'an, Guangzhou, Hankou (now part of Wuhan), Shenyang, and Harbin when the ROC government ruled China. They were established in 1927 soon after they were designated as "cities" during the 1920s. Nominally, Dalian was a municipality as well, although it was under Japanese control. These cities were first called special municipalities/cities (特别市; 特別市; tèbiéshì), but were later renamed Yuan-controlled municipalities (院辖市; 院轄市; yuànxiáshì), then direct-controlled municipalities (直辖市; 直轄市; zhíxiáshì) by the Central Government.
After the establishment of the People's Republic of China in 1949, Anshan, Benxi, and Fushun were also made municipalities, while Qingdao, Dalian, and Harbin were reduced to provincial municipalities. [2] Hankou was merged into Wuhan. Hence, there remained 12 municipalities, until Dalian was elevated in 1950. In November 1952, Nanjing was reduced to a provincial municipality. [3] In July 1953, Harbin was restored to municipality status, along with Changchun. [4] Except Beijing and Tianjin, which were under central control, all other municipalities were governed by the greater administrative areas.
In June 1954, 11 of the 14 municipalities were reduced to sub-provincial cities; many of them became capitals of the provinces they were in. Only Beijing, Shanghai, and Tianjin remained municipalities, until Chongqing was restored as a municipality in 1997 with a much enlarged area. Tianjin was also temporarily reverted to sub-provincial city status between 1958 and 1967.
Municipalities are the highest-ranked cities in the PRC. Some cities of lower levels may also refer to themselves as municipalities in the English language.
Three levels of cities in the People's Republic of China:
In municipalities, the highest ranking government official is the Mayor. The mayor is also a delegate in the National People's Congress (the legislature) [5] and Deputy Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee. However, the highest administrative authority in the municipality belongs to the Secretary of the CPC Municipal Committee or Party Secretary.
ISO [6] | Division name | Simplified Chinese | Hanyu Pinyin | Abbr. | Population [7] | Area (km²) | Divisions | City seat | Origin Province (split date) | Origin Prefecture | Origin County |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
CN-11 | Beijing | 北京市 | Běijīng Shì | 京jīng | 19,612,368 | 16,801 | List (16 districts) | Dongcheng Tongzhou | Hebei (Oct. 1949) | Shuntian | Daxing |
CN-12 | Tianjin | 天津市 | Tiānjīn Shì | 津jīn | 12,938,224 | 11,760 | List (16 districts) | Heping | Hebei (Jan. 1967) | Tianjin | Tianjin |
CN-31 | Shanghai | 上海市 | Shànghǎi Shì | 沪hù | 23,019,148 | 6,340 | List (16 districts) | Huangpu | Jiangsu (Mar. 1927) | Songjiang | Shanghai |
CN-50 | Chongqing | 重庆市 | Chóngqìng Shì | 渝yú | 28,846,170 (City Core 16,240,026) | 82,300 (City Core 6,268) | List (26 districts, 8 counties, & 4 autonomous counties) (City Core: 19 districts) | Yuzhong | Sichuan (May 1997) | Chongqing | Ba |
Name | Simplified Chinese | Pinyin | Abbr. | City seat | Administration period | Original province | Original prefecture | Original county |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Jingdu | 京都市 | Jīngdū Shì | 京jīng | Dongcheng | 1921–1927 | Zhili (present province: Hebei) | Shuntian | Daxing |
Jingu | 津沽市 | Jīngū Shì | 津jīn | Heping | 1921–1927 | Zhili (present province: Hebei) | Tianjin | Tianjin |
Songhu | 淞沪市 | Sōnghù Shì | 沪hù | Huangpu | 1921–1927 | Jiangsu | Songjiang | Shanghai |
Qingdao | 青岛市 | Qīngdǎo Shì | 青qīng | Shinan | 1921–1927, 1929–1949 | Shandong | Jiaozhou | Jiao |
Harbin | 哈尔滨市 | Hārbīn Shì | 哈hā | Nangang | 1921–1927, 1947–1949, 1953–1954 | Songjiang (present province: Heilongjiang) | Binzhou | Bin |
Hankou | 汉口市 | Hànkǒu Shì | 汉hàn | Jiang'an | 1921–1927, 1929–1931, 1947–1949 | Hubei | Hanyang | Hanyang |
Wuxi | 无锡市 | Wúxī Shì | 锡xī | Binhu | 1921–1927 | Jiangsu | Changzhou | Wuxi |
Hangzhou | 杭州市 | Hángzhōu Shì | 杭háng | Gongshu | 1921–1927 | Zhejiang | Hangzhou | Yuhang |
Ningbo | 宁波市 | Níngbō Shì | 甬yǒng | Yinzhou | 1921–1927 | Zhejiang | Ningbo | Yin |
Anqing | 安庆市 | Ānqìng Shì | 安ān | Daguan | 1921–1927 | Anhui | Anqing | Huaining |
Nanchang | 南昌市 | Nánchāng Shì | 洪hóng | Donghu | 1921–1927 | Jiangxi | Nanchang | Nanchang |
Wuchang | 武昌市 | Wǔchāng Shì | 武wǔ | Wuchang | 1921–1927 | Hubei | Wuchang | Jiangxia |
Guangzhou | 广州市 | Guǎngzhōu Shì | 穗suì | Yuexiu | 1921–1927, 1930, 1947–1954 | Guangdong | Guangzhou | Panyu Nanhai |
Wuzhou | 梧州市 | Wúzhōu Shì | 梧wú | Changzhou | 1921–1927 | Guangxi | Wuzhou | Cangwu |
Nanjing | 南京市 | Nánjīng Shì | 宁níng | Xuanwu | 1927–1952 | Jiangsu | Jiangning | Jiangning |
Xi'an | 西安市 | Xī'ān Shì | 鎬hào | Weiyang | 1927–1954 | Shaanxi | Xi'an | Chang'an |
Wuhan | 武汉市 | Wǔhàn Shì | 汉hàn | Jiang'an | 1927–1929, 1949 | Hubei | Hanyang Wuchang | Hanyang Jiangxia |
Beiping | 北平市 | Jīngdū Shì | 平píng | Dongcheng | 1928–1949 | Zhili (present province: Hebei) | Shuntian | Daxing |
Dalian | 大连市 | Dàlián Shì | 连lián | Xigang | 1947–1949 | Andong/Liaodong (present province: Liaoning) | Jinzhou | Ninghai |
Shenyang | 沈阳市 | Shěnyáng Shì | 沈shěn | Shenhe | 1947–1954 | Liaoxi (present province: Liaoning) | Fengtian | Fengtian |
Anshan | 鞍山市 | Ānshān Shì | 鞍ān | Tiedong | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (present province: Liaoning) | Liaoyang | Haicheng Liaoyang |
Benxi | 本溪市 | Běnxī Shì | 本běn | Pingshan | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (present province: Liaoning) | Fengtian | Benxi |
Fushun | 抚顺市 | Fǔshùn Shì | 抚fǔ | Xinfu | 1949–1954 | Andong/Liaodong (present province: Liaoning) | Fengtian | Fushun |
Lüda | 旅大市 | Lǚdà Shì | 旅lǚ | Xigang | 1950–1954 | Lüda (present province: Liaoning) | Jinzhou | Ninghai |
Changchun | 长春市 | Chángchūn Shì | 春chūn | Nanguan | 1953–1954 | Jilin | Changchun | Changchun |
A municipality is usually a single administrative division having corporate status and powers of self-government or jurisdiction as granted by national and regional laws to which it is subordinate.
Due to China's large population and geographical area, the administrative divisions of China have consisted of several levels since ancient era. The constitution of China provides for three de jure levels of government. Currently, however, there are five practical levels of local government: the provincial, prefecture, county, township, and village.
Taiwan, officially known as the Republic of China (ROC), is divided into multi-layered statutory subdivisions. Due to the complex political status of Taiwan, there is a significant difference in the de jure system set out in the original constitution and the de facto system in use today.
Provincial-level administrative divisions or first-level administrative divisions, are the highest-level Chinese administrative divisions. There are 34 such divisions claimed by the People's Republic of China, classified as 23 provinces, four municipalities, five autonomous regions, and two Special Administrative Regions; The political status of Taiwan Province along with a small fraction of Fujian Province remain in dispute, those are under separate rule by the Republic of China.
A prefectural-level municipality, prefectural-level city or prefectural city; formerly known as province-administrated city from 1949 to 1983, is an administrative division of the People's Republic of China (PRC), ranking below a province and above a county in China's administrative structure. Prefectural level cities form the second level of the administrative structure. Administrative chiefs (mayors) of prefectural level cities generally have the same rank as a division chief of a national ministry. Since the 1980s, most former prefectures have been renamed into prefectural level cities.
A sub-provincial division in China is like a prefecture-level city that is governed by a province, but is administered independently in regard to economy and law.
A sub-prefectural municipality, sub-prefectural city, or vice-prefectural municipality, is an unofficial designation for a type of administrative division of China. A sub-prefectural city is officially considered to be a county-level city, but it has more power de facto because the cadres assigned to its government are one half-level higher in rank than those of an "ordinary" county-level city—though still lower than those of a prefecture-level city.
Prefectures, formally a kind of prefecture-level divisions as a term in the context of China, are used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China. There are 333 prefecture-level divisions in China. They include 7 prefectures, 293 prefecture-level cities, 30 autonomous prefectures and 3 leagues. Other than provincial level divisions, prefectural level divisions are not mentioned in the Chinese constitution.
The term district, in the context of China, is used to refer to several unrelated political divisions in both ancient and modern China.
A county-level municipality, county-level city or county city, formerly known as prefecture-controlled city, is a county-level administrative division of the People's Republic of China. County-level cities have judicial but no legislative rights over their own local law and are usually governed by prefecture-level divisions, but a few are governed directly by province-level divisions. Three of the claim county-level cities are part of the disputed Taiwan Province, but all of them are controlled by the Republic of China as its provincial cities.
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Districts are administrative subdivisions of special municipalities and provincial cities of Taiwan. There are two types of district in the administrative scheme.
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A county, constitutionally known as a hsien, is an administrative division unit in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Under the administrative structure of Taiwan, it is with the same level of a provincial city. Historically the counties were under the jurisdiction of provinces, but after the streamlining of provinces in 1998, they are all directly led by the central government.
A special municipality is an administrative division unit in the Republic of China (Taiwan). Under the administrative structure of the ROC, it is the highest rank of division and is equivalent to a province. Since the streamlining of provinces in 1998, the special municipalities along with provincial cities and counties have all been directly under the central government.
The new areas or new districts of the People's Republic of China are new urban districts that are given special economic and development support by the Chinese Central Government or regional government. New areas are divided into two varieties: administrative or management and further divided into levels: state-level, provincial-level, and prefectural-level.
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