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Jauhar, sometimes spelled Jowhar or Juhar, was a Hindu practice of mass self-immolation by women, in the Indian subcontinent, to avoid capture, enslavement and rape by an invading army, when facing certain defeat during a war. Some reports of jauhar mention women committing self-immolation along with their children. This practice was historically observed in northwest regions of India, with most famous jauhars in recorded history occurring during wars between Hindu Rajput kingdoms in Rajasthan and the opposing Muslim armies. However jauhar is performed during war, usually when there was no chance of victory. The practice was accompanied by saka, or a last stand in battle.
Rajput is a large multi-component cluster of castes, kin bodies, and local groups, sharing social status and ideology of genealogical descent originating from the Indian subcontinent. The term Rajput covers various patrilineal clans historically associated with warriorhood: several clans claim Rajput status, although not all claims are universally accepted. According to modern scholars, almost all Rajput clans originated from peasant or pastoral communities.
Sher Shah Suri (1472, or 1486 – 22 May 1545), born Farīd Khān , was the founder of the Sur Empire in India, with its capital in Sasaram in modern-day Bihar. He standardized the silver coin to the weight of 178 grams and named the currency as rupee based on the ancient Sanskrit term for silver. An ethnic Afghan ruler, Sher Shah took control of the Mughal Empire in 1540 CE. After his accidental death in 1545 CE, his son Islam Shah became his successor.
Panipat is a historic city in Haryana, India. It is 95 km north of Delhi and 169 km south of Chandigarh on NH-1. The three major battles fought in 1526, 1556 and 1761 took place near the city. The city is famous in India as the "City of Weavers" and "Textile City". It is also known as the "cast-off capital" due to being "the global centre for recycling textiles". Panipat is included in the list of Critically Polluted Industrial area in India. The Comprehensive Environment Pollution Index (CEPI) of the city is 71.91 as against 88.50 of Ankaleshwar (Gujarat). The fatal field of Panipat is the site of three battles that changed the course of India's history, resulting in the creation and confirmation of the Mughal Empire, as well as the decisive defeat of the Maratha Confederacy in North India.
Tomar is a clan, some members of which ruled parts of North India at different times. People belonging to the Tomara clan are found among the Rajputs of Northern India.
Raja Shiladitya, also called Silhadi Tomar, was a Ror chieftain of northeast Malwa in the early decades of 16th century India. He recruited Sanga of Mewar as an ally and Sanga helped him and Medini Rai in various battles and in conquering Malwa from Sultans. He joined the Rajput Confederacy with garrison of 30,000 Rajputs at the Battle of Khanwa which was fought for supremacy of Northern India between Rajputs and Mughals.
Muslim Rajputs are the descendants of Rajputs in the northern regions of the Indian subcontinent who are followers of Islam. They converted from Hinduism to Islam from the medieval period onwards, retaining Hindu surnames such as Rana and Chauhan. Today, Muslim Rajputs can be found in present-day Northern India and Pakistan. They are further divided into different clans.
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The Ujjainiya Parmār are a Rajput clan that inhabits the state of Bihar.
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Nawab Sayyid Hussain Ali Khan Barha, officially Ihtisham-ul-Mulk, was a kingmaker of the later Mughal Period. Best known for ordering the death of the Emperor Farrukhsiyar largely in attempt to halt the numerous assaination attempts that the latter had ordered against him and his brother Abdullah Khan Barha. Hussain Ali Khan rose as a kingmaker in early 18th century India, when he was also the de jure ruler of Aurangabad, ruler of Ajmer by proxy and Subedar of the Deccan
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Modern historians agree that Rajputs consisted of a mix of various different social groups and different varnas. Rajputisation explains the process by which such diverse communities coalesced into the Rajput community.
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References
- 1 2 3 4 5 Heilijgers-Seelen, Dory (ed.). "Kolff, Dirk Herbert Arnold". Dutch Studies on South Asia, Tibet and classical Southeast Asia. Netherlands. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ↑ Perlin, Frank (1993). The Invisible City: Monetary, Administrative, and Popular Infrastructures in Asia and Europe, 1500–1900. Variorum Reprints: Collected Studies Series, Volume 387 (illustrated ed.). Variorum (UK); Ashgate (USA). p. 72. ISBN 978-0860783428. LCCN 92036099. OCLC 1013427746.
With respect to «fictional» aspects of clan formation, see D.H.A. Kolff, An Armed Peasantry and its Allies: Rajput Tradition and State Formation in Hindustan, 1450–1850, 1983 (Doctoral thesis presented to the University of Leiden).
- 1 2 3 Heesterman, Jan C. (2004). Yoffee, Norman; Hagen, Gottfried; Crowell, Brad (eds.). "The Social Dynamics of the Mughal Empire: A Brief Introduction". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 47 (3, Between the Flux and Facts of Indian History: Papers in Honor of Dirk Kolff): 292–297. JSTOR 25165051 .
- ↑ "Kolff D.H.A. | NIAS". Netherlands Institute for Advanced Study. Amsterdam, Netherlands. Retrieved 26 April 2021.
- ↑ Fisher, Michael H. (1 March 2007). "JOS GOMMANS and OM PRAKASH, (eds), Circumambulations in South Asian History: Essays in Honour of Dirk H.A. Kolff, Leiden: Brill, 2003, pp. 370". The Indian Economic and Social History Review . SAGE. 44 (1): 93–95. doi:10.1177/001946460604400105.
The earlier volume, Circumambulations in South Asian History, stands as a festschrift to the distinguished Dutch historian and Indologist Dirk H.A. Kolff, offered by many of his students and friends.
- ↑ Richards, John F. (2004). Yoffee, Norman; Hagen, Gottfried; Crowell, Brad (eds.). "Warriors and the State in Early Modern India". Journal of the Economic and Social History of the Orient. Leiden, Netherlands: Brill. 47 (3, Between the Flux and Facts of Indian History: Papers in Honor of Dirk Kolff): 390–400. JSTOR 25165054 .
- ↑ Cooper, Randolf G. S. (February 1992). Johnson, Gordon (ed.). "Reviewed Work: Naukar, Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450–1850 by Dirk H. A. Kolff". Modern Asian Studies . Cambridge, UK; New York, USA; Victoria, Australia: Cambridge University Press. 26 (1): 206–208. JSTOR 312725 .
- ↑ Wainwright, A. Martin (1992). Sinor, Denis (ed.). "Reviewed Work: "Naukar", Rajput and Sepoy: The Ethnohistory of the Military Labour Market in Hindustan, 1450-1850 by Dirk H. A. Kolff". Journal of Asian History. Wiesbaden, Germany: Harrassowitz Verlag. 26 (1): 86–88. JSTOR 41930846 .
