Dromaeosaurinae

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Dromaeosaurines
Temporal range: Early Cretaceous-Late Cretaceous
~139–66  Ma
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Likely Tithonian record and Ghost lineage from Kimmeridgian
Dromaeosaurus.jpg
Reconstructed skull of Dromaeosaurus
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Clade: Dinosauria
Clade: Saurischia
Clade: Theropoda
Family: Dromaeosauridae
Clade: Eudromaeosauria
Subfamily: Dromaeosaurinae
Matthew & Brown 1922
Type species
Dromaeosaurus albertensis
Matthew & Brown 1922
Genera

Dromaeosaurinae is a subfamily of the theropod group Dromaeosauridae. The earliest dromaeosaurine is Utahraptor , dating back to the Early Cretaceous period in North America, however, some isolated teeth seems to represent an indeterminate species of dromaeosaurine, coming from the Late Jurassic period in Africa. If true, this will push their range to the Jurassic period, instead of the Cretaceous, as in most dromaeosaurs.

Most dromaeosaurs are small carnivores, however, dromaeosaurines are represented by some of the largest species (Achillobator, Dakotaraptor, Utahraptor). So far, Dakotaraptor is the only dromaeosaurine with evidence of quill knobs, indicating a plumage; based on this, other members likely had them.

Paleobiogeography

Most dromaeosaurines lived in what is now Asia, North America and possibly Denmark during the Cretaceous period, from the Berriasian to the Maastrichtian stages. [1] However, isolated teeth that may belong to African dromaeosaurines have also been discovered in Ethiopia. These teeth date to the Tithonian stage, of the Late Jurassic period. [2]

Description

Most North American and Asian dromaeosaurines from the Late Cretaceous were generally medium to large-sized animals, with an average length between 1.8 metres (5.9 ft); i. e., Dromaeosaurus and Yurgovuchia . [3] However, among the dromaeosaurines were the largest dromaeosaurs ever, with the feathered Dakotaraptor measuring 5.5 metres (18 ft) long, [4] Achillobator 6 metres (20 ft), [5] [3] and Utahraptor up to 7 metres (23 ft). [6]

Dromaeosaurines were a group of eudromaeosaurs that can be recognised in having stouter, box-shaped skulls, as opposed to the other subfamilies, which generally have narrower snouts, also, dromaeosaurines are generally more heavily built than the other members of their family, with thick, heavy-set legs, which were designed more for strength, rather than for speed. They differ from velociraptorines, in having a low DSDI ratio; i. e., their teeth have equal-sized serrations, on both the posterior and on the anterior edges. By contrast, velociraptorines often have larger serrations on the posterior side of the tooth, than the anterior, or no serrations on the anterior side at all. [1] [3]

According to Turner et al. 2012, technical diagnoses for dromaeosaurines can be established based on the following traits: fully serrated teeth; vertically oriented pubis; pubic boot (or end) projecting anteriorly and posteriorly; the jugal process of the maxilla, in a ventral view to the external antorbital fenestra, is dorsoventrally wide. [1]

Classification

The Dromaeosaurinae was first erected in 1922 by Matthew and Brown as a part of the "Deinodontidae" (now named Tyrannosauridae). [7] It is defined as a monophyletic group including Dromaeosaurus and all the other dromaeosaurs closer to it than to Velociraptor , Microraptor , Passer and Unenlagia . [1]

Cladogram (2012):

Dromaeosauridae

The exact consensus for the Dromaeosaurinae phylogeny is still uncertain, since most performed phylogenetic analyses have radically different results with some taxa being recovered on different clades or excluded. According to the phylogenetic analysis performed by Senter et al. 2012, Yurgovuchia represents an advanced dromaeosaurine, closely related to Achillobator, Dromaeosaurus and Utahraptor. [8]

During the description of Dakotaraptor in 2015, it was proposed a new cladistic analysis using data from the Theropod Working Group; below are the results for this analysys: [4]

Eudromaeosauria

However, in the most recent analysis conducted by Currie and Evans in 2019, the most representative members of the Dromaeosaurinae were recovered as velociraptorines, such as Achillobator and Utahraptor. [9]

Eudromaeosauria

See also

Related Research Articles

<i>Velociraptor</i> Dromaeosaurid dinosaur genus from the Late Cretaceous

Velociraptor is a genus of small dromaeosaurid dinosaurs that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous epoch, about 75 million to 71 million years ago. Two species are currently recognized, although others have been assigned in the past. The type species is V. mongoliensis, named and described in 1924. Fossils of this species have been discovered in the Djadochta Formation, Mongolia. A second species, V. osmolskae, was named in 2008 for skull material from the Bayan Mandahu Formation, China.

<i>Utahraptor</i> Genus of dinosaur from the Early Cretaceous

Utahraptor is a genus of large dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived during the Early Cretaceous period from around 135 to 130 million years ago in what is now the United States. The genus was described in 1993 by an American paleontologist James Kirkland and colleagues with the type species Utahraptor ostrommaysi, based on fossils that had been unearthed earlier from the Cedar Mountain Formation of Utah. Later, many additional specimens were described including those from the skull and postcranium in addition to those of younger individuals.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Dromaeosauridae</span> Family of theropod dinosaurs

Dromaeosauridae is a family of feathered coelurosaurian theropod dinosaurs. They were generally small to medium-sized feathered carnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period. The name Dromaeosauridae means 'running lizards', from Greek δρομαῖος (dromaîos), meaning 'running at full speed', 'swift', and σαῦρος (saûros), meaning 'lizard'. In informal usage, they are often called raptors, a term popularized by the film Jurassic Park; several genera include the term "raptor" directly in their name, and popular culture has come to emphasize their bird-like appearance and speculated bird-like behavior.

<i>Dromaeosaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Dromaeosaurus is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period, sometime between 80 and 69 million years ago, in Alberta, Canada and the western United States. The type species is Dromaeosaurus albertensis, which was described by William Diller Matthew and Barnum Brown in 1922. Its fossils were unearthed in the Dinosaur Park Formation. Teeth attributed to this genus have been found in the Prince Creek Formation. Dromaeosaurus is the type genus of both Dromaeosauridae and Dromaeosaurinae, which include many genera with similar characteristics to Dromaeosaurus such as possibly its closest relative Dakotaraptor. Dromaeosaurus was heavily built, more so than other dromaeosaurs that are similar in size, like Velociraptor.

<i>Saurornitholestes</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Saurornitholestes is a genus of carnivorous dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur from the late Cretaceous of Canada (Alberta) and the United States.

<i>Adasaurus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Adasaurus is a genus of dromaeosaurid dinosaur that lived in Asia during the Late Cretaceous period about 70 million years ago. The genus is known from two partial specimens found in the Nemegt Formation of Mongolia that were partially described in 1983 by the paleontologist Rinchen Barsbold.

<i>Achillobator</i> Extinct dromaeosaurid genus from the Late Cretaceous

Achillobator is a genus of large dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived during the Late Cretaceous period about 96 million to 89 million years ago in what is now the Bayan Shireh Formation of Mongolia. The genus is currently monotypic, only including the type species A. giganticus. The first remains were found in 1989 during a Mongolian-Russian field expedition and later described in 1999. Remains at the type locality of Achillobator may represent additional specimens. It represents the first and largest dromaeosaurid known from the Bayan Shireh Formation.

<i>Pyroraptor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Pyroraptor is an extinct genus of paravian dinosaur, probably a dromaeosaurid or unenlagiid, from the Late Cretaceous Ibero-Armorican island, of what is now southern France and northern Spain. It lived during the late Campanian and early Maastrichtian stages, approximately 70.6 million years ago. It is known from a single partial specimen that was found in Provence in 1992, after a forest fire. The animal was named Pyroraptor olympius by Allain and Taquet in 2000.

<i>Zapsalis</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Zapsalis is a genus of dromaeosaurine theropod dinosaurs. It is a tooth taxon, often considered dubious because of the fragmentary nature of the fossils, which include teeth but no other remains.

Kuru is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod from the Late Cretaceous Barun Goyot Formation of Mongolia. The genus contains only a single species, the type species Kuru kulla, which is known from a fragmentary skeleton including a partial skull.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Velociraptorinae</span> Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs

Velociraptorinae is a subfamily of the theropod group Dromaeosauridae. The earliest velociraptorines are probably Nuthetes from the United Kingdom, and possibly Deinonychus from North America. However, several indeterminate velociraptorines have also been discovered, dating to the Kimmeridgian stage, in the Late Jurassic Period. These fossils were discovered in the Langenberg quarry, Oker near Goslar, Germany.

<i>Luanchuanraptor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Luanchuanraptor is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of China. The genus is based on a partial skeleton from the Qiupa Formation in Luanchuan, Henan. They were medium-sized dromaeosaurids, the first Asian dromaeosaurid taxa described from outside the Gobi Desert or northeastern China.

<i>Austroraptor</i> Genus of theropod dinosaurs

Austroraptor is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived during the Campanian and Maastrichtian ages of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now Argentina.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Saurornitholestinae</span> Extinct subfamily of dinosaurs

Saurornitholestinae is a subfamily of the theropod group Dromaeosauridae. The saurornitholestines currently include three monotypic genera: Atrociraptor marshalli, Bambiraptor feinbergi, and Saurornitholestes langstoni. All are medium-sized dromaeosaurs from the Late Cretaceous of western North America. The group was originally recognized by Longrich and Currie as the sister taxon to a clade formed by the Dromaeosaurinae and Velociraptorinae. However, not all phylogenetic analyses recover this group and/or with the same proposed genera.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eudromaeosauria</span> Extinct clade of dinosaurs

Eudromaeosauria is a subgroup of terrestrial dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs. They were small to large-sized, feathered hypercarnivores that flourished in the Cretaceous Period.

<i>Yurgovuchia</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Yurgovuchia is a genus of dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaurs that lived in North America during the Early Cretaceous period in what is now the Cedar Mountain Formation. It contains a single species, Yurgovuchia doellingi. The remains were discovered in Utah, United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Timeline of dromaeosaurid research</span>

This timeline of dromaeosaurid research is a chronological listing of events in the history of paleontology focused on the dromaeosaurids, a group of sickle-clawed, bird-like theropod dinosaurs including animals like Velociraptor. Since the Native Americans of Montana used the sediments of the Cloverly Formation to produce pigments, they may have encountered remains of the dromaeosaurid Deinonychus hundreds of years before these fossils came to the attention of formally trained scientists.

<i>Dakotaraptor</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Dakotaraptor is a potentially chimaeric genus of large dromaeosaurid theropod dinosaur that lived in western North America during the Late Cretaceous period. The remains have been found in the Maastrichtian-aged Hell Creek Formation, dated to the very end of the Mesozoic era, making Dakotaraptor one of the last surviving dromaeosaurids. The remains of D. steini were discovered in a multi-species bonebed. Elements of the holotype and referred specimens were later found to belong to trionychid turtles and further analysis of potential non-dromaeosaurid affinities of the holotype and referred material have not yet been conducted. Phylogenetic analyses of D. steini place it in a variety of positions within Dromaeosauridae.

<i>Imperobator</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Imperobator is a genus of paravian theropod, a group of large, three-toed carnivorous dinosaurs, that lived during the Maastrichtian age of the Late Cretaceous period in what is now James Ross Island in Antarctica. Imperobator is one of only two non-avian theropods known from Antarctica, crossing over to the landmass when it was part of Gondwana. The only described specimen was found in 2003 by an expedition launched by the University of California Museum of Paleontology and initially described as a dromaeosaur in 2007. However, later searches reported more fossils from the site including teeth and skull bones. The fossils were formally described as a new genus of giant paravian in 2019.

<i>Kansaignathus</i> Extinct genus of dinosaurs

Kansaignathus is an extinct genus of dromaeosaurid theropod from the Late Cretaceous Yalovach Formation of Tajikistan. The genus contains only one species, the type species, K. sogdianus. The generic name of Kansaignathus comes from near the town of Konsoy where it was discovered and the Greek word "gnathos" meaning "jaw". The specific epithet "sogdianus" is derived from the historical region of Sogdiana, which was an ancient name for the Fergana Valley region where the fossil was discovered. Kansaignathus is known from a single right dentary bone and a few post-cranial bone fragments. It was the first, and so far the only, dinosaur from Tajikistan to be described and named.

References

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  2. Goodwin, M. B.; Clemens, W. A.; Hutchison, J. H.; Wood, C. B.; Zavada, M. S.; Kemp, A.; Duffin, C. J.; Schaff, C. R. (1999). "Mesozoic continental vertebrates with associated palynostratigraphic dates from the northwestern Ethiopian plateau". Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology. 19 (4): 728–741. doi:10.1080/02724634.1999.10011185.
  3. 1 2 3 Holtz, T.R.; Rey, L.V. (2007). Dinosaurs: The Most Complete, Up-to-Date Encyclopedia for Dinosaur Lovers of All Ages. Random House. ISBN   9780375824197. Genus List for Holtz 2012 Weight Information
  4. 1 2 DePalma, R. A.; Burnham, D. A.; Martin, L. D.; Larson, P. L.; Bakker, R. T. (2015). "The First Giant Raptor (Theropoda: Dromaeosauridae) from the Hell Creek Formation". Paleontological Contributions (14). doi: 10.17161/paleo.1808.18764 .
  5. Perle, A.; Norell, M.A.; Clark, J. (1999). "A new maniraptoran Theropod−Achillobator giganticus (Dromaeosauridae)−from the Upper Cretaceous of Burkhant, Mongolia". Contributions from the Geology and Mineralogy Chair, National Museum of Mongolia (101): 1–105. OCLC   69865262.
  6. Kirkland, J. I.; Burge, D.; Gaston, R. (1993). "A large dromaeosaurid (Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Eastern Utah". Hunteria. 2 (10): 1–16.
  7. Matthew, W. D.; Brown, B. (1922). "The family Deinodontidae, with notice of a new genus from the Cretaceous of Alberta". Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History. 46: 367–385. hdl:2246/1300.
  8. Senter, P.; Kirkland, J. I.; Deblieux, D. D.; Madsen, S.; Toth, N. (2012). "New Dromaeosaurids (Dinosauria: Theropoda) from the Lower Cretaceous of Utah, and the Evolution of the Dromaeosaurid Tail". PLOS ONE. 7 (5): e36790. Bibcode:2012PLoSO...736790S. doi: 10.1371/journal.pone.0036790 . PMC   3352940 . PMID   22615813.
  9. Currie, P. J.; Evans, D. C. (2020). "Cranial Anatomy of New Specimens of Saurornitholestes langstoni (Dinosauria, Theropoda, Dromaeosauridae) from the Dinosaur Park Formation (Campanian) of Alberta". The Anatomical Record. 303 (4): 691–715. doi: 10.1002/ar.24241 . PMID   31497925. S2CID   202002676.