Most of the East China Sea is shallow,with almost three-fourths of it being less than 200 metres (660ft) deep,its average depth being 350 metres (1,150ft),while the maximum depth,reached in the Okinawa Trough,is 2,716 metres (8,911ft).[2]
The Korean peninsula,China,Japan,and Taiwan lie within or border the East China Sea.
Geography
The East China Sea is an arm of the Pacific Ocean and covers an area of roughly 770,000 square kilometers (300,000sqmi).[3] It is bounded on the east by Kyūshū and the Ryukyu Islands of Japan,on the south by the South China Sea,and on the west by the Asian continent. It connects with the Sea of Japan through the Korea Strait;it opens in the north to the Yellow Sea.
Countries with borders on the sea (clockwise from north) include:South Korea,Japan,Taiwan and China.
The Northern limit of the South China Sea [From Fuki Kaku the North point of Formosa to Kiushan Tao (Turnabout Island) on to the South point of Haitan Tao (25°25' N) and thence Westward on the parallel of 25°24' North to the coast of Fukien],thence from Santyo the Northeastern point of Formosa to the West point of Yonakuni Island and thence to Haderuma Sima (24°03′N,123°47′E).
On the East.
From Haderuma Sima a line including the Miyako Retto to the East point of Miyako Sima and thence to Okinan Kaku,the Southern extremity of Okinawa Sima through this island to Ada-Ko Sima (Sidmouth Island) on to the East point of Kikai Sima (28°20' N) through Tanegra Sima (30°30' N) to the North point thereof and on to Hi-Saki (31°17' N) in Kyusyu.
On the North.
From Nomo Saki (32°35' N) in Kyusyu to the South point of Hukae Sima (Goto Retto) and on through this island to Ose Saki (Cape Goto) and to Hunan Kan,the South point of Saisyu To (Quelpart),through this island to its Western extreme and thence along the parallel of 33°17' North to the mainland.
On the West.
The mainland of China.
Rivers
The Yangtze River (Chang Jiang) is the largest river flowing into the East China Sea.
There is a cluster of submerged reefs in the northern East China Sea. These include:
Socotra Rock,also called Suyan Rock or Ieodo,a subject of an EEZ dispute between the People's Republic of China and South Korea.
Hupijiao Rock (虎皮礁)
Yajiao Rock (鴨礁)
Nomenclature
The sea is called the East Sea in Chinese (東海;Dōng Hǎi),and is one of the Four Seas of Chinese literature. There are three other seas,one for each of the four cardinal directions.[5]
Until World War II,the sea was referred to as 東支那海 (Higashi Shina Kai;"East Shina Sea") in Japanese. In 2004,official documents of the Japanese Foreign Ministry and other departments switched to the name 東シナ海 (pronounced the same),which has become the standard usage in Japan.
Common usage in Indonesia refers to the sea as Laut Cina Timur (East China Sea). This name was used officially by the Indonesian government until 2014,when Indonesia switched usage from the word Cina to Tiongkok instead;since then,the name Laut Tiongkok Timur become standard usage in Indonesia. Despite this,many Indonesian media outlets and publications continue to use the former sea name.
There are disputes between China (PRC),Japan,Taiwan,and South Korea over the extent of their respective exclusive economic zones (EEZ).[7][pageneeded]
The dispute between the PRC and Japan concerns the different application of the 1982 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (UNCLOS),which both nations have ratified.[8] China and Japan both claim 200 nautical miles EEZ rights,but the East China Sea width is only 360 nautical miles.[9] China proposed the application of UNCLOS,considering the natural prolongation of its continental shelf,advocating that the EEZ extends as far as the Okinawa Trough.[10][11] Its Ministry of Foreign Affairs has stated that "the natural prolongation of the continental shelf of China in the East China Sea extends to the Okinawa Trough and beyond 200 nautical miles from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea of China is measured,"[10] which is applicable to the relevant UNCLOS provisions that support China's right to the natural shelf.[10][11] In 2012,China presented a submission under the UNCLOS concerning the outer limits of the continental shelf to the UN.[12] However,Japan claims about 40,000 square kilometers part of this territory as its own EEZ because it is within 200 nautical miles (370km) from its coast,and thus proposed the Median line division of the EEZ.[9][13]
In 1995,the People's Republic of China (PRC) discovered an undersea natural gas field in the East China Sea,namely the Chunxiao gas field,[14] which lies within the Chinese EEZ while Japan believes it is connected to other possible reserves beyond the median line.[15] Japan has objected to PRC development of natural gas resources in the East China Sea near the area where the two countries Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) claims overlap. The specific development in dispute is the PRC's drilling in the Chunxiao gas field,which is located in undisputed areas on China's side,three or four miles (6km) west of the median line proposed by Japan. Japan maintains that although the Chunxiao gas field rigs are on the PRC side of a median line that Tokyo regards as the two sides' sea boundary,they may tap into a field that stretches underground into the disputed area.[16] Japan therefore seeks a share in the natural gas resources. The gas fields in the Xihu Sag area in the East China Sea (Canxue,Baoyunting,Chunxiao,Duanqiao,Wuyunting,and Tianwaitian) are estimated to hold proven reserves of 364 BCF of natural gas.[17] Commercial operations began 2006. In June 2008,both sides agreed to jointly develop the Chunxiao gas fields,[16] but they have never been able to agree on how to execute the plan.[18]
Rounds of disputes about island ownership in the East China Sea have triggered both official and civilian protests between China and Japan.[19]
The dispute between PRC and South Korea concerns Socotra Rock,a submerged reef on which South Korea has constructed the Ieodo Ocean Research Station. While neither country claims the rock as territory,the PRC has objected to Korean activities there as a breach of its EEZ rights.
Navy of the People's Republic of China (PRC)
East China Sea near Shanghai
In their sphere of naval operations along their littoral (in the East and South China Seas),China today possesses more naval vessels than those of the US Navy.[20] US Presidents Barack Obama and Donald Trump have given priority to US naval operations,under the US Indo-Pacific Command,to expand its sphere of influence in the Pacific Ocean,to counter China's growing strength,and to be ready for any unforeseen challenges in the future.[21]
The role of the Chinese Navy in the East China Sea is important,especially in territorial disputes such as the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands issue. China has expanded its naval involvement in the area by sending out naval ships and carrying out maritime patrols to uphold its ownership of contested lands. This increased naval presence demonstrates China's strategic priority to safeguard maritime routes,defend territorial claims,and show strength in the East China Sea. The Chinese Navy's activities in the area impact the naval strategies of neighboring countries and shape maritime cooperation initiatives,contributing to wider regional security dynamics. Moreover,the involvement of the Chinese Navy highlights the intricate relationship among maritime security,territorial conflicts,and competition among major powers in the Asia-Pacific area.
Japanese Maritime Self-Defense Force (MSDF)
The Maritime Self-Defense Force of Japan (MSDF) is highly important in the East China Sea,particularly in relation to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands conflict. Japan has improved its abilities at sea by increasing naval patrols and surveillance in order to protect its territorial rights and monitor activities in the region. The MSDF being there highlights Japan's dedication to safeguarding its territorial waters,ensuring maritime security,and upholding international law when dealing with maritime disagreements. Additionally,Japan also plays a wider role in regional security cooperation by engaging in joint naval drills with allies and partners in the Indo-Pacific region. The actions of the MSDF in the East China Sea help promote stability,build confidence,and deter security threats,showcasing Japan's active stance on maritime security and defense in the Asia-Pacific region.
Republic of China Navy
Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea is influenced by its territorial disputes and strategic concerns,especially in relation to the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands conflict. Although Taiwan claims ownership of the islands,its maritime actions in the area are not as extensive as those of China and Japan. Taiwan keeps a Coast Guard presence for patrolling its waters and dealing with maritime incidents. Still,Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea is impacted by its larger security concerns and its relations with China across the strait. The tensions over the Diaoyu/Senkaku Islands impact Taiwan's security outlook and regional stability,leading to a need for close monitoring of maritime activities and continued diplomatic communication with relevant parties. Even though Taiwan's involvement in the East China Sea conflict is limited,its position demonstrates its dedication to defending its territorial rights and promoting maritime safety in the Asia-Pacific area.
Military activities
Taiwan,Japan,China,and South Korea all conduct military exercises in the East China Sea.
↑ Ocmulgee, of Holmes Hole, 10 Feb – 27 March 1849, Old Dartmouth Historical Society (ODHS); Covington, of Warren, 26 Feb – 21 March 1854, Nicholson Whaling Collection (NWC); Florida, of Fairhaven, 15 Mar – 7 April 1860, in Old Whaling Family (Williams, 1964); John and Winthrop, of San Francisco, 22 Feb – 31 March 1890, ODHS; Cape Horn Pigeon, of New Bedford, 18 Feb – 14 April 1892, Kendall Whaling Museum (KWM).
↑ 天文教育資訊網[Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy]. aeea.nmns.edu.tw (in Chinese). Activities of Exhibition and Education in Astronomy. 23 June 2006. Retrieved 19 October 2012.
Further reading
Kim, Suk Kyoon (July 2012). "China and Japan Maritime Disputes in the East China Sea: A Note on Recent Developments". Ocean Development & International Law. 43 (3): 296–308. doi:10.1080/00908320.2012.698931. ISSN0090-8320. S2CID153379773.
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