Related Research Articles
The economy of Morocco is considered a relatively liberal economy,governed by the law of supply and demand. Since 1993,in line with many Western world changes,Morocco has followed a policy of privatisation of certain economic sectors which used to be in the hands of the government. Morocco has become a major player in African economic affairs,and is the 5th largest African economy by GDP (PPP). The World Economic Forum placed Morocco as the most competitive economy in North Africa,in its African Competitiveness Report 2014–2015.
The Economy of Qatar is one of the highest in the world based on GDP per capita,ranking generally among the top ten richest countries on world rankings for 2015 and 2016 data compiled by the World Bank,the United Nations,and the International Monetary Fund (IMF). The country's economy has grown despite sanctions by its neighbors,Saudi Arabia and the United Arab Emirates. Mainly because the country exports primarily to Japan,South Korea,India and China,making the sanctions effectively redundant as neither Saudi Arabia nor the United Arab Emirates have imposed trading penalties such as tariffs or embargoes on either of these countries for trading with Qatar,or offering incentives such as discounts for their own energy exports to reduce Qatari exports.
The standard of living in India varies from state to state. In 2021,extreme poverty was fully eradicated to as low as 0.8% and India is no longer the nation with the largest population under poverty.
Chifeng is a prefecture-level city in Southeastern Inner Mongolia,People's Republic of China. It borders Xilin Gol League to the north and west,Tongliao to the northeast,Chaoyang (Liaoning) to the southeast and Chengde (Hebei) to the south. The city has a total administrative area of 90,275 square kilometres (34,855 sq mi) and as of the 2020 census,had a population of 4,035,967 inhabitants. However,1,175,391 of those residents lived in the built-up area made of the 2 urban districts of Hongshan and Songshan,as Yuanbaoshan is not conurbated yet. However,a large part of Songshan is still rural and Yuanbaoshan is a de facto separate town 27 kilometers away from the core district of Chifeng. The city was the administrative center of the previous Ju Ud League.
China Western Development,also rendered in English as the Great Western Development program,the Great Western Development Strategy or the Open Up the West Program,is a policy adopted for the Western China.
From 1947 to 2017,the Indian economy was premised on the concept of planning. This was carried through the Five-Year Plans,developed,executed,and monitored by the Planning Commission (1951–2014) and the NITI Aayog (2015–2017). With the prime minister as the ex-officio chairman,the commission has a nominated deputy chairman,who holds the rank of a cabinet minister. Montek Singh Ahluwalia is the last deputy chairman of the commission. The Twelfth Plan completed its term in March 2017. Prior to the Fourth Plan,the allocation of state resources was based on schematic patterns rather than a transparent and objective mechanism,which led to the adoption for the Gadgil formula in 1969. Revised versions of the formula have been used since then to determine the allocation of central assistance for state plans. The new government led by Narendra Modi,elected in 2014,announced the dissolution of the Planning Commission,and its replacement by a think tank called the NITI Aayog.
Ziyang prefecture-level city in eastern Sichuan province,China. It is bordered by the provincial capital of Chengdu to the northwest,Deyang to the north,Suining to the northeast,Chongqing municipality to the east,and Neijiang to the west. Its development is going to be very important because of the proximity of Chengdu new Airport and economic zone. As of the 2020 Chinese census,Ziyang's total population was 2,308,631 inhabitants whom 867,119 lived in the built-up area made of Yanjiang District.
Qujing is a prefecture-level city in the east of Yunnan province,China,bordering Guizhou province to the east and the Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region to the southeast;thus,it was called "Key between Yunnan and Guizhou" (滇黔锁钥) and "Throat of Yunnan" (云南咽喉) in the past. It is part of the Central Yunnan Metropolitan Region plan (滇中城市群规划) in effect for 2016–49. Its administrative population is 6,047,000 according to a 2015 estimate,of whom,1,408,500 reside in the metro area,which contains Qilin District,Zhanyi District and Malong District. During the 11th National Five-Year Plan period,the government of Qujing planned to develop the city into the "big city at the origin of the Pearl River" (珠江源大城市) in the following decades,including increasing the built-up urban area to past 100 km2 (39 sq mi) and the urban population to surpass 1 million by 2020,the second in Yunnan,after Kunming.
Yangquan is a prefecture-level city in the east of Shanxi province,People's Republic of China,bordering Hebei province to the east. Situated at the eastern edge of the Loess Plateau and the west side of the Taihang Mountains,known as "Rippling Spring" in ancient times. Yangquan occupies a total area of 4,452 square kilometres (1,719 sq mi). According to the 2020 Census,Yangquan had a population of 1,318,505 inhabitants whom 1,037,456 lived in the built-up area made of 3 urban Districts plus Pingding County now being conurbated. Yangquan is a new industrial city of Shanxi province. It belongs to the warm temperate semi-humid continental monsoon climate zone. Yangquan City has jurisdiction over two counties and three districts.
China is both the world's largest energy consumer and the largest industrial country,and ensuring adequate energy supply to sustain economic growth has been a core concern of the Chinese Government since the founding of the People's Republic of China in 1949. Since the country's industrialization in the 1960s,China is currently the world's largest emitter of greenhouse gases,and coal in China is a major cause of global warming. However,from 2010 to 2015 China reduced energy consumption per unit of GDP by 18%,and CO2 emissions per unit of GDP by 20%. On a per-capita basis,China was only the world's 51st largest emitter of greenhouse gases in 2016. China is also the world's largest renewable energy producer,and the largest producer of hydroelectricity,solar power and wind power in the world. The energy policy of China is connected to its industrial policy,where the goals of China's industrial production dictate its energy demand managements.
Industry is 39.4% of China's gross domestic product (GDP) in 2022. In 2007,industry contributed 46.7 percent of GDP in 2010 and occupied 27 percent of the workforce. In 2015,the manufacturing industrial sectors contributed to 40% of China's GDP. The manufacturing sector produced 44.1 percent of GDP in 2004 and accounted for 11.3 percent of total employment in 2006.
Climate change is having major effects on the Chinese economy,society and the environment. China is the largest emitter of carbon dioxide,through an energy infrastructure heavily focused on coal. Other industries,such as a burgeoning construction industry and industrial manufacturing,contribute heavily to carbon emissions. However,like other developing countries,on a per-capita basis,China's carbon emissions are considerably less than countries like the United States. It has also been noted that higher-income countries have outsourced emissions-intensive industries to China. On the basis of cumulative CO2 emissions measured from 1751 through to 2017,China is responsible for 13% globally and about half of the United States' cumulative emissions. China is now the world's largest polluter and in 2023 recorded it's hottest year on record with an average temperature of 10.7 C.
China has an upper middle income,developing,mixed,socialist market economy incorporating industrial policies and strategic five-year plans. It is the world's second largest economy by nominal GDP,behind the United States,and the world's largest economy since 2016 when measured by purchasing power parity (PPP). Due to a volatile currency exchange rate,China's GDP as measured in dollars fluctuates sharply. China accounted for 19% of the global economy in 2022 in PPP terms,and around 18% in nominal terms in 2022. Historically,China was one of the world's foremost economic powers for most of the two millennia from the 1st until the 19th century. The economy consists of public sector enterprises,state-owned enterprises (SOEs) and mixed-ownership enterprises,as well as a large domestic private sector and openness to foreign businesses in their system. Private investment and exports are the main drivers of economic growth in China,but the Chinese government has also emphasized domestic consumption. Post-1978 economic reforms China's average GDP growth has been over 10% annually for over three decades. And in certain years,GDP growth even exceeded 13% annually. Though in recent years,their growth has significantly plummeted.
The Five-Year Plans are a series of social and economic development initiatives issued by the Chinese Communist Party (CCP) since 1953 in the People's Republic of China. Since 1949,the CCP has shaped the Chinese economy through the plenums of its Central Committee and national party congresses.
China Beijing Environmental Exchange (CBEEX) is a corporate domestic and international environmental equity public trading platform initiated by the China Beijing Equity Exchange (CBEX) and authorized by the Beijing municipal government.
The economy of Chongqing,China,has developed rapidly since it was separated from the Sichuan and became a centrally-administered municipality in 1997. In 2019,it was the sixth-largest Chinese city economy and ranked as China's third-largest municipal economy. In China's overall layout,Chongqing is also important for connecting China's underdeveloped western region with its more advanced eastern region,as well as promoting the economy of the mid-lower reaches of Yangtze river and the central western region.
The economy of Beijing ranks among the most developed and prosperous cities in China. In 2013,the municipality's nominal gross domestic product (GDP) was CN¥1.95 trillion. It was about 3.43% of the country's total output,and ranked 13th among province-level administrative units. Per capita GDP,at CN¥93,213 (US$15,051) in nominal terms and Int $21,948 at purchasing power parity,was 2.2 times the national average and ranked second among province-level administrative units.
The 2013 National People's Congress held its annual meeting in March 2013 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,China. The session opened 5 March and concluded on 16 March,2013 This was the Session in which major state positions were elected.
The 2014 National People's Congress held its annual meeting in March 2014 at the Great Hall of the People in Beijing,China. The session opened on 5 March and concluded on 13 March.
Science and technology in Kazakhstan –government policies to develop science,technology and innovation in Kazakhstan.
References
- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Heilmann, Sebastian (2018). Red Swan: How Unorthodox Policy-Making Facilitated China's Rise. The Chinese University of Hong Kong Press. ISBN 978-962-996-827-4.
- ↑ "China cracks down on polluting factories". UPI. Beijing China. 11 August 2010. Retrieved 23 September 2021.
The Chinese government has ordered more than 2,000 factories in 18 different sectors to shut down for inefficient and polluting industrial capacity. The shutdowns...are a last-ditch effort to reach the government's target of reducing its energy intensity by 20% from the 2005 level by the end of this year.
- ↑ Lewis, Joanna I. (2023). Cooperating for the Climate: Learning from International Partnerships in China's Clean Energy Sector. Cambridge, Massachusetts: The MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-54482-5.
- ↑ Lewis, Joanna I. (2020). "China's Low-Carbon Energy Strategy". In Esarey, Ashley; Haddad, Mary Alice; Lewis, Joanna I.; Harrell, Stevan (eds.). Greening East Asia: The Rise of the Eco-Developmental State. Seattle: University of Washington Press. ISBN 978-0-295-74791-0. JSTOR j.ctv19rs1b2.