Ervand Abrahamian | |
---|---|
Born | Ervand Vahan Abrahamian[7 1940 (age 83–84) Tehran, Iran |
Citizenship | United States |
Occupation | Historian |
Spouse | Mary Nolan |
Children | 2 |
Academic background | |
Education | Oxford University (BA 1963, MA 1968) |
Alma mater | Columbia University (MA 1966, PhD 1969) |
Thesis | Social Bases of Iranian Politics: The Tudeh Party, 1941–53 (1969) |
Academic advisors | Keith Thomas [1] |
Influences | Christopher Hill, E. P. Thompson [1] |
Academic work | |
Discipline | Iranian studies,political history,social history [2] |
School or tradition | Marxist historiography, [2] Neo-Marxism [3] [4] [5] |
Institutions | Baruch College Graduate Center,CUNY Princeton University New York University Oxford University |
Doctoral students | Touraj Atabaki [6] |
Main interests | Qajar dynasty,1953 coup d'état,1979 Revolution,Islamic Republic |
Notable works | A History of Modern Iran (2008) Khomeinism (1993) Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982) |
Ervand Abrahamian [lower-alpha 1] (born 1940) is an Iranian-American historian of the Middle East. He is Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and the Graduate Center of the City University of New York and is widely regarded as one of the leading historians of modern Iran.
Ervand Vahan Abrahamian [7] was born in 1940 [8] in Tehran [1] to Armenian parents. [9] [10] He attended three grades at the Mehr School in Tehran and was later sent off to Rugby School (1954-59), [11] a prestigious boarding school in England. [1] [10] He received his BA from Oxford University in 1963. [7] He mainly studied European history with Keith Thomas. [1]
He then moved to New York City, [12] where he studied at Columbia University and received his first MA in 1966. [7] He received a second MA from Oxford in 1968. Abrahamian earned a PhD from Columbia in 1969. [7] [10] His thesis was titled "Social Bases of Iranian Politics:The Tudeh Party,1941-53." [7] Abrahamian has stated that his "understanding of Iran [was] ... most shaped [by] the oil crisis of 1951-53 culminating in the coup." [2]
Abrahamian was an activist and a member of the Confederation of Iranian Students —National Union (CISNU) that opposed the rule of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi in the 1960s and 1970s. [2] As of 1976,he was one of the vice chairpersons of the Committee for Artistic and Intellectual Freedom in Iran (CAIFI),a "minor front" of the Socialist Workers Party (SWP). [13]
Abrahamian is a naturalized American citizen. [14] He is known to his friends as "Jed". [10] [15]
As of 2019,he is married to Mary Nolan,Professor Emerita of History at New York University (NYU). [16] [17] He has two children,Emma and Rafi. [18]
Abrahamian has formerly taught at Princeton University,New York University and Oxford University. [10] [8] However,he has spent most of his career at the City University of New York (CUNY). He is currently Distinguished Professor of History at Baruch College and the CUNY Graduate Center. His research interests include the history and politics of the Middle East,primarily Iran. [19] [10] [8]
He regularly comments on Iran's politics and economy,foreign relations of Iran,including Iran–United States relations. [10] Abrahamian is considered an authority on Iranian opposition movements, [20] including the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). [21]
He has appeared as a guest on BBC Persian, [22] Charlie Rose , [23] Worldfocus , [24] Amanpour &Company , [25] Democracy Now! , [26] Lou Dobbs Tonight , [27] and other series and channels.
In a preface to his 1989 book,Abrahamian describes himself as "a sceptic by intellectual training;a democratic socialist by political preference;and,as far as religious conviction is concerned,an agnostic on most days —on other days,an atheist." [9] [28] In 1983 he told The New York Times that he has an "independent Marxist point of view." [29] Christoph Marcinkowski wrote that Abrahamian's publications "feature more or less the left-wing political perspective of their author –especially in terms of socio-political and socio-economic analysis." [30] He has been influenced by Marxist historians Christopher Hill,Eric Hobsbawm,E. P. Thompson and others. [1] He has called Thompson a "towering figure for a number of reasons —not just for historians of Iran,but also for Marxist historians throughout the world." [1] He is generally sympathetic towards the Tudeh Party. [31] Werner has described Abrahamian as a "vivid chronicler of the history of the Iranian Left,defying any attempt to view twentieth-century Iran exclusively through an Islamicate lens." [32]
In 2007,Abrahamian called the theory of the US government being behind the September 11 attacks "absurd." He compared it to claims of Iran supporting anti-US Sunni insurgents in Iraq,calling the latter "just not possible." [27] Abrahamian opined that if the US conducts airstrikes on Iran and triggers a war,it would last 30 to 100 years. [27]
In 1986,he objected that The New York Times obituary of Loy W. Henderson did not mention his role in the 1953 Iranian coup d'état,which he described as "probably his most important contribution." He wrote to the Times:"Few ambassadors have so decisively changed the course of a country's history. What is more,he set a State Department precedent by permitting secret agents to use the embassy compound to carry out the coup. Your oversight would have amused George Orwell;it certainly would not have surprised him." [33]
In 2006,he described Iran as a "third world power." [34] In 2017 he noted that the "gradual but consistent shift to the right in recent years naturally erodes this welfare state and thereby undermines the social basis of the regime." [1] He has described the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) as a "mystical cult." [35]
Abrahamian has said that "heroes are to be avoided." [12] He has described Donald Trump as "at heart a con man spouting out verbiage to sell a particular product." [1] He called the Trump presidency a "nightmare." [12]
Abrahamian has authored or coauthored the following books:
Abrahamian's best known [1] and most cited [36] book is Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982), published by Princeton University Press. It is an account of the history of Iran from the Constitutional Revolution of 1905–06 to the Islamic Revolution of 1978–79. [37]
Initial reviews were largely positive. [38] [39] [40] Criticisms included disproportional focus on the Communist movement [41] and the Tudeh Party, [42] and reliance on British archives. [41] Sepehr Zabih wrote that it is constrained by the ideological bias of neo-Marxist approach of E. P. Thompson. [41] M. E. Yapp wrote: "with all its imperfections, Abrahamian's book is the most interesting and exciting book on the recent history of Iran which has appeared for many years." [42] Zabih was more reserved: "this work is a significant addition to the literature on some aspects of the Iranian communist movement. The author is well versed in the selected periods of recent Iranian history. No one with sustained interest in Iranian politics, especially those of the left, could afford to ignore this volume." [41] Gene R. Garthwaite wrote that the book made three significant contributions: "its class analysis will force all of us-Marxist and non-Marxist alike-to re-examine our ideas about Iran's twentieth-century history and will provide the basis for discussion for some time to come; it gives the best account of the development of the Tudeh party and its social, intellectual, and political bases; and it presents the most detailed account of the Pahlavi period (ca. 1921-78) and its political history." [43] Mazzaoui described it as "the best and most balanced account of the social and political developments in contemporary Persian history." [37]
In Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin (1989) Abrahamian investigated the origins and history of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). He concludes that the MEK has become a "religio-political sect" and a cult of personality, "at its most extreme," has been formed around its leader, Massoud Rajavi. [44] It was well received by reviewers. [45] [46] Eric Hooglund called it a "very important book" that provides "detailed, objective, and erudite analysis" of the MEK. He also argued that its most important contribution is the exposition of the party's ideology. [47] Mazzaoui wrote: "There is very little to criticize in this masterfully written piece of current research. Dr. Abrahamian writes sympathetically and at times dramatically-but always as an accomplished scholar." [37]
Abrahamian's 1993 book on Iran's first Supreme Leader, Ruhollah Khomeini and his ideology, is entitled Khomeinism. The book consisted of five essays. He argued that Khomeinism is "best understood as a populist movement, not a religious resurgence." [48] He described Khomeini's movement as a form of Third World populism. [49] [1] [50] Fred Halliday called it a "superb study of political ideology in general and of the ideological evolution of the founder of the Islamic Republic in particular." [51] Baktiari had a mixed review. He noted that it is well written, but "far from well documented." However, he called it a "stimulating book that deserves wide readership." [48] Fakhreddin Azimi described it as a "lucid and provocative book." [49]
Abrahamian's 1999 book Tortured Confessions: Prisons and Public Recantations in Modern Iran covers political repressions against opposition movements both before and after the Islamic Revolution, ending with the mass executions of 1988. It reviews interrogation tactics and prison facilities used in 20th century Iran. It was well received by critics. [52] [53] [32] Mahdi praised it as a significant and timely book. [31]
A History of Modern Iran, published in 2008, was widely praised. The book narrates state building of modern Iran. [54] John Limbert called it a "scholarly, readable, and engaging study of the last century of Iranian history." [55] Philip S. Khoury went as far as to describe it as "the most intelligent and perceptive history of modern Iran available in the English language." [56]
Abrahamian's 2013 book The Coup: 1953, the CIA, and the Roots of Modern U.S.-Iranian Relations was met with mixed to favorable reviews. [57] David S. Painter opined that "Despite some problems, The Coup is a valuable corrective to previous work and an important contribution to Iranian history." [58] Mark Gasiorowski was more critical. He argued that the book does not provide any "major new revelations or insights and is misleading in several ways." [59]
He is widely recognized a leading historian of modern Iran, [60] [61] [62] [63] [64] and, by some, as the "preeminent historian of modern Iran." [65] [66] [67] He has also been described as "one of the preeminent Iranian historians of his generation." [1] Mansour Farhang noted that his books are "indispensable source of information, insight and analysis for scholars and general readers as well." [68] In 1995 Fred Halliday opined in Iranian Studies that Ervand Abrahamian "has already established himself as one of the finest writers on twentieth-century Iran." [51] Eric Hooglund wrote in 2000 that Abrahamian's books have "established his reputation as the leading scholar of Iran's twentieth-century social history." [69] Reza Afshari wrote in 2002 that since the publication of the seminal Iran Between Two Revolutions (1982), Abrahamian has "become one of the most influential historians of modern Iran." [70]
He was elected Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2010. [71] [72] He is a member of the Middle East Studies Association of North America and the American Historical Association. [10]
Sayyed Abol-Ghasem Mostafavi-Kashani was an Iranian politician and Shia Marja. He played an important role in the 1953 coup in Iran and the overthrow of Prime Minister Mohammad Mosaddegh.
The Tudeh Party of Iran is an Iranian communist party. Formed in 1941, with Soleiman Mirza Eskandari as its head, it had considerable influence in its early years and played an important role during Mohammad Mosaddegh's campaign to nationalize the Anglo-Persian Oil Company and his term as prime minister. Tudeh became a pro-Soviet organization after the Iran crisis of 1946 and was prepared to carry out the dictates of the Kremlin, even if it meant sacrificing Iranian political independence and sovereignty. The crackdown that followed the 1953 coup against Mosaddegh is said to have "destroyed" the party, although a remnant persisted. The party still exists but has remained much weaker as a result of its banning in Iran and mass arrests by the Islamic Republic in 1982, as well as the executions of political prisoners in 1988. Tudeh identified itself as the historical offshoot of the Communist Party of Persia.
The Islamic Republican Party was formed in 1979 to assist the Iranian Revolution and Ayatollah Khomeini in their goal to establish theocracy in Iran. It was disbanded in 1987 due to internal conflicts.
Majid Sharif-Vaghefi was a leading member of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK) who was murdered in an internal purge staged by the MEK Marxist faction. One of the three members of the MEK's central committee from 1972 to 1975, he was considered the leader of the group's Muslim faction that refused to accept Marxism.
Traditionally, the thought and practice of Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism in the nation of Iran has referred to various forms of Shi'i Islamic religious revivalism that seek a return to the original texts and the inspiration of the original believers of Islam. Issues of importance to the movement include the elimination of foreign, non-Islamic ideas and practices from Iran's society, economy and political system. It is often contrasted with other strains of Islamic thought, such as traditionalism, quietism and modernism. In Iran, Islamic fundamentalism and Islamism is primarily associated with the thought and practice of the leader of the Islamic Revolution and founder of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini ("Khomeinism"), but may also involve figures such as Fazlullah Nouri, Navvab Safavi, and successors of Khomeini.
Khomeinism refers to the religious and political ideas of the leader of the 1979 Iranian Islamic Revolution, Ruhollah Khomeini. Khomeinism may also refer to the ideology of the clerical class which has ruled Islamic Republic of Iran founded by Khomeini, following his death. It can also be used to refer to the "radicalization" of segments of the Twelver Shia populations of Iran, Iraq, and Lebanon, and the Iranian government's "recruitment" of Shia minorities in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Saudi Arabia and Africa. The word Khomeinist and Khomeinists, derived from Khomeinism, can also be used to describe members of Iran's clerical rulers and attempt to differentiate them from "regular" Shia Muslim clerics.
The Organization of Struggle for the Emancipation of the Working Class, or simply Peykar, also known by the earlier name Marxist Mojahedin, was a splinter group from the People's Mojahedin of Iran (PMOI/MEK).
Several left-wing guerrilla groups attempting to overthrow the pro-Western regime of Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi were notable and active in Iran from 1971 to 1979. The groups shared a commitment to armed struggle, but differed in ideology. Most were Marxist in orientation. The largest group — People's Mujahedin of Iran — was founded as a left wing movement with the aim to overthrow Iran's cleric rule.
The ideology of the Iranian Revolution has been called a "complex combination" of Pan-Islamism, political populism, and Shia Islamic "religious radicalism"; "a struggle against paganism, oppression, and empire. Perhaps the most important of the diverse ideological interpretation of Islam within the grand alliance that led to the 1979 revolution were Khomeinism, Ali Shariati’s Islamic-left ideology, Mehdi Bazargan’s liberal-democratic Islam. Less powerful were the socialist guerrilla groups of Islamic and secular variants, and the secular constitutionalism in socialist and nationalist forms. Contributors to the ideology also included Jalal Al-e-Ahmad, who formulated the idea of Gharbzadegi—that Western culture must be rejected and fought as was a plague or an intoxication that alienated Muslims from their roots and identity.
A constitutional referendum was held in Iran on 2 and 3 December 1979. The new Islamic constitution was approved by 99.5% of voters.
Constitutional Convention elections were held in Iran on 3 and 4 August 1979. The result was a victory for the Islamic Republican Party. There were 10,784,932 votes cast in the elections, marking 51.71% turnout. Of all members elected, 68% were clerics.
Socialism in Iran or Iranian socialism is a political ideology that traces its beginnings to the 20th century and encompasses various political parties in the country. Iran experienced a short Third World Socialism period at the zenith of the Tudeh Party after the abdication of Reza Shah and his replacement by his son, Mohammad Reza Pahlavi. After failing to reach power, this form of third world socialism was replaced by Mosaddegh's populist, non-aligned Iranian nationalism of the National Front party as the main anti-monarchy force in Iran, reaching power (1949–1953), and it remained with that strength even in opposition until the rise of Islamism and the Iranian Revolution. The Tudehs have moved towards basic socialist communism since then.
Ali Golzadeh Ghafouri was an Iranian Shia cleric and religious progressive politician.
Taher Ahmadzadeh Heravi was an Iranian nationalist-religious political activist who held office as the first governor of Khorasan Province after the Iranian Revolution.
Mousa Nasiroghli (Khiabani) (Persian: موسی نصیر اوغلی (خیابانی); 1947 – 8 February 1982) was an Iranian dissident political leader and senior member of the People's Mojahedin of Iran (MEK) and the commander of its armed wing from 1979 to 1982, when he was killed in action.
Abdolsamad Kambakhsh son of Prince Kamran Mirza Adle Qajar, also known by his aliases as Abdolsamad Qanbari or the Red Prince, was an Iranian communist political activist. In early 1925, he married feminist activist Dr. Akhtar Kianouri. Noureddin Kianouri, the younger brother of Dr. Akhtar Kianouri, grew up in their house.
Seyyed Ahmad Razavi was an Iranian engineer and politician.
Radical Islam: The Iranian Mojahedin is a book by historian Ervand Abrahamian about the late 20th-century political history of Iran, and a thorough case study of the People's Mujahedin of Iran (MEK). The book also includes a short biography of Ali Shariati and a review of his works in order to explore the influence this had on the group's early ideological traits. The book was a duplicate publication by I.B. Tauris and by Yale University Press, being first published by the former in 1989 in the United Kingdom. It is widely regarded as an important academic source on the MEK.
Shia Islamism is the usage of Shia Islam in politics. Most study and reporting on Islamism has been focused on Sunni Islamist movements. Shia Islamism, a previously very small ideology, was boosted after the Iranian Revolution led by Ruhollah Khomeini, whose Shia Islamist policies became known as Khomeinism.
Iran Between Two Revolutions is a book by Ervand Abrahamian that was published in 1982 by Princeton University Press in New Jersey, United States. This book has been translated into Persian and published many times in Iran. The book has eleven chapters.
For the Iranian specialist well-acquainted with Professor Abrahamian's past and present published materials, the decision to follow the lead of E. P. Thompson's neo-Marxist approach throughout the book comes as no surprise.
Professor Abrahamian proposes that a neo-Marxist approach to contemporary Iranian history is the only one compatible with persuasive socio-political analysis.
Ervand Abrahamian is the most prominent neo-Marxist historian of the Pahlavi period.
I am an Armenian-Iranian by birth; a sceptic by intellectual training; a democratic socialist by political preference; and, as far as religious conviction is concerned, an agnostic on most days — on other days, an atheist. April 1988.
New York Rugbeians [...] Historian and City University of New York Professor Ervand Abrahamian (M 54-59) ...
Ervand Abrahamian, a U.S. citizen born in Iran, is professor...
Mary Nolan and Ervand Abrahamian
...noted Ervand Abrahamian, an expert on Iranian opposition movements at Baruch College.
...according to Professor Ervand Abrahamian, a historian of the group.
Despite the above criticism in certain points, it is highly applaudable that such a book is now in our hands and that it came out at this particular time. [..] It enriches our knowledge on modern Iran with a new and disquieting perspective.
In many ways it is an impressive achievement, drawing on previously untapped Iranian sources and material from the British and American archives.
To sum up, this is a carefully developed book that well deserves a significant place in the literature on Iranian history and politics. It hardly needs a reviewer's recommendation because it will be recognized easily for the splendid contribution it is, and it will be utilized and quoted by many scholars to come.
I believe that the author has done a remarkably good job and that his book will become the standard introduction to contemporary Iranian political history.
Ervand Abrahamian's new book is a sober, and sobering, account of the history of one of the best organized and most experienced lay Islamic political movements active in the Middle East today. [...] This book is of great importance to all historians of modern Iran and modern Islamic political movements.
...an important contribution. With an encyclopedic account of abuses perpetrated over decades against those in custody... [...] This book is vital reading for anyone interested in the subjects it addresses.
As Ervand Abrahamian, a leading historian of Iran, has noted...
As a prominent historian of Iran, Ervand Abrahamian has argued...
...Ervand Abrahamian, who is perhaps the most influential contemporary historian of modern Iran, offered an analysis...
Among others, Ervand Abrahamian, a leading historian of modern Iran, argues...
...Ervand Abrahamian, the eminent historian of modern Iran, noted...
...the preeminent historian of modern Iran, Professor Ervand Abrahamian.
Preeminent historian of modern Iran Ervand Abrahamian...
Ervand Abrahamian is the pre-eminent historian of modern Iran...