Eurasian carp

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European carp
Cyprinus carpio 2008 G1 (cropped).jpg
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Actinopterygii
Order: Cypriniformes
Family: Cyprinidae
Subfamily: Cyprininae
Genus: Cyprinus
Species:
C. carpio
Binomial name
Cyprinus carpio
Ccarpio range.png
   native range
   introduced range
Painting by Ellen Edmonson. Cyprinus carpio by Ellen Edmondson.jpg
Painting by Ellen Edmonson.

The Eurasian carp or European carp (Cyprinus carpio), widely known as the common carp, is a widespread freshwater fish of eutrophic waters in lakes and large rivers in Europe and Asia. [2] [3] The native wild populations are considered vulnerable to extinction by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), [1] but the species has also been domesticated and introduced (see aquaculture) into environments worldwide, and is often considered a destructive invasive species, [2] being included in the list of the world's 100 worst invasive species. It gives its name to the carp family, Cyprinidae.

Contents

Taxonomy

Common Carp by Alexander Francis Lydon. Cyprinus carpio 1879.jpg
Common Carp by Alexander Francis Lydon.

The type subspecies is Cyprinus carpio carpio , native to much of Europe (notably the Danube and Volga rivers). [2] [4]

The subspecies Cyprinus carpio haematopterus (Amur carp), native to eastern Asia, was recognized in the past, [4] but recent authorities treat it as a separate species under the name Cyprinus rubrofuscus . [1] [5] The common carp and various Asian relatives in their pure forms can be separated by meristics and also differ in genetics, but they are able to interbreed. [1] [6] Common carp can also interbreed with the goldfish (Carassius auratus); the result is called Kollar carp. [7] [8] Another artificial hybrid is Ghost Carp, which is bred between common carp and Japanese Purachina Koi. The large variation of colours produced makes ghost carp a popular commercial species. [9]

History

The common carp is native to Europe and Asia and has been introduced to every part of the world except the poles. They are the third most frequently introduced (fish) species worldwide, [10] and their history as a farmed fish dates back to Roman times. [11] Carp are used as food in many areas but are also regarded as a pest in several regions due to their ability to out-compete native fish stocks. [12] The original common carp was found in the inland delta of the Danube River about 2000 years ago and was torpedo-shaped and golden-yellow in colour. It had two pairs of barbels and a mesh-like scale pattern. Although this fish was initially kept as an exploited captive, it was later maintained in large, specially built ponds by the Romans in south-central Europe (verified by the discovery of common carp remains in excavated settlements in the Danube delta area). As aquaculture became a profitable branch of agriculture, efforts were made to farm the animals, and the culture systems soon included spawning and growing ponds. [13] The common carp's native range also extends to the Black Sea, Caspian Sea, and Aral Sea.[ citation needed ]

Both European and Asian subspecies have been domesticated. [4] In Europe, domestication of carp as food fish was spread by monks between the 13th and 16th centuries. The wild forms of carp had already reached the delta of the Rhine in the 12th century, probably with some human help. [14] Variants that have arisen with domestication include the mirror carp, with large, mirror-like scales (linear mirror – scaleless except for a row of large scales that run along the lateral line; originating in Germany), the leather carp (virtually unscaled except near dorsal fin), and the fully scaled carp. Koi carp (錦鯉 (nishikigoi) in Japanese, 鯉魚 (pinyin: lĭ yú) in Chinese) is a domesticated ornamental variety that originated in the Niigata region of Japan in the 1820s, [15] but its parent species are likely the East Asian carp, possibly C. rubrofuscus . [1] [5]

Physiology and life history

Dutch wild carp. DutchWildCarpCyprinusCarpio 2857x1356.JPG
Dutch wild carp.

The carp has a robust build, with a dark gold sheen most prominent on its head. Its body is adorned with large conspicuous scales that are very shiny. It has large pectoral fins and a tapering dorsal fin running down the last two thirds of its body, getting progressively higher as it nears the carp’s head. Its caudal and anal fins may either be a dark bronze or washed with a rubbery orange hue. The mouth of the carp is downwards-turned, with two pairs of barbels, the ones on the bottom being larger. Wild common carp are typically slimmer than domesticated forms, with body length about four times body height, red flesh, and a forward-protruding mouth. Common carp can grow to very large sizes if given adequate space and nutrients. Their average growth rate by weight is about half the growth rate of domesticated carp. [16] [17] They do not reach the lengths and weights of domesticated carp, which (range, 3.2–4.8 times) [2] can grow to a maximum length of 120 centimetres (47 in), a maximum weight of over 40 kilograms (88 lb). [2] The longest-lived common carp documented was of wild-origin (in non-native habitat of North America), and was 64 years of age. [18] The largest recorded carp, caught by British angler, Colin Smith, in 2013 at Etang La Saussaie Fishery, France, weighed 45.59 kilograms (100.5 lb). The average size of the common carp is around 40–80 cm (16–31 inches) and 2–14 kg (4.4–30.9 lb).[ citation needed ]

The skeleton of a European carp. Muzeum Ewolucji PAN - szkielet karpia (Common carp, Cyprinus carpio).JPG
The skeleton of a European carp.
European carp x-ray. Common carp x-ray.jpg
European carp x-ray.

Habitat

Although tolerant of most conditions, common carp prefer large bodies of slow or standing water and soft, vegetative sediments. As schooling fish, they prefer to be in groups of five or more. They naturally live in temperate climates in fresh or slightly brackish water with a pH of 6.5–9.0 and salinity up to about 0.5%, [19] and temperatures of 3 to 35 °C (37–95 °F). [2] The ideal temperature is 23 to 30 °C (73–86 °F), with spawning beginning at 17 to 18 °C (63–64 °F); they easily survive winter in a frozen-over pond, as long as some free water remains below the ice. [19] Carp are able to tolerate water with very low oxygen levels, by gulping air at the surface. [3] [20]

Diet

Common carp are omnivorous. They can eat a herbivorous diet of aquatic plants, plant tubers, and seeds, but prefer to scavenge the bottom for insects, crustaceans (including zooplankton and crawfish), molluscs, benthic worms, fish eggs, and fish remains.[ citation needed ] [21] Common carp feed throughout the day with the most intensive feeding at night and around sunrise. [22]

Reproduction

An egg-layer, a typical adult female can lay 300,000 eggs in a single spawn. [23] Although carp typically spawn in the spring, in response to rising water temperatures and rainfall, carp can spawn multiple times in a season. In commercial operations, spawning is often stimulated using a process called hypophysation, where lyophilized pituitary extract is injected into the fish. The pituitary extract contains gonadotropic hormones which stimulate gonad maturation and sex steroid production, ultimately promoting reproduction.[ citation needed ]

Predation

A single carp can lay over a million eggs in a year. [3] Eggs and fry often fall victim to bacteria, fungi, and the vast array of tiny predators in the pond environment. Carp which survive to juvenile are preyed upon by other fish such as the northern pike and largemouth bass, and several birds (including cormorants, herons, goosanders, and ospreys) [24] and mammals (including otter and mink).[ citation needed ]

Introduction into other habitats

Carp gather near a dock in Lake Powell, Arizona. LakePowellCarp5437.jpg
Carp gather near a dock in Lake Powell, Arizona.
Carp in the Maribyrnong River, Australia. Carps in River.JPG
Carp in the Maribyrnong River, Australia.
Carp in the duck pond in Herbert Park, Dublin, Ireland. Carp in Herbert Park Pond, Dublin.jpg
Carp in the duck pond in Herbert Park, Dublin, Ireland.
Koi feeding. The koi are ornamental varieties of domesticated carp and are kept in garden ponds. Although the koi's parent species has been considered the common carp, recent authorities believe it originates from an East Asian carp, possibly C. rubrofuscus. Koi feeding, National Arboretum.jpg
Koi feeding. The koi are ornamental varieties of domesticated carp and are kept in garden ponds. Although the koi's parent species has been considered the common carp, recent authorities believe it originates from an East Asian carp, possibly C. rubrofuscus .

Common carp have been introduced to most continents and some 59 countries. In absence of natural predators or commercial fishing, they may extensively alter their environments due to their reproductive rate and their feeding habit of grubbing through bottom sediments for food. In feeding, they may destroy, uproot, disturb and eat submerged vegetation, causing serious damage to food sources and habitats of native duck (such as canvasbacks) and fish populations. [25] [26]

In 2020, scientists demonstrated that a small proportion of fertilized common carp eggs ingested by waterfowl survive passing through the digestive tract and hatch after being retrieved from the feces. [27] [28] Birds exhibit strong preference for fish eggs, while cyprinids produce hundreds of thousands of eggs at a single spawning event. These data indicate that despite the low proportion of eggs surviving the digestive tract of birds, endozoochory might provide a potentially overlooked dispersal mechanism of invasive cyprinid fish. If proven under natural circumstances, endozoochorous dispersal of invasive fish could be a strong conservation concern for freshwater biodiversity.[ citation needed ]

Australia

Carp were introduced to Australia over 150 years ago but were not seen as a recognised pest species until the "Boolarra" strain appeared in the 1960s. [29] [30] After spreading massively through the Murray–Darling basin, aided by massive flooding in 1974, [29] they have established themselves in every Australian territory except for the Northern Territory. [31] In Victoria, the common carp has been declared a noxious fish species, and the quantity a fisherman can take is unlimited. [32] In South Australia, it is an offence for this species to be released back to the wild. [33] An Australian company produces plant fertilizer from carp. [34] [35]

Efforts to eradicate a small colony from Lake Crescent in Tasmania, without using chemicals, have been successful, but the long-term, expensive and intensive undertaking is an example of both the possibility and difficulty of safely removing the species once it is established. [36] One proposal, regarded as environmentally questionable, is to control common carp numbers by deliberately exposing them to the carp-specific koi herpes virus with its high mortality rate. [31] In 2016, the Australian Government announced plans to release this virus into the Murray–Darling basin in an attempt to reduce the number of invasive common carp in the water system. [37] [38] However, in 2020, this plan was found to be unlikely to work. [39] The CSIRO has also developed a technique for genetically modifying carp so that they only produce male offspring. This daughterless carp method shows promise for totally eradicating carp from Australia's waterways.[ citation needed ]

North America

Common carp were brought to the United States in 1831. [40] In the late 19th century, they were distributed widely throughout the country by the government as a food fish, but they are now rarely eaten in the United States, where they are generally considered pests. As in Australia, their introduction has been shown to have negative environmental consequences. [41]

In Utah, the common carp's population in Utah Lake is expected to be reduced by 75 percent by using nets to catch millions of them, and either giving them to people who will eat them or processing them into fertilizer. This, in turn, will give the declining population of the native June sucker a chance to recover. [42] Another method of control is to trap them with seine nets in tributaries they use to spawn, and exposing them to the piscicide rotenone. This method has been shown to reduce their impact within 24 hours and greatly increase native vegetation and desirable fish species. It also allows native fish to prey more easily on young carp.[ citation needed ]

Common carp are thought to have been introduced into the Canadian province of British Columbia from the neighboring Washington state. They were first noted in the Okanagan Valley in 1912, as was their rapid growth in population. Carp are currently distributed in the lower Columbia (Arrow Lakes), lower Kootenay, Kettle (Christina Lake), and throughout the Okanagan system. [43]

Common carp aquaculture

Global Aquaculture Production of common carp in tonnes from 1950 to 2013 Global Aquaculture Production of Cyprinus carpio.svg
Global Aquaculture Production of common carp in tonnes from 1950 to 2013

Common carp contributed around 4.67 million tons on a global scale during 2015–2016, roughly accounting for 7.4% of the total global inland fisheries production. In Europe, common carp contributed 1.8% (0.17 Mt) of the total inland fisheries production (9.42 Mt) during 2015–2016. It is a major farmed species in European freshwater aquaculture with production localized in central and eastern European countries. The Russian Federation (0.06 Mt) followed by Poland (0.02 Mt), Czech Republic (0.02 Mt), Hungary (0.01 Mt) and Ukraine (0.01 Mt) represents about 70% of carp production in Europe during 2016. In fact, the land‐locked central European countries rely heavily on common carp aquaculture in fishponds. The average productivity of carp culture systems in central European countries ranges between 0.3 and 1 ton ha−1. The European common carp production, in terms of volume, reached its peak (0.18 Mt) during 2009–2010 and has been declining since. Carp farming is often criticized as an anthropogenic driver of eutrophication of inland freshwater bodies - especially in the Central Eastern European Region (CEER). There has been some debate between environmentalists and carp farmers concerning eutrophication of water bodies, manifested into lobbying at ministry levels surrounding fishpond legislations. [44] [45] European carp aquaculture in fish ponds most likely has the least nutrient burden to the environment than most food production sectors in the European Union. [46]

As food and sport

Lake Prespa carp, as served. Prespanski krap.jpg
Lake Prespa carp, as served.
European carp caught with an artificial fly. Carp fly fishing.jpg
European carp caught with an artificial fly.

The annual tonnage of common carp produced in China alone, not to mention the other cyprinids, exceeds the weight of all other fish, such as trout and salmon, produced by aquaculture worldwide. Roughly three million tonnes are produced annually, accounting for 14% of all farmed freshwater fish in 2002. China is by far the largest commercial producer, accounting for about 70% of carp production. [19] Carp is eaten in many parts of the world both when caught from the wild and raised in aquaculture.

In Central Europe, it is a traditional part of a Christmas Eve dinner. Hungarian fisherman's soup, a specially prepared fish soup of carp alone or mixed with other freshwater fish, is part of the traditional meal for Christmas Eve in Hungary along with stuffed cabbage and poppy seed roll and walnut roll. A traditional Czech Christmas Eve dinner is a thick soup of carp's head and offal, fried carp meat (sometimes the meat is skinned and baked instead) with potato salad or boiled carp in black sauce. A Slovak Christmas Eve dinner is quite similar, with soup varying according to the region and fried carp as the main dish. Also in Austria, parts of Germany, and Poland, a fried carp is one of the traditional dishes on Christmas Eve.

In Western Europe, the carp is cultivated more commonly as a sport fish, although there is a small market for it as a food fish. [47] [48] Carp are mixed with other common fish to make gefilte fish, popular in Jewish cuisine. Common carp are extremely popular with anglers in many parts of Europe, and their popularity as quarry is slowly increasing among anglers in the United States (though they are still generally considered pests and destroyed in most areas of the U.S.), and southern Canada. Carp are also popular with spear, bow, and fly fishermen.

In the United States, carp is mostly ignored as a food fish. Almost all U.S. shoppers bypass carp, due to a preference for filleted fish as opposed to cooking whole. Carp have smaller intramuscular bones called y-bones, which makes them a whole fish species for cooking.

The Romans farmed carp and this pond culture continued through the monasteries of Europe and to this day. In China, Korea, and Japan, carp farming took place as early as the Yayoi period (c. 300 BC – AD 300). [49]

See also

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cyprinidae</span> Family of freshwater fish

Cyprinidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly called the carp or minnow family, including the carps, the true minnows, and their relatives the barbs and barbels, among others. Cyprinidae is the largest and most diverse fish family, and the largest vertebrate animal family overall, with about 3,000 species; only 1,270 of these remain extant, divided into about 200 valid genera. Cyprinids range from about 12 mm (0.5 in) in size to the 3 m (9.8 ft) giant barb. By genus and species count, the family makes up more than two-thirds of the ostariophysian order Cypriniformes. The family name is derived from the Greek word kyprînos.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Koi</span> Colored varieties of Amur carp

Koi or more specifically nishikigoi are colored varieties of the common carp that are kept for decorative purposes in outdoor koi ponds or water gardens.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carp</span> Various species of cyprinid fishes

The term carp is a generic common name for numerous species of freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae, a very large clade of ray-finned fish mostly native to Eurasia. While carp are prized quarries and are valued as both food and ornamental fish in many parts of the Old World, they are generally considered useless trash fish and invasive pests in many parts of Africa, Australia and most of the United States.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ide (fish)</span> Species of fish

The ide, or orfe, is a freshwater fish of the family Cyprinidae found in larger rivers, ponds, and lakes across Northern Europe and Asia. It has been introduced outside its native range into Europe, North America, and New Zealand. It is a popular ornamental fish, usually kept in outdoor ponds in temperate regions from which it often escapes.

<i>Cyprinus</i> Genus of fishes

Cyprinus is the genus of typical carps in family Cyprinidae. Most species in the genus are of East Asia origin with only the common carp in Western Asia and Europe; this invasive species has also been introduced to many other regions around the world. Cyprinus are closely related to some more barb-like genera, such as Cyclocheilichthys and Barbonymus (tinfoils). The crucian carps (Carassius) of western Eurasia, which include the goldfish, are apparently not as closely related.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Asian carp</span> Common name for several species of fish

Several species of heavy-bodied cyprinid fishes are collectively known in the United States as Asian carp. Cyprinids from the Indian subcontinent—for example, catla and mrigal —are not included in this classification and are known collectively as "Indian carp". Asian carp are considered invasive species in the United States. In June, 2022, the EPA funded initiative to rebrand Asian Carp as Copi was announced. The new name — Copi — is a part of the Federal and multi-state campaign to reintroduce the carps to the public as a healthy and responsible seafood option in order to decrease its numbers in U.S. waterways.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fish pond</span> Man-made body of standing water used for pisciculture

A fish pond or fishpond is a controlled pond, small artificial lake or retention basin that is stocked with fish and is used in aquaculture for fish farming, for recreational fishing, or for ornamental purposes.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Grass carp</span> Species of fish

The grass carp is a species of large herbivorous freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae, native to the Pacific Far East, with a native range stretching from northern Vietnam to the Amur River on the Sino-Russian border. This Asian carp is the only species of the genus Ctenopharyngodon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Bighead carp</span> Species of fish

The bighead carp is a species of cyprinid freshwater fish native to East Asia, and is one of several Asian carps introduced into North America. It is one of the most intensively exploited fishes in fish farming, with an annual worldwide production of over three million tonnes in 2013, principally from China. Unlike the omnivorous common carp, bighead carp are primarily filter-feeding algae eaters, preferentially consuming zooplankton but also phytoplankton and detritus.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing in India</span> Major industry employing 14.5 million people

Fishing in India is a major sector within the economy of India contributing 1.07% of its total GDP. The fishing sector in India supports the livelihood of over 28 million people in the country, especially within the marginalized and vulnerable communities. India is the third largest fish producing country in the world accounting for 7.96% of the global production and second largest producer of fish through aquaculture, after China. The total fish production during the FY 2020-21 is estimated at 14.73 million metric tonnes. According to the National Fisheries Development Board the Fisheries Industry generates an export earnings of Rs 334.41 billion. Centrally sponsored schemes will increase exports by Rs 1 lakh crore in FY25. 65,000 fishermen have been trained under these schemes from 2017 to 2020. Freshwater fishing consists of 55% of total fish production.

<i>Cyprinus carpio carpio</i> Subspecies of fish

Cyprinus carpio carpio is a subspecies of the common carp that is commonly found in Europe. They are native to much of Europe and can also be found in the Caucasus and Central Asia. Mitochondrial DNA analysis shows a difference between C. carpio carpio and Cyprinus rubrofuscus. They are omnivorous in nature and feed on mollusks, insects, crustaceans and seeds. Though dark in color, there are some wild caught specimens which are colored orange. This subspecies has also been domesticated in European ponds for hundreds of years. They are considered as a naturalized species in most US states.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Fishing industry in Laos</span>

The fishing industry in the land-locked country of Laos is a major source of sustenance and food security to its people dwelling near rivers, reservoirs and ponds. Apart from wild capture fisheries, which is a major component of fish production, aquaculture and stocking are significant developments in the country. Historically, fishing activity was recorded in writings on the gate and walls of the Wat Xieng Thong in Luang Prabang dated 1560. For many Laotians, freshwater fish are the principal source of protein. The percentage of people involved in regular fishing activity is very small, only near major rivers or reservoirs, as for most of the fishers it is a part-time activity.

<i>Cyvirus cyprinidallo3</i> Species of virus

Cyvirus cyprinidallo3, also known as Cyprinid herpesvirus 3 (CyHV-3) is a species in the Genus Cyvirus and the order Herpesvirales. It causes a viral disease that is very contagious to the common carp Cyprinus carpio.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Carp fishing</span>

Carp is a common name for various species of freshwater fish from the family Cyprinidae that are native to Eurasia and sought after by some recreational fishermen. Certain carp species have been introduced, with mixed results, to various other locations around the world, and even declared invasive in certain regions.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Prussian carp</span> Species of fish

The Prussian carp, silver Prussian carp or Gibel carp is a member of the family Cyprinidae, which includes many other fish, such as the common carp, goldfish, and the smaller minnows. It is a medium-sized cyprinid, and does not exceed a weight of 3 kilograms (6.6 lb) and a length of 45 centimetres (18 in). They are usually silver, although other color variations exist. They are omnivorous and feed on plankton, invertebrates, plant material and detritus. Originally from Siberia or central Europe, they have been introduced to and are now inhabiting lakes, ponds, and slow-moving rivers throughout Europe, North America, and Asia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Aquaculture in China</span>

China, with one-fifth of the world's population, accounts for two-thirds of the world's reported aquaculture production.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Mrigal carp</span> Species of fish

The mrigal carp, also known as the white carp, is a species of ray-finned fish in the carp family. Native to streams and rivers in India, the only surviving wild population is in the Cauvery River, leading to its IUCN rating as vulnerable. It is widely aquafarmed and introduced populations exist outside its native range. It reaches a maximum length of 1 m (3.3 ft). This species and Cirrhinus mrigala are considered distinct.

<i>Cyprinus rubrofuscus</i> Species of fish

Cyprinus rubrofuscus, the Amur carp, is a species of cyprinid fish, and is the wild form of the well-known koi. It is widespread in the fresh waters of eastern Asia, native to China, Korea, Russia, Vietnam and Laos from the Amur to Red River basins, and has also been introduced outside its native range. It is known for its muddy flavor and boniness, hence, it is not commonly eaten by locals except when stewed.

<i>Argulus foliaceus</i> Species of crustacean

Argulus foliaceus, also known as the common fish louse, is a species of fish lice in the family Argulidae. It is "the most common and widespread native argulid in the Palaearctic" and "one of the most widespread crustacean ectoparasites of freshwater fish in the world", considering its distribution and range of hosts. It can cause the severe disease state argulosis in a wide variety of fish species. It is responsible for epizootic outbreaks that have led to the collapse of aquaculture operations. Fish lice are not related to lice, which are insects.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Ginbuna</span> Species of fish

The ginbuna, sometimes referred to as silver crucian carp or Japanese silver crucian carp, is a species of freshwater fish in the carp family. It is native to lakes and rivers in Japan.

References

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  29. 1 2 "Carp in Australian rivers | NSW Department of Primary Industries". www.dpi.nsw.gov.au. Archived from the original on 2021-11-28. Retrieved 2021-01-31.
  30. ↑ Wednesday, 9 August 2006 Judy SkatssoonABC (2006-08-09). "Mother of all Aussie carp may be German". www.abc.net.au. Retrieved 2021-01-31.{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: numeric names: authors list (link)
  31. 1 2 "Reducing Australia's carp invasion". CSIRO. Archived from the original on 2019-07-23. Retrieved 2019-07-23.
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  34. ↑ carp as fertilizer Archived 2007-01-25 at the Wayback Machine
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  36. ↑ Kelly, Margot (February 5, 2020). "Carp success, after long battle against invasive fish, has trout faithful rejoicing". ABC News. Retrieved June 6, 2020.
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  43. ↑ Cyprinus carpio (Linnaeus) Archived 2007-09-28 at the Wayback Machine on Living Landscapes, from the Royal British Columbia Museum
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