This article is about the city in Japan. For the prefecture with the same name where this city is located, see Fukuoka Prefecture. For other uses, see Fukuoka (disambiguation).
Fukuoka (Japanese:福岡市,Fukuoka-shi,[ɸɯ̥kɯokaꜜɕi]ⓘ) is the sixth-largest city in Japan and the capital city of Fukuoka Prefecture,Japan. The city is built along the shores of Hakata Bay,and has been a center of international commerce since ancient times. The area has long been considered the gateway to the country,as it is the nearest point among Japan's main islands to the Asian mainland. Although humans occupied the area since the Jomon period,some of the earliest settlers of the Yayoi period arrived in the Fukuoka area. The city rose to prominence during the Yamato period. Because of the cross-cultural exposure,and the relatively great distance from the social and political centers of Kyoto,Osaka,and later,Edo (Tokyo),Fukuoka gained a distinctive local culture and dialect that has persisted to the present.
Fukuoka is the most populous city on Kyūshū island,followed by Kitakyushu. It is the largest city and metropolitan area west of Keihanshin. The city was designated by government ordinance on April 1,1972. Greater Fukuoka,with a population of 2.5million people (2005 census),is part of the heavily industrialized Fukuoka–Kitakyushu zone.
As of 2015[update],Fukuoka is Japan's sixth largest city,having passed the population of Kobe.[2] In July 2011,Fukuoka surpassed the population of Kyoto. Since the founding of Kyoto in 794,this marks the first time that a city west of the Kansai region has had a larger population than Kyoto.
Exchanges from the continent and the Northern Kyushu area date as far back as Old Stone Age.[3] It has been thought that waves of immigrants arrived in Northern Kyushu from mainland Asia.[4] Several Kofun exist.
Fukuoka was sometimes called the Port of Dazaifu (大宰府),a reference to the town of Dazaifu 15km (9mi) southeast of Fukuoka. Dazaifu was an administrative capital in 663 A.D.,and it has been suggested that a prehistoric capital was in the area.[5] Ancient texts,such as the Kojiki,Kanyen (found in Dazaifu) and archaeology confirm this was a critical place in the founding of Japan. Some scholars[6] claim that it was the first place outsiders and the Imperial Family set foot,but like many early Japan origin theories,it remains contested. Central Fukuoka is sometimes still referred as Hakata which is the name of the central ward.
The Book of Song records that King Bu,thought to be the Emperor Yūryaku,sent a letter in 478 seeking the Chinese emperor's approval for the establishment of three ministries for administration of the kingdom similar to those in use in China;the remains of a ward office and temple in Ooho (大保),15km (9mi) south from Dazaifu,may be one of these ministries. In addition,remains of the Kōrokan (鴻臚館,Government Guest House) were found in Fukuoka underneath a part of the ruins of Fukuoka Castle.
There are several historically important Buddhist temples in Fukuoka. Monks would sail back to Japan from China upon completing their studies and establish temples in the heart of the port city of Hakata (now Fukuoka):Monk Eisai founded Shōfuku-ji which is known today as the oldest zen temple in Japan. Eisai is also known for establishing a new sect of Zen Buddhism (Rinzai) and for bringing tea and tea culture to Japan. Monk Kukai established Tocho-ji,and Joten-ji was built by Enni who is also known for bringing Udon noodles first from China to Japan.
Main Hall of Joten-ji
Hakata Gion Yamagata is the most famous festival in Fukuoka and the origin of it is believed to date back to 1241,when Enni,the founder of Jotenji temple had people carry him around the town on a platform while praying against the plague and eventually getting successfully rid of it.[8]
Kublai Khan of the Mongol Empire turned his attention towards Japan starting in 1268,exerting a new external pressure on Japan with which it had no experience. Kublai Khan first sent an envoy to Japan to make the Shogunate acknowledge Khan's suzerainty.[9] The Kamakura shogunate refused. Mongolia repeatedly sent envoys thereafter,each time urging the Shogunate to accept their proposal,but to no avail.
In 1274,Kublai Khan mounted an invasion of the northern part of Kyushu with a fleet of 900ships and 33,000troops,including troops from Goryeo on the Korean Peninsula.[10] This initial invasion was compromised by a combination of incompetence and severe storms. After the invasion attempt of 1274,Japanese samurai built a stone barrier 20km (12mi) in length bordering the coast of Hakata Bay in what is now the city of Fukuoka. The wall,2–3 metres in height and having a base width of 3 meters,was constructed between 1276 and 1277,and was excavated in the 1930s.
Kublai sent another envoy to Japan in 1279. At that time,HōjōTokimune of the Hōjōclan (1251–1284) was the Eighth Regent. Not only did he decline the offer,but he beheaded the five Mongolian emissaries after summoning them to Kamakura. Infuriated,Kublai organized another attack on Fukuoka Prefecture in 1281,mobilizing 140,000soldiers and 4,000ships. The Japanese defenders,numbering around 40,000,were no match for the Mongols and the invasion force made it as far as Dazaifu,15km (9mi) south of the city of Fukuoka. However,the Japanese were again aided by severe weather,this time by a typhoon that struck a crushing blow to the Mongolian troops,thwarting the invasion.[11]
It was this typhoon that came to be called the Kamikaze (Divine Wind),and was the origin of the term Kamikaze used to indicate suicide attacks by military aviators of the Empire of Japan against Allied naval vessels during World War II.[12]
Fukuoka was formerly the residence of the powerful daimyō of Chikuzen Province,and played an important part in the medieval history of Japan. The renowned temple of Tokugawa Ieyasu in the district was destroyed by fire during the Boshin War of 1868.
The modern city was formed on April 1,1889,with the merger of the former cities of Hakata and Fukuoka. Historically,Hakata was the port and merchant district,and was more associated with the area's culture and remains the main commercial area today. On the other hand,the Fukuoka area was home to many samurai,and its name has been used since Kuroda Nagamasa,the first daimyō of Chikuzen Province,named it after his birthplace in Okayama Prefecture[13] and the "old Fukuoka" is the main shopping district,now called Tenjin.[14]
When Hakata and Fukuoka decided to merge,a meeting was held to decide the name for the new city,and after multiple ties,Fukuoka ultimately was chosen.[15][16] However,Hakata is still used to refer to the Hakata area of the city and,most famously,to refer to the city's train station,Hakata Station,and dialect,Hakata-ben.
2005:Fukuoka subway Nanakuma Line started operations.
2014:Selected as the National Strategic Zone for "global startups &job creation" by Japanese government.[19]
Geography
Satellite photo of Fukuoka
Fukuoka is bordered on three sides by mountains,surrounds Hakata Bay and opens on the north to the Genkai Sea. It is located 1,100km (684mi) from Tokyo.
The nearest overseas region is Busan Metropolitan City in Gyeongsang-do,South Korea,and the distance from Busan is about 180km (112 miles). Fukuoka and Busan are sister cities.
Climate
Fukuoka has a humid subtropical climate (Köppen:Cfa),hot and humid summers,and relatively mild winters.[20] The city also sees on average about 1,600mm (63in) of precipitation per year,with a stretch of more intense precipitation between the months of June and September.
Along with much of the prefecture,Fukuoka City has a moderate climate with an annual average temperature of 16.3°C (61°F),average humidity of 70% and 1,811 annual sunshine hours. Roughly 40% of the year is cloudy.
Winter temperatures rarely drop below 0°C (32°F) and snow cover is rarely seen,though very light snow does fall on many days if not as consistently as on the Sea of Japan side of Honshu.[21] Spring is warm and sunnier,with cherry blossoms appearing in late March or early April. The rainy season (tsuyu) lasts for approximately six weeks through June and July,during which time the humidity is very high and temperatures hover between 25°C (77°F) and 30°C (86°F). Summers are humid and hot,with temperatures peaking around 37°C (99°F). Autumn,often considered to be Fukuoka's best season,is mild and dry,though the typhoon season runs between August and September.
Climate data for Fukuoka (1991−2020 normals,extremes 1890−present)
Fukuoka is not as seismically active as many other parts of Japan,but does experience occasional earthquakes. The most powerful recent earthquake registered a lower 6 of maximum 7 of the Japanese intensity scale and hit at 10:53am local time on March 20,2005,killing one person and injuring more than 400.[24] The epicentre of the earthquake was in the Genkai Sea along a yet-undiscovered extension of the Kego fault that runs through the centre of Fukuoka. Genkai island,a part of Nishi-ku,was the most severely damaged by the earthquake and almost all island residents were forced to evacuate. Aftershocks continued intermittently throughout the following weeks as construction crews worked to rebuild damaged buildings throughout the city. Traditional Japanese houses,particularly in the areas of Daimyo and Imaizumi,were the most heavily damaged and many were marked for demolition,along with several apartment buildings. Insurance payments for damages were estimated at 15.8billion yen.[25]
A similar quake,with an intensity of 5+,also occurred one month later on April 20,2005.
Fukuoka's major Kego fault runs northwest to southeast,roughly parallel to Nishitetsu's Ōmuta train line,and was previously thought to be 22km (14mi) long. It is estimated to produce earthquakes as strong as magnitude 7 at the focus approximately once every 15,000 years. If the focus were located at a depth of 10km (6mi),this would translate to an earthquake of a lower-6 magnitude (similar to the March 20,2005 earthquake) in downtown Fukuoka if it were the epicenter. The probability of an earthquake along the known length of the Kego fault occurring within 30 years was estimated at 0.4% prior to the March 20,2005 earthquake,but this probability has been revised upwards since. Including the new extension out into the Genkai Sea,the Kego fault is now thought to be 40km (25mi) long.
Following reports that the city has only prepared for earthquakes up to a magnitude of 6.5,several strong aftershocks renewed fears regarding the portion of the Kego fault that lies under the city,and the potential for an earthquake as big as,or bigger than,the March 20 quake.[26]
As of November 2018[update], the city had an estimated population of 1,581,527 and a population density of 4,515.64 inhabitants per square kilometre (11,695.5/sqmi).[27] The total area is 343.39 square kilometres (132.58sqmi). Fukuoka is Japan's youngest major city and has Japan's fastest growing population.[28] Between December 2012 and December 2017, the proportion of foreign-born residents increased faster than any other major city in Japan, including Tokyo.[29]
There were 171 homeless residents counted in 2018's annual survey, down from a high of 969 in 2009.[30]
As of March 2023, Fukuoka had a population of 1,632,713 with 770,276 males and 862,437 females.[31]
Fukuoka is the economic center of the Kyushu region, with an economy largely focused on the service sector. It is also the largest startup city in Japan, and is the only economic zone for startups.[32] They have various services for startups like startup visas, tax reductions, and free business consultations. Fukuoka has the highest business-opening rate in Japan.[33] Large companies headquartered in the city include Iwataya and Kyushu Electric Power. Fukuoka is also the home of many small firms playing a supportive role in the logistics, IT, and high-tech manufacturing sectors. Most of the region's heavy manufacturing takes place in the nearby city of Kitakyushu.
The GDP in Greater Fukuoka, Fukuoka Metropolitan Employment Area, was US$101.6billion in 2010.[34][35] Fukuoka is the primary economic center of the Fukuoka-Kitakyushu metropolitan area, which is the 4th largest economy in Japan. As of 2014, the area's PPP-adjusted GDP is estimated to be larger than those of metropolitan areas such as Melbourne, Kuala Lumpur, Lima, Vienna, Barcelona and Rome.[36]
Fukuoka has its own stock exchange, founded in 1949. It is one of six in Japan.[39]
Fukuoka is one of the most affordable cities in Japan.[40]
Culture
ACROS Fukuoka
Fukuoka was selected as one of Newsweek's 10 "Most Dynamic Cities" in its July 2006 issue.[41] It was chosen for its central Asian location, increasing tourism and trade, and a large increase in volume at its sea and airport. Fukuoka has a diverse culture and a wide range of cultural attractions.
In its July/August 2008 issue, Monocle selected Fukuoka as number 17 of the "Top 25 liveable cities".[42] It was chosen for excellent shopping, outstanding food, good transport links, good museums, "a feeling of openness in its sea air", green spaces and because it is friendly, safe, clean and close to the rest of East Asia.[43] The same survey in 2018 ranked Fukuoka at number 22.[44]
ACROS (Asian Cross Road Over the Sea) is a cultural center located at the Tenjin Central Park. Part of it is the Fukuoka Symphony Hall and it hosts several other cultural events in a green building.
The Fukuoka Asian Culture Prize was established to honor the outstanding work of individuals or organizations in Asia.
Fukuoka hosts more than 2 million foreign visitors annually, with the majority coming from neighboring South Korea, Taiwan and China.[45] From the early 2010s Hakata became the beneficiary of significant growth in cruise ship tourism; particularly with visitors from China. After expansion and redevelopment of the Hakata Port international passenger ship terminal, the number of cruise ship port calls in 2016 was expected to exceed 400.[46]
Nearly ten thousand international students attend universities in or near the Fukuoka prefecture each year.[47] Nearly 200 international conferences are held each year in Fukuoka.[48]
Fukuoka Castle, located adjacent to Ohori Park in Maizuru Park, features the remaining stone walls and ramparts[49] left after a devastating fire during the upheaval of the Meiji Restoration. It has now been preserved along with some reconstructed prefabricate concrete towers constructed during the 1950s and 1960s, when there was a trend across Japan to rebuild damaged castles as tourist attractions. Ōhori Park is also the location of one of Fukuoka City's major art galleries.
There are many temples with long histories including Tōchō-ji, Hakozaki Shrine, Kashii shrine, and Jōten-ji. The Buddhist Nanzoin temple is located in Sasaguri, just east of Fukuoka. It is claimed to be the largest statue of a reclining Buddha in the world. It has to be mentioned though that in Thailand there are three, and in Myanmar six reclining Buddha statues that are larger than the Sasaguri statue, one of them being 180 meters long as opposed to the 42 meters of the one in Fukuoka prefecture. It is possible though that the Sasaguri reclining Buddha is the largest plastic reclining Buddha statue in the world.
Sky Dream Fukuoka, in Fukuoka's western ward, was a Ferris wheel with a height of 120 meters and was closed in September 2009. The surrounding shopping center, Marinoa City Fukuoka, still attracts millions of visitors each year. Other shopping centers that attract tourists include Canal City, JR Hakata City, and Hakata Riverain.[50]
The Marine Park Uminonakamichi is located on a narrow cape on the northern side of the Bay of Hakata. The park has an amusement park, petting zoo, gardens, beaches, a hotel, and a large marine aquarium which opened in 1989.[51]
For tourists from other parts of Japan, local foods such as mentaiko, Hakata (tonkotsu) ramen, and motsunabe are associated with Fukuoka. Yatai (street stalls) serving ramen can be found in Tenjin and Nakasu most evenings.
Fukuoka Tower is near the beach in Seaside Momochi, a development built for the 1989 Asia-Pacific Exhibition. The older symbol of the city, Hakata Port Tower, is next to the international ferry terminal and is free to enter.
Itoshima, to the west of Fukuoka city, has recently become a very popular tourist destination. There are many beaches along the coast, notably Futamigaura beach, where there is a famous Shinto shrine in the ocean, and Keya beach, which hosts the annual Sunset Live festival every September. Inland, there is the Shingon Buddhist temple called Raizan Sennyoji, where there are many Buddhist statues and stunning autumn foliage.[52]
Genko Historical Museum (元寇史料館, Museum of the Mongol Invasion) – In Higashi Koen (Eastern Park); displays Japanese and Mongolian arms and armor from the 13th century as well as paintings on historical subjects. Open on weekends.
Hakata Machiya Folk Museum – Dedicated to displaying the traditional ways of life, speech, and culture of the Fukuoka region.
Yamakasa (山笠), held for two weeks each July,[54] is Fukuoka's oldest festival with a history of over 700 years. The festival dates back to 1241 when a priest called Shioichu Kokushi saved Hakata from a terrible plague by being carried around the city on a movable shrine and throwing water.[55][56] Teams of men (no women, except small girls, are allowed), representing different districts in the city, commemorate the priest's route by racing against the clock around a set course carrying on their shoulders floats weighing several thousand pounds. Participants all wear shimekomi (called fundoshi in other parts of Japan), which are traditional loincloths.
Each day of the two-week festival is marked by special events and practice runs, culminating in the official race that takes place the last morning before dawn. Tens of thousands line the streets to cheer on the teams. During the festival, men can be seen walking around many parts of Fukuoka in long happi coats bearing the distinctive mark of their team affiliation and traditional geta sandals. The costumes are worn with pride and are considered appropriate wear for even formal occasions, such as weddings and cocktail parties, during the festival.
The uniform used during the ceremonies and preparation
The uniform used during the competition
Hakata Dontaku
Hakata Dontaku (博多どんたく) is held in Fukuoka City on May 3 and 4. Boasting over 800 years of history, Dontaku is attended by more than 2 million people, making it the festival with the highest attendance during Japan's Golden Week holidays. During the festival, stages are erected throughout downtown for traditional performances and a parade of floats is held. The full name is Hakata Dontaku Minato Matsuri.[57]
The festival was stopped for seven years during the Meiji era. Since it was restarted in the 12th year of the Meiji era it has been known as Hakata Dontaku.
Music
Notable musical names in J-pop include Ayumi Hamasaki (allegedly Japan's richest woman), hugely popular singer-songwriter duo Chage & Aska, singer-songwriter Eri Nobuchika, Misia, and Yui. During the 1970s, local musicians prided themselves on their origins and dubbed their sound, Mentai Rock.
Fukuoka is the home of the Fukuoka SoftBank Hawks, one of Japan's top professional baseball teams. Threatened with bankruptcy and forced by its creditors to restructure, former owner Daiei sold the Hawks to Softbank Group in 2004. After the sale to Softbank, the Hawks have become one of the most successful teams in NPB, winning 6 Japan Series title in 8 years. Their home stadium is the Mizuho PayPay Dome Fukuoka.
The city established the Asian Pacific City Summit in 1994. It consists of 26 Asia-Pacific cities. The Asian Pacific Children's Convention was established in Fukuoka in 1988.[64]
↑ "UEA Code Tables". Center for Spatial Information Science, University of Tokyo. Archived from the original on January 9, 2019. Retrieved January 26, 2019.
↑ 地震保険について. Nongovernmental crisis Management & Regeneration Organization (NPO). Archived from the original on January 6, 2009. Retrieved November 9, 2009.".
↑ 国家戦略特区「福岡市 グローバル創業・雇用創出特区」(PDF). 国家戦略特区「福岡市 グローバル創業・雇用創出特区」. Fukuoka city government. June 2015. Archived(PDF) from the original on August 21, 2017. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
↑ 福岡特区通信. f-tokku.city.fukuoka.lg.jp (in Japanese). Archived from the original on January 23, 2018. Retrieved July 25, 2016.
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