Fulbright Program

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Fulbright Program
Fulbright Program.svg
Awarded forGrants for U.S. professors ("scholars"), graduating college seniors and graduate students ("students"), young professionals ("specialists"), and artists to research, study, or teach English abroad
Sponsored by Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs at the U.S. Department of State
EstablishedAugust 1946
(79 years ago)
 (1946-08)
Website fulbrightprogram.org

The Fulbright Program, including the Fulbright–Hays Program, is one of several United States cultural exchange programs with the goal of improving intercultural relations, cultural diplomacy, and intercultural competence between the people of the United States and other countries through the mutual exchange of persons, knowledge, and skills. The program was founded by United States Senator J. William Fulbright in 1946, and has been considered as one of the most prestigious scholarships in the United States. [1]

Contents

Via the program, competitively selected American citizens including students, scholars, teachers, professionals, scientists, and artists may receive scholarships or grants to study, conduct research, teach, or exercise their talents abroad; and citizens of other countries may qualify to do the same in the United States. The program provides approximately 8,000 grants annually, comprising roughly 1,600 grants to U.S. students, 1,200 to U.S. scholars, 4,000 to foreign students, 900 to foreign visiting scholars, and several hundred to teachers and professionals. [2]

The Fulbright Program is administered by cooperating organizations such as the Institute of International Education and operates in over 160 countries around the world. [3] The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs of the U.S. Department of State sponsors the Fulbright Program and receives funding from the United States Congress via annual appropriation bills. Additional direct and in-kind support comes from partner governments, foundations, corporations, and host institutions both in and outside the U.S. [4] In 49 countries, a bi-national Fulbright Commission administers and oversees the Fulbright Program. In countries that have an active program but no Fulbright Commission, the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. embassy oversees the Fulbright Program. More than 370,000 people have participated in the program since it began; 62 Fulbright alumni have been awarded a Nobel Prize; 88 have won Pulitzer Prizes. [5] [6]

History

J. William Fulbright, U.S. Senator (D-AR), the program's founder JWFulbright.jpg
J. William Fulbright, U.S. Senator (D-AR), the program's founder

Founding

The Fulbright Program's mission is to bring a little more knowledge, a little more reason, and a little more compassion into world affairs and thereby increase the chance that nations will learn at last to live in peace and friendship. [7]

Senator J. William Fulbright

In 1945, Senator J. William Fulbright proposed a bill to use the proceeds from selling surplus U.S. government war property to fund international exchange between the U.S. and other countries. With the crucial timing of the aftermath of the Second World War and with the pressing establishment of the United Nations, the Fulbright Program was an attempt to promote peace and understanding through educational exchange. The bill devised a plan to forgo the debts foreign countries amassed during the war in return for funding an international educational program. [8] A detailed proposal was first considered by the State Department on 1 March 1946. [9] It was through the belief that this program would be an essential vehicle to promote peace and mutual understanding between individuals, institutions and future leaders wherever they may be. [10]

In August 1946, Congress created the Fulbright Program in what became the largest education exchange program in history. The program was expanded by the Mutual Educational and Cultural Exchange Act of 1961, introduced by Representative Wayne Hays and known as Fulbright–Hays Act. It made possible participation in international fairs and expositions, including trade and industrial fairs; translations; funding for American studies programs; funds to promote medical, scientific, cultural, and educational research and development; and modern foreign language training. [11]

The program operates on a bi-national basis; each country has entered into an agreement with the U.S. government. The first countries to sign agreements were China in 1947 and Burma, the Philippines, and Greece in 1948. [10]

Originally, the program was administered by the Council for International Exchange of Scholars, but in 1996 these responsibilities were transferred to the Institute of International Education. [12]

21st century

In March 2024, the Russian government declared the Institute of International Education (IIE) and Cultural Vistas as "undesirable" in Russia. [13] This decision effectively ended the Fulbright Program, which had been established in the USSR during the 1973–74 academic year. [14]

In February 2025, the Trump administration initiated a funding freeze on State Department programs, including the Fulbright Program, disrupting financial support for thousands of scholars. [15]  The suspension impacted over 19,000 participants. [16]

2025 board resignations and political interference

On June 11, 2025, eleven of the twelve members of the J. William Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board resigned in protest, citing what they described as "unlawful" political interference by the Trump administration. [17] The board, which provides oversight for the international Fulbright exchange program, alleged that political appointees at the U.S. Department of State blocked or delayed awards for the 2025–26 academic year and subjected more than 1,200 foreign finalists to unauthorized ideological screening. The board’s open letter stated that review criteria were improperly influenced by applicants’ positions on topics such as climate change, race, and gender. [18] [19] [20]

The resignations prompted concern from higher education leaders and U.S. lawmakers. Senator Jeanne Shaheen stated that the alleged interference “politicizes one of our most respected international education programs” and could harm the U.S.'s global academic credibility. [18] [21]

Program

Countries with active bilateral Fulbright Student and Fulbright Scholar programs with the US (as of 2020
). Light shading indicates countries with just Fulbright Scholar programs. (Mainland China and Hong Kong Fulbright programs were terminated by means of presidential executive order on July 13, 2020)
.mw-parser-output .legend{page-break-inside:avoid;break-inside:avoid-column}.mw-parser-output .legend-color{display:inline-block;min-width:1.25em;height:1.25em;line-height:1.25;margin:1px 0;text-align:center;border:1px solid black;background-color:transparent;color:black}.mw-parser-output .legend-text{}
East Asia and the Pacific
Europe and Eurasia
Middle East and North Africa
South and Central Asia
Sub-Saharan Africa
Western Hemisphere Countries with operating Fulbright programs, Mar 2020.svg
Countries with active bilateral Fulbright Student and Fulbright Scholar programs with the US (as of 2020). Light shading indicates countries with just Fulbright Scholar programs. (Mainland China and Hong Kong Fulbright programs were terminated by means of presidential executive order on July 13, 2020)
  East Asia and the Pacific
  Europe and Eurasia
  Middle East and North Africa
  South and Central Asia
  Sub-Saharan Africa
  Western Hemisphere

Educational exchange can turn nations into people, contributing as no other form of communication can to the humanizing of international relations. [25]

Senator J. William Fulbright

The Fulbright Program exchanges scholars and students with numerous countries in bilateral partnerships managed by commissions for each country. It provides funding for U.S. persons to visit other countries in the U.S. Student Program, U.S. Scholar Program, Teacher Exchange Program, and others, and enables foreign nationals to visit the United States in programs such as the Foreign Student Program, Visiting Scholar Program, Teacher Exchange Program.

Candidates recommended for Fulbright grants have high academic achievement, a compelling project proposal or statement of purpose, demonstrated leadership potential, and flexibility and adaptability to interact successfully with the host community.

Fulbright grants are awarded in almost all academic disciplines, except clinical medical research involving patient contact. Fulbright grantees' fields of study span the fine arts, humanities, social sciences, mathematics, natural and physical sciences, and professional and applied sciences. [26]

Student grants

Top 10 producersScholars (all-time)Scholars (since 2005)
Harvard University 1,450410
Yale University 1,208372
University of California, Berkeley 1,002306
Columbia University 1,001327
University of Michigan 939450
Princeton University 896299
Stanford University 809289
University of Wisconsin–Madison 805225
University of Chicago 769354
Brown University 716391

    Scholar grants

    Teacher grants

    The Fulbright Teacher Exchange Program supports one-to-one exchanges of teachers from K–12 schools and a small number of post-secondary institutions.

    The Distinguished Fulbright Awards in Teaching Program sends teachers abroad for a semester to pursue individual projects, conduct research, and lead master classes or seminars. [30]

    Grants for professionals

    The Hubert H. Humphrey Program brings outstanding mid-career professionals from the developing world and societies in transition to the United States for one year. Fellows participate in a non-degree program of academic study and gain professional experience.

    The Fulbright U.S. Scholar Program sends American scholars and professionals abroad to lecture or conduct research for up to a year.

    The Fulbright Specialist Program sends U.S. faculty and professionals to serve as expert consultants on curriculum, faculty development, institutional planning, and related subjects at overseas academic institutions for a period of two to six weeks.

    The Fulbright U.S. Student Program offers fellowships for U.S. graduating seniors, graduate students, young professionals and artists to study abroad for one academic year. The program also includes an English Teaching Assistant component.

    The Fulbright Foreign Student Program enables graduate students, young professionals and artists from abroad to conduct research and study in the United States. Some scholarships are renewed after the initial year of study. [30]

    Fulbright–Hays Program

    The Fulbright–Hays Program is a component of the Fulbright Program funded by a congressional appropriation to the United States Department of Education. It awards grants to individual U.S. K through 14 pre-teachers, teachers and administrators, pre-doctoral students, and post-doctoral faculty, as well as to U.S. institutions and organizations. Funding supports research and training efforts overseas, which focus on non-western foreign languages and area studies. [31] [32] Four Fulbright–Hays grants currently make awards: Fulbright-Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad, Fulbright–Hays Faculty Research Abroad, Fulbright–Hays Group Projects Abroad and Fulbright–Hays Seminars Abroad. [32]

    Fulbright–Hays Doctoral Dissertation Research Abroad fellowships provide grants to U.S. colleges and universities to fund individual doctoral students who conduct research in other countries, in modern foreign languages and area studies for periods of 6–12 months. [33] Fulbright–Hays Faculty Research Abroad fellowships provide grants to U.S. colleges and universities to fund individual faculty who conduct research in other countries, in modern foreign languages and area studies for periods of 3–12 months. [34] Fulbright–Hays Group Projects Abroad provides grants to support overseas projects in training, research, and curriculum development in modern foreign languages and area studies for teachers, students, and faculty engaged in a common endeavor, including short-term seminars, curriculum development, group research or study, or advanced intensive language programs. [35] Fulbright–Hays Seminars Abroad provides individual U.S. educators and administrators opportunities to go abroad as part of a group in the summer to participate in immersive educational and cultural activities and thereby improve their understanding of the peoples and cultures of other countries. Based on their seminar experiences, participants develop cross-cultural curricula for their home educational contexts. [36]

    Administration

    The program is coordinated by the Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs (ECA) of the U.S. Department of State under policy guidelines established by the Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board (FSB), with the help of 50 bi-national Fulbright commissions, U.S. embassies, and cooperating organizations in the U.S. [4]

    The United States Department of State is responsible for managing, coordinating and overseeing the Fulbright program. Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs is the bureau in the Department of State that has primary responsibility for the administration of the program.

    The United States Department of Education is responsible for managing, coordinating and overseeing the Fulbright–Hays program. [32]

    The Fulbright Foreign Scholarship Board is a twelve-member board of educational and public leaders appointed by the president of the United States that determines general policy and direction for the Fulbright Program and approves all candidates nominated for Fulbright Scholarships. [37]

    Bi-national Fulbright commissions and foundations, most of which are funded jointly by the U.S. and partner governments, develop priorities for the program, including the numbers and categories of grants. More specifically, they plan and implement educational exchanges, recruit and nominate candidates for fellowships; designate qualified local educational institutions to host Fulbrighters; fundraise; engage alumni; support incoming U.S. Fulbrighters; and, in many countries, operate an information service for the public on educational opportunities in the United States. [38]

    In a country active in the program without a Fulbright commission, the Public Affairs Section of the U.S. Embassy administers the Fulbright Program, including recruiting and nominating candidates for grants to the U.S., overseeing U.S. Fulbrighters on their grant in the country, and engaging alumni.

    Established in 1919 in the aftermath of World War I, the Institute of International Education was created to catalyze educational exchange. In 1946, the U.S. Department of State invited IIE to administer the graduate student component and CIES[ clarification needed ] to administer the faculty component of the Fulbright Program—IIE's largest program to date. [39]

    AMIDEAST administers Fulbright Foreign Student grants for grantees from the Middle East and North Africa, excluding Israel.

    LASPAU: Affiliated with Harvard University [40] LASPAU brings together a valuable network of individuals, institutions, leaders and organizations devoted to building knowledge-based societies across the Americas. Among other functions, LASPAU administers the Junior Faculty Development Program, a part of the Fulbright Foreign Student Program, for grantees from Central and South America and the Caribbean.

    World Learning administers the Fulbright Specialist Program. [41]

    American Councils for International Education (ACTR/ACCELS) administers the Junior Faculty Development Program (JFDP), a special academic exchange for grantees from the Caucasus, Central Asia, and Southeast Europe.

    The Academy for Educational Development administers the Fulbright Classroom Teacher Exchange Program and the Distinguished Fulbright Awards in Teaching Program.

    The Fulbright Association is an organization independent of the Fulbright Program and not associated with the U.S. Department of State. The Fulbright Association was established on February 27, 1977, as a private nonprofit, membership organization with over 9,000 members. Arthur Power Dudden was its founding president. He wanted alumni to educate members of the U.S. Congress and the public about the benefits of advancing increased mutual understanding between the people of the United States and those of other countries. In addition to the Fulbright Association in the U.S., independent Fulbright Alumni associations exist in over 75 countries around the world.

    The Fulbright Academy is an organization independent of the Fulbright Program and not associated with the U.S. Department of State. A non-partisan, non-profit organization with members worldwide, the Fulbright Academy focuses on the professional advancement and collaboration needs among the 100,000+ Fulbright alumni in science, technology, and related fields. The Fulbright Academy works with individual and institutional members, Fulbright alumni associations and other organizations interested in leveraging the unique knowledge and skills of Fulbright alumni.

    Bilateral commissions

    The Fulbright Program has commissions in 49 of the over 160 countries with which it has bilateral partnerships. These foundations are funded jointly by the U.S. and partner governments. The role of the Fulbright Commissions is to plan and implement educational exchanges; recruit and nominate candidates, both domestic and foreign, for fellowships; designate qualified local educational institutions to host Fulbrighters; and support incoming U.S. Fulbrighters while engaging with alumni. [42] Below is a list of current commissions.

    RegionCountryCommission
    East Asia and the PacificAustraliaThe Australian-American Fulbright Commission
    IndonesiaAmerican-Indonesian Exchange Foundation
    JapanJapan-United States Educational Commission
    KoreaKorean-American Educational Commission
    MalaysiaMalaysian-American Commission on Educational Exchange
    New ZealandNew Zealand-United States Educational Foundation
    The PhilippinesPhilippine-American Educational Foundation
    TaiwanFoundation for Scholarly Exchange
    ThailandThailand-U.S. Educational Foundation
    Europe and EurasiaAustria Austrian-American Educational Commission
    Belgium Commission for Educational Exchange Between the United States, Belgium and Luxembourg
    BulgariaBulgarian-American Commission for Educational Exchange
    Czech RepublicJ. William Fulbright Commission for Educational Exchange in the Czech Republic
    DenmarkFulbright Denmark
    FinlandFulbright Finland Foundation
    France Franco-American Commission for Educational Exchange
    GeorgiaFulbright Georgia
    GermanyGerman-American Fulbright Commission
    GreeceU.S. Educational Foundation in Greece
    HungaryHungarian-American Commission for Educational Exchange
    Iceland Iceland-United States Educational Commission
    IrelandThe Ireland-United States Commission for Educational Exchange
    Italy The U.S.-Italy Fulbright Commission
    NetherlandsFulbright Commission the Netherlands
    NorwayU.S.-Norway Fulbright Foundation for Educational Exchange
    PolandPolish-U.S. Fulbright Commission
    PortugalCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States of America and Portugal
    RomaniaRomanian-U.S. Fulbright Commission
    Slovakia J. William Fulbright Commission for Educational Exchange in the Slovak Republic
    SpainCommission for Cultural, Educational and Scientific Exchange Between the United States of America and Spain
    SwedenCommission for Educational Exchange between the United States and Sweden
    TurkeyCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States of America and Turkey
    United Kingdom The United States-United Kingdom Fulbright Commission
    Middle East and North AfricaEgyptThe Binational Fulbright Commission in Egypt
    IsraelU.S.-Israel Educational Foundation (USIEF)
    JordanJordanian-American Commission for Educational Exchange (JACEE)
    Morocco Moroccan-American Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange
    South and Central AsiaIndia United States-India Educational Foundation
    NepalCommission for Educational Exchange between the United States and Nepal (USEF/Nepal)
    PakistanUnited States Educational Foundation in Pakistan
    Sri LankaUnited States-Sri Lanka Fulbright Commission
    Western HemisphereArgentinaCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States and the Argentine Republic
    BrazilCommission for Educational Exchange between the United States of America and Brazil
    CanadaFoundation for Educational Exchange Between Canada and the United States of America
    ChileCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States of America and Chile
    ColombiaCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States of America and Colombia
    EcuadorCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States of America and Ecuador
    MexicoMexico-United States Commission for Educational and Cultural Exchange
    PeruCommission for Educational Exchange Between the United States and Peru
    UruguayFulbright Uruguay

    J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding

    The J. William Fulbright Prize for International Understanding is awarded by the Fulbright Association to recognize individuals or organisations which have made extraordinary contributions toward bringing peoples, cultures, or nations to greater understanding of others. Established in 1993, the prize was first awarded to Nelson Mandela.

    PersonYearCountry
    Nelson Mandela 1993South Africa
    Jimmy Carter 1994United States
    Franz Vranitzky 1995Austria
    Corazon Aquino 1996Philippines
    Václav Havel 1997Czech Republic
    Patricio Aylwin 1998Chile
    Mary Robinson 1999Ireland
    Martti Ahtisaari 2000Finland
    Kofi Annan 2001Ghana
    Sadako Ogata 2002Japan
    Fernando Henrique Cardoso 2003Brazil
    Colin Powell 2004United States
    Bill Clinton 2006United States
    Desmond Tutu 2008South Africa
    Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation 2010United States
    Médecins Sans Frontières 2012France
    Hans Blix 2014Sweden
    Richard Lugar 2016United States
    Angela Merkel 2018Germany
    Bono 2021Ireland
    Kizzmekia Corbett, Anthony Fauci 2022United States
    Gary White, Matt Damon 2024United States
    Christiane Amanpour 2025United Kingdom

    Notable alumni

    Fulbright alumni have occupied key roles in government, academia, and industry. Of the more than 325,000 alumni:

    List of selected group of notable Fulbright grant recipients

    See also

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    Directories of past grantees