Goeldi's marmoset

Last updated

Goeldi's marmoset [1] [2]
Springtamarin (Callimico goeldii).jpg
CITES Appendix I (CITES) [4]
Scientific classification OOjs UI icon edit-ltr.svg
Domain: Eukaryota
Kingdom: Animalia
Phylum: Chordata
Class: Mammalia
Order: Primates
Suborder: Haplorhini
Infraorder: Simiiformes
Family: Callitrichidae
Genus: Callimico
Miranda-Ribeiro, 1922
Species:
C. goeldii
Binomial name
Callimico goeldii
Thomas, 1904
Callimico goeldii distribution.svg
Geographic range
Synonyms
  • snethlageriMiranda-Ribeiro, 1912

The Goeldi's marmoset or Goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii) is a small, South American New World monkey that lives in the upper Amazon basin region of Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia, and Peru. It is the only species classified in the genus Callimico, and the monkeys are sometimes referred to as "callimicos". [5] The species takes its name from its discoverer, Swiss-Brazilian naturalist Emil August Goeldi. [6]

Contents

Goeldi's marmosets are blackish or blackish-brown in color and the hair on their head and tail sometimes has red, white, or silverly brown highlights. [7] Their bodies are about 8–9 inches (20–23 cm) long, and their tails are about 10–12 inches (25–30 cm) long. They weigh about 0.4835 kg in captivity and 0.500 kg in the wild. Their digits have claw like nails except for the hallux, which serve for clinging, scansorial travel, and to extract food from trees. [8] [5] [9]

Taxonomy and evolution

Goeldi's marmoset was first described in 1904, making Callimico one of the more recent monkey genera to be described. [1] In older classification schemes it was sometimes placed in its own family Callimiconidae [10] and sometimes, along with the marmosets and tamarins, in the subfamily Callitrichinae in the family Cebidae. [1] More recently, Callitrichinae has been (re-)elevated to family status as Callitrichidae. [3] [2]

Molecular phylogenetics shows that C. goeldii evolved from an ancestral callitrichine and shares this origin with marmosets making them sister taxa. One evolutionary argument to account for their differences, states that C. goeldii conserves primitive traits such as single births and a third molar lost in many marmosets. Alternatively, another evolutionary argument indicates that Callimicos came from a two-molar marmoset and reintroduced the remote traits, which in either case selectively give them the ability to access to different resources and occupy different niches. [11] [5] [12] Similarities in delayed embryonic development and secondary limb-bone ossification between C. goeldii and marmosets are evidence of their close evolutionary relationship. [13]

Reproduction

Females reach sexual maturity at 8.5 months, males at 16.5 months. The gestation period lasts from 144 to 159 days. Callimicos studied in captivity in North America and Europe for near 40 years have shown to produce on average 3.5 offspring during their lifetime. However, 30% of the females and 45% of the males observed in these settings never reproduced. [14]

Unlike other New World monkeys, they have the capacity to give birth twice a year. [14] Biannual births occur regularly in captivity and less consistently in the wild and are attributed to postpartum estrus that allows the female to be ready to reproduce soon after parturition. The availability of fungus -an important food source for C. goeldii- throughout the year also contributes to these multiple births. [15] [13]

The mother carries a single baby monkey per pregnancy, whereas most other species in the family Callitrichidae usually give birth to twins. These singleton births provide the offspring with longer maternal care and weaning delay that results in faster growth rates and in turn earlier sexual maturity than the other marmosets. [13] [15]

Infant care

For the first 2–3 weeks the mother acts as the primary caregiver after which the father and the helpers, who are often the siblings, share many of the responsibilities. [16] However, mothers in the wild have been observed giving their babies to other members of the troop as early as 10 days after parturition, which is late for other marmosets. [15]

At birth, Callimicos offspring weigh 10% the weight of their mother's whereas the twinning marmosets weight double that amount, which explains the delay in allocare in C. goeldii since it is not as crucial as it is for its counterparts. Cooperative care in callitrichines is therefore necessary to help mothers recover from gestation, parturition, and lactation as well as to share the energetic cost of carrying the infant among the helpers and the father. [15]

Caregivers must also provide food to the infants when they turn 4 weeks of age. The task of food provisioning includes tolerance to food robbing since infants are at a stage of learning how to forage by themselves. [15] Also at week 4, mothers stop nursing in the wild, but that behaviour is believed to be influenced by the presence of the observers and therefore, it is suspected that nursing resumes when humans are not present. Whereas C. goeldii in captivity, nursing extends until the infant is 8–15 weeks old. [13] Thus, the offspring will be weaned when it becomes about 63 days of age. [14] There is no difference between male and female helpers on the amount of involvement on infant care. Even juvenile C. goeldii participate as active caregivers. [16]

Infants are carried entirely during the first month and 63% of the time on the next month. They do not leave their guardian side until they become 2.5 months of age and around 3 months old, they are rarely carried, [15] [16] but locomotive independence comes more forcibly than voluntarily. [13] Females outnumber males by 2 to 1. [7] The life expectancy in captivity is about 10 years.

Development

From birth to about 18 months old, callimicos grow faster than other marmosets in part because the energy they would otherwise invest on thermal regulation and activity costs if they were not carried by their mothers is instead directed to growth. Likewise, a longer lactation period is also responsible for a faster development. Growth rate and weight gain is similar in both male and female infants and juveniles. [13]

Distribution and habitat

Callimicos’ geographic distribution extends from the Colombian Amazon in the Rio Caquetá to the Peruvian Amazon down to the western Brazilian Amazon and into the Pando department of northwestern Bolivia. Its presence on the Ecuadorian Amazon has yet to be confirmed. [17] The distribution of this species is patchy, and its density seems to be dependent on its polyspecific associations with tamarins. [18]

Sightings of callimicos have been made at the base of the Cordillera Oriental of the Andes in Colombia in the Department of Putumayo along the Putumayo and Caquetá rivers. [17]

In Peru, to the north of the country, they occur in the Pucacuro National Reserve close to the Tigre River, where they are known as Chichi by residents in the area. To the south, they are found at the Centro de Investigación y Capacitación Río Los Amigos (CICRA), the Manu National Park, and the Concesión de Conservación Rodal Semillero Tahuamanu (CCRST), as well as at areas adjacent to the two later ones. Callimicos were also spotted near the Yurua River and Sierra del Divisor in groups of 3 to 12 individuals each. [6]

Some of the records were obtained by trapping from the 70s through the early 2010s and on one of those occasions, the group was brought for breeding at the Centro de Conservación y Reprodución de Primates in Iquitos. Provisioning in stationary sites and playbacks that mimicked their vocalizations and that of tamarines with whom they associate were also employed to attract them. [6]

In Brazil, they occur in the south-west Amazon of the state of Acre in Brazil, over the Serra do Divisor south near Juruá river, into the Gregório river at the state of Amazonas, to the Laco river, further south to the upper Purús and in the Madeira basin near the Abunã river in the state of Rondônia. [17] High densities of this species have been recorded in the Pando department in Bolivia. [6]

Goeldi's marmosets prefer to forage in dense scrubby undergrowth; perhaps because of this, they are rare, with groups living in separate patches of suitable habitat, separated by miles of unsuitable flora. In the wet season, their diet includes fruit, insects, spiders, lizards, frogs, and snakes. In the dry season, they feed on fungi, the only tropical primates known to depend on this source of food. They live in small social groups (approximately six individuals) that stay within a few feet of one another most of the time, staying in contact via high-pitched calls. They are also known to form polyspecific groups with tamarins such as the white-lipped tamarin and brown-mantled tamarin. [19] This is perhaps because Goeldi's marmosets are not known to have the X-linked polymorphism which enables some individuals of other New World monkey species to see in full tri-chromatic vision. [20]

Related Research Articles

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Callitrichidae</span> Family of New World monkeys

The Callitrichidae are a family of New World monkeys, including marmosets, tamarins, and lion tamarins. At times, this group of animals has been regarded as a subfamily, called the Callitrichinae, of the family Cebidae.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Marmoset</span> Genus of mammals (monkeys)

The marmosets, also known as zaris or sagoin, are twenty-two New World monkey species of the genera Callithrix, Cebuella, Callibella, and Mico. All four genera are part of the biological family Callitrichidae. The term "marmoset" is also used in reference to Goeldi's marmoset, Callimico goeldii, which is closely related.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pied tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The pied tamarin, sometimes referred to as the Brazilian bare-faced tamarin, is a critically endangered species of primate found in a restricted area of the Brazilian Amazon Rainforest. It was named the mascot of Manaus, Brazil in 2005. The species is endangered due to the increasing size of the city of Manaus which is encroaching on their native habitat.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Geoffroy's tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

Geoffroy's tamarin, also known as the Panamanian, red-crested or rufous-naped tamarin, is a tamarin, a type of small monkey, found in Panama and Colombia. It is predominantly black and white, with a reddish nape. Diurnal, Geoffroy's tamarin spends most of its time in trees, but does come down to the ground occasionally. It lives in groups that most often number between three and five individuals, and generally include one or more adults of each sex. It eats a variety of foods, including insects, plant exudates, fruits and other plant parts. Insects and fruits account for the majority of its diet, but exudates are also important. But since its teeth are not adapted for gouging trees to get to the sap, it can only eat exudates when they are easily available.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Pygmy marmoset</span> Genus of monkey

Pygmy marmosets are two species of small New World monkeys in the genus Cebuella. They are native to rainforests of the western Amazon Basin in South America. These primates are notable for being the smallest monkeys in the world, at just over 100 g (3.5 oz). They are generally found in evergreen and river-edge forests and are gum-feeding specialists, or gummivores.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-tailed marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The black-tailed marmoset is a species of New World monkey from central South America, where it ranges from the south-central Amazon in Brazil, south through the Pantanal and eastern Bolivia, to the Chaco in far northern Paraguay. It is the southernmost member of the genus Mico and the only species where most of its range is outside the Amazon.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Buffy-tufted marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The buffy-tufted marmoset, also known as the buffy tufted-ear marmoset or white-eared marmoset, is a New World monkey that lives in the forests on the Atlantic coast of southeast Brazil. Of all the marmosets, it has the southernmost range.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Common marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The common marmoset, also called white-tufted marmoset or white-tufted-ear marmoset, is a New World monkey. It originally lived on the northeastern coast of Brazil, in the states of Piaui, Paraiba, Ceará, Rio Grande do Norte, Pernambuco, Alagoas, and Bahia. Through release of captive individuals, it has expanded its range since the 1920s to Southeast Brazil, where it became an invasive species, raising concerns about genetic pollution of similar species, such as the buffy-tufted marmoset, and predation upon bird nestlings and eggs.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Cotton-top tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The cotton-top tamarin is a small New World monkey weighing less than 0.5 kg (1.1 lb). This New World monkey can live up to 24 years, but most of them die by 13 years. One of the smallest primates, the cotton-top tamarin is easily recognized by the long, white sagittal crest extending from its forehead to its shoulders. The species is found in tropical forest edges and secondary forests in northwestern Colombia, where it is arboreal and diurnal. Its diet includes insects and plant exudates, and it is an important seed disperser in the tropical ecosystem.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Emperor tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The emperor tamarin is a species of tamarin monkey allegedly named for its resemblance to the German emperor Wilhelm II. It lives in the north Brazilian states of Acre and Amazonas and the southwest Amazon Basin, in east Peru, north Bolivia.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The black-mantled tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis, is a species of saddle-back tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in far western Brazil, southeastern Colombia, north-eastern Peru and eastern Ecuador.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Black tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The black tamarin or western black-handed tamarin is a species of tamarin endemic to Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Brown-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The brown-mantled tamarin, also known as Spix's saddle-back tamarin, is a species of saddle-back tamarin. This New World monkey is found in the Southern American countries of Bolivia, Brazil and Peru. This omnivorous member of the Callitrichidae family is usually found in smaller groups ranging between 4 and 15 individuals. This species communicates vocally and largely rely their olfactory system. The brown-mantled tamarin is considered as a species of Least Concern by the International Union for Conservation of Nature, despite a decreasing population and being threatened by poaching, habitat loss and capture for the illegal pet trade.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Golden-mantled tamarin</span> Species of New World monkey

The golden-mantled tamarin is a tamarin species from South America. It is found in Ecuador and Peru, specifically in the upper Amazon (lowland), east of the Andes in Ecuador, and Northeast Peru; between the Rio Curaray and Rio Napo in Peru.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Graells's tamarin</span> Subspecies of New World monkey

Graells's tamarin, Leontocebus nigricollis graellsi, is a subspecies of the black-mantled tamarin from the northwestern Amazon in southeastern Colombia, eastern Ecuador and northeastern Peru. It differs from other black-mantled tamarins in having a dull olive-brown lower back, rump and thighs. However, molecular genetic analysis does not support treating Graell's tamarin as a separate species from the black-mantled tamarin.

<i>Mico</i> (genus) Genus of New World monkeys

Mico is a genus of New World monkeys of the family Callitrichidae, the family containing marmosets and tamarins. The genus was formerly considered a subgenus of the genus Callithrix.

Micodon is an extinct genus of New World monkeys from the Middle Miocene. Its remains have been found at the Konzentrat-Lagerstätte of La Venta in the Honda Group of Colombia. The type species is M. kiotensis, a very small monkey among the New World species.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Lesson's saddle-back tamarin</span> Species of tamarin

Lesson's saddle-back tamarin is a species of saddle-back tamarin, a type of small monkey from South America. Lesson's saddle-back tamarin was formerly considered to be a subspecies of the brown-mantled tamarin, L. fuscicollis. Genetic analysis showed it to be more closely related to the black-mantled tamarin than to the brown-mantled tamarin. Its type locality is in Colombia, in Plaines de Mocoa, Putumayo, between the Rio Putumayo and Rio Caqueta. It also lives in Brazil.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Western pygmy marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The western pygmy marmoset is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey found in the northwestern Amazon rainforest in Brazil, Colombia, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar eastern pygmy marmoset, which has whitish underparts. Although the western pygmy marmoset occurs further west than the eastern pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the Amazon River and Marañón River, with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south.

<span class="mw-page-title-main">Eastern pygmy marmoset</span> Species of New World monkey

The eastern pygmy marmoset is a marmoset species, a very small New World monkey, found in the southwestern Amazon Rainforest in Bolivia, Brazil, Ecuador, and Peru. It was formerly regarded as conspecific with the similar western pygmy marmoset, but the eastern pygmy marmoset has whitish colored underparts. Although the eastern pygmy marmoset occurs further east than the western pygmy marmoset, the primary separators of their ranges are the Amazon River and Maranon River, with the western occurring to the north of them and the eastern to the south. The species has recently been confirmed by DNA testing to exist in Ecuador, hundreds of kilometers north of the Maranon River.

References

  1. 1 2 3 Groves, C. P. (2005). Wilson, D. E.; Reeder, D. M. (eds.). Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference (3rd ed.). Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press. p. 129. ISBN   0-801-88221-4. OCLC   62265494.
  2. 1 2 Rylands AB, Mittermeier RA (2009). "The Diversity of the New World Primates (Platyrrhini)". In Garber PA, Estrada A, Bicca-Marques JC, Heymann EW, Strier KB (eds.). South American Primates: Comparative Perspectives in the Study of Behavior, Ecology, and Conservation. Springer. pp. 23–54. ISBN   978-0-387-78704-6.
  3. 1 2 Palacios, E.; Wallace, R.B.; Mollinedo, J.M.; Heymann, E.W.; Shanee, S.; Calouro, A.M.; del Valle, E.; Mittermeier, R.A. (2021). "Callimico goeldii". IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . 2021: e.T3564A191700340. doi: 10.2305/IUCN.UK.2021-1.RLTS.T3564A191700340.en . Retrieved 12 November 2021.
  4. ↑ "Appendices | CITES". cites.org. Retrieved 2022-01-14.
  5. 1 2 3 Porter, Leila M.; Garber, Paul A. (2004-06-07). "Goeldi's monkeys: A primate paradox?". Evolutionary Anthropology: Issues, News, and Reviews. 13 (3): 104–115. doi:10.1002/evan.20012. S2CID   85153716.
  6. 1 2 3 4 Watsa, Mrinalini; Erkenswick, Gideon A.; Rehg, Jennifer A.; Leite Pitman, Renata (2012-12-01). "Distribution and New Sightings of Goeldi's Monkey (Callimico goeldii) in Amazonian Perú". International Journal of Primatology. 33 (6): 1477–1502. doi:10.1007/s10764-012-9632-1. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   9781001.
  7. 1 2 Falk, Dean (2000). Primate Diversity. W.W. Norton and Company, ISBN   0-393-97428-6.
  8. ↑ Smith, Richard J.; Jungers, William L. (1997-06-01). "Body mass in comparative primatology". Journal of Human Evolution. 32 (6): 540. doi:10.1006/jhev.1996.0122. ISSN   0047-2484. PMID   9210017.
  9. ↑ Garber, P. A.; Blomquist, G. E.; Anzenberger, G. (2005-02-01). "Kinematic Analysis of Trunk-to-trunk Leaping in Callimico goeldii". International Journal of Primatology. 26 (1): 259 and 61. doi:10.1007/s10764-005-0732-z. ISSN   1573-8604. S2CID   22272919.
  10. ↑ Ankel-Simons, Friderun (2007). "Chromosomes and Blood Groups". Primate Anatomy (3rd ed.). Burlington: Academic Press. pp. 533–559. doi:10.1016/b978-012372576-9/50014-0. ISBN   978-0-12-372576-9.
  11. ↑ Porter, Leila M.; Sterr, Sarah M.; Garber, Paul A. (2007-11-13). "Habitat Use and Ranging Behavior of Callimico goeldii". International Journal of Primatology. 28 (5): 1036. doi:10.1007/s10764-007-9205-x. ISSN   0164-0291. S2CID   1158631.
  12. ↑ Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2020). New World monkeys : the evolutionary odyssey. Princeton. ISBN   978-0-691-18951-2. OCLC   1139015690.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  13. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Ross, Abigail C.; Porter, Leila M.; Power, Michael L.; Sodaro, Vince (2010-10-01). "Maternal care and infant development in Callimico goeldii and Callithrix jacchus". Primates. 51 (4): 316. doi:10.1007/s10329-010-0196-4. ISSN   1610-7365. PMID   20339900. S2CID   39808544.
  14. 1 2 3 Nuss, Kara; Warneke, Mark (2009). "Life span, reproductive output, and reproductive opportunity in captive Goeldi's monkeys ( Callimico goeldii )". Zoo Biology. 29 (1): 10. doi:10.1002/zoo.20239. PMID   20131357.
  15. 1 2 3 4 5 6 Porter, Leila M. (2001-02-08). "Social Organization, Reproduction and Rearing Strategies of Callimico goeldii: New Clues from the Wild". Folia Primatologica. 72 (2): 75. doi:10.1159/000049925. ISSN   1421-9980. PMID   11490131. S2CID   6139980.
  16. 1 2 3 Schradin, Carsten; Anzenberger, Gustl (2001). "Infant carrying in family groups of goeldi's monkey (Callimico goeldii)". American Journal of Primatology. 53 (2): 57–67. doi:10.1002/1098-2345(200102)53:2<57::AID-AJP1>3.0.CO;2-0. PMID   11170167. S2CID   5823612.
  17. 1 2 3 IUCN (2020-03-18). "Callimico goeldii: Palacios, E., Wallace, R.B., Mollinedo, J.M., Heymann, E.W., Shanee, S., Calouro, A.M., del Valle, E. & Mittermeier, R.A.: The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2021: e.T3564A191700340". doi: 10.2305/iucn.uk.2021-1.rlts.t3564a191700340.en . S2CID   243530650.{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  18. ↑ Pérez-Peña, Pedro E.; Aguinda, Samuel; Riveros, María S.; Ruck, Lourdes; Gonzales, Cristian (2017-05-02). "DISTRIBUCIÓN Y ABUNDANCIA DEL SUPAY PICHICO Callimico goeldii (THOMAS, 1904) EN LA RESERVA NACIONAL PUCACURO, AL NORTE DE LA AMAZONÍA PERUANA". Folia Amazónica. 25 (2): 175. doi: 10.24841/fa.v25i2.401 . ISSN   2410-1184.
  19. ↑ Rosenberger, Alfred L. (2020). New World Monkeys: The Evolutionary Odyssey. Princeton University Press. p. 184. ISBN   9780691143644.
  20. ↑ Surridge AK, Mundy NI (2002). "Trans-specific evolution of opsin alleles and the maintenance of trichromatic colour vision in Callitrichine primates". Molecular Ecology. 11 (10): 2157–2169. doi:10.1046/j.1365-294X.2002.01597.x. PMID   12296957. S2CID   25596697.
This page is based on this Wikipedia article
Text is available under the CC BY-SA 4.0 license; additional terms may apply.
Images, videos and audio are available under their respective licenses.