Golubok | |
---|---|
Grape (Vitis) | |
Color of berry skin | Noir |
Origin | Odesa, Ukraine |
Original pedigree | Severnyy |
Notable regions | Russia, Ukraine, Moldova, Czech Republic, United States |
Notable wines | Monovarietal and Cabernet Sauvignon blends |
Hazards | Bunch rot |
Year of crossing | 1958 |
Year of protection | 1981 |
Formation of seeds | Complete |
Sex of flowers | Hermaphrodite |
VIVC number | 4888 |
Wine characteristics | |
General | Dark, tannic |
Golubok is a Ukrainian variety of black grape used to make red wines, most notably grown in Ukraine and southern Russia. It is also cultivated in other parts of Europe and the United States.
Golubok is an interspecific hybrid of Severnyy X pollen from different varieties: 40 Let Okyabrya, Odesskiy Ranniy and No 1-17-54 (Alicante Bouschet and Cabernet Sauvignon). [1] It is a relatively new cultivar, created in Odesa, Ukraine in 1958. It became a protected variety in 1981. [2] The word "golubok" means "my little pigeon" in Russian, and is used as a term of endearment. [3]
Golubok ripens early with moderately sized bunches and berries. [1] It requires protection from birds earlier than others, and appears susceptible to bunch rot in the Puget Sound AVA. [4] It is moderately resistant to downy and powdery mildews, [5] which is attributed to its descendance from the Severny cultivar. [6] It is frost-resistant, [7] and resistant to temperatures of -25 °C (-13 °F). [2]
A study of recently introduced cultivars, selections, and clones (predominantly from cool climate areas) was conducted at Washington State University's Mount Vernon NWREC in 2000, which showed that Golubok performed well at 1900 growing degree days (GDD) and below. [3]
The variety is considered to be a teinturier grape, having both pigmented skin and pigmented pulp. [8] The grapes have a deep color that appears black and a rich flavor coming from its darkly pigmented pulp and skin. [9] It exhibits moderate acidity and moderate to high tannins, [2] with aromas of blackcurrant, blackberry, black plum, black cherry, and spice. [1] Golubok is characterized by a high concentration of phenolic compounds. [9] Its must has a sugar content of 20-24%. [10]
It is considered to have a fairly reliable yield and is suited to grape juice production and winemaking. [11] It is used in the production of red wines. It is typically fermented in stainless steel casks, and is blended with other grapes such as Cabernet Sauvignon more often than it is used to produce monovarietal wines. [1] Golubok grapes are also suited to the production of dessert wines. [10]
Golubok is originally from Ukraine and southern Russia, but is also grown in Moldova and the Czech Republic. It has been cultivated in the states of Iowa [2] and Washington in the United States. [12]
Merlot is a dark blue–colored wine grape variety, that is used as both a blending grape and for varietal wines. The name Merlot is thought to be a diminutive of merle, the French name for the blackbird, probably a reference to the color of the grape. Its softness and "fleshiness," combined with its earlier ripening, make Merlot a popular grape for blending with the sterner, later-ripening Cabernet Sauvignon, which tends to be higher in tannin.
Cabernet Sauvignon is one of the world's most widely recognized red wine grape varieties. It is grown in nearly every major wine producing country among a diverse spectrum of climates from Australia and British Columbia, Canada to Lebanon's Beqaa Valley. Cabernet Sauvignon became internationally recognized through its prominence in Bordeaux wines, where it is often blended with Merlot and Cabernet Franc. From France and Spain, the grape spread across Europe and to the New World where it found new homes in places like California's Napa Valley, New Zealand's Hawke's Bay, South Africa's Stellenbosch region, Australia's Margaret River, McLaren Vale and Coonawarra regions, and Chile's Maipo Valley and Colchagua. For most of the 20th century, it was the world's most widely planted premium red wine grape until it was surpassed by Merlot in the 1990s. However, by 2015, Cabernet Sauvignon had once again become the most widely planted wine grape, with a total of 341,000 hectares (3,410 km2) under vine worldwide.
Cabernet Franc is one of the major black grape varieties worldwide. It is principally grown for blending with Cabernet Sauvignon and Merlot in the Bordeaux style, but can also be vinified alone, as in the Loire's Chinon. In addition to being used in blends and produced as a varietal in Canada and the United States, it is sometimes made into ice wine in those regions.
Malbec is a purple grape variety used in making red wine. The grapes tend to have an inky dark color and robust tannins, and are known as one of the six grapes allowed in the blend of red Bordeaux wine. In France, plantations of Malbec are now found primarily in Cahors in South West France, though the grape is grown worldwide. It is increasingly celebrated as an Argentine varietal.
Alicante Bouschet or Alicante Henri Bouschet is a wine grape variety that has been widely cultivated since 1866. It is a cross of Petit Bouschet and Grenache. Alicante is a teinturier, a grape with red flesh. It is one of the few teinturier grapes that belong to the Vitis vinifera species. Its deep colour makes it useful for blending with light red wine. It was planted heavily during Prohibition in California for export to the East Coast. Its thick skin made it resistant to rot during the transportation process. The intense red color was also helpful for stretching the wine during prohibition, as it could be diluted without detracting from the appearance. At the turn of the 21st century, Alicante Bouschet was the 12th most planted red wine grape in France with sizable plantings in the Languedoc, Provence and Cognac regions. In 1958, Alicante Bouschet covered 24,168 hectares ; by 2011, plantings represented less than 4,000 hectares. This scenario is largely reversed in other regions of Europe, and in southern Portugal, where its wines are highly prized and frequently outscore traditional autochthonous varieties.
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Agiorgitiko is a red Greek wine grape variety that, as of 2012, was the most widely planted red grape variety in Greece, ahead of Xynomavro. The grape has traditionally been grown in the Nemea region of the Peloponnese but can be found throughout the country including Attikí (Attica) and Makedonía (Macedonia).
Vidal blanc is a white hybrid grape variety produced from the Vitis vinifera variety Ugni blanc and another hybrid variety, Rayon d'Or. It is a very winter-hardy variety that manages to produce high sugar levels in cold climates with moderate to high acidity.
Chelois is a variety of hybrid grape used in the production of red wines. The fruit are small blue-black berries, which appear in compact, medium-sized clusters. Chelois is among the less hardy hybrids of red-wine grapes.
Vitis amurensis, the Amur grape, is a species of grape native to the Asian continent. Its name comes from the Amur Valley in Russia and China.
The wine industry of Ukraine is well-established with long traditions. Several brands of wine from Ukraine are exported to bordering countries, the European Union, and North America.
Washington wine is a wine produced from grape varieties grown in the U.S. state of Washington. Washington ranks second in the United States in the production of wine. By 2017, the state had over 55,000 acres (220 km2) of vineyards, a harvest of 229,000 short tons (208,000 t) of grapes, and exports going to over 40 countries around the world from the 940+ wineries located in the state. While there are some viticultural activities in the cooler, wetter western half of the state, the majority (99.9%) of wine grape production takes place in the shrub-steppe eastern half. The rain shadow of the Cascade Range leaves the Columbia River Basin with around 8 inches (200 mm) of annual rain fall, making irrigation and water rights of paramount interest to the Washington wine industry. Viticulture in the state is also influenced by long sunlight hours and consistent temperatures.
Plasmopara viticola, the causal agent of grapevine downy mildew, is a heterothallic oomycete that overwinters as oospores in leaf litter and soil. In the spring, oospores germinate to produce macrosporangia, which under wet condition release zoospores. Zoospores are splashed by rain into the canopy, where they swim to and infect through stomata. After 7–10 days, yellow lesions appear on foliage. During favorable weather the lesions sporulate and new secondary infections occur.
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This glossary of viticultural terms list some of terms and definitions involved in growing grapes for use in winemaking.
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