Gorals

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An ethnic Goral with bagpipes in Podhale, Poland Pillati A highlander with bagpipes.jpg
An ethnic Goral with bagpipes in Podhale, Poland

The Gorals (Polish : Górale; Goral dialect: Górole; Slovak : Gorali; Cieszyn Silesian: Gorole; Romanian : Gorali), also known as the Highlanders, and the Polish Highlanders, are an indigenous [1] ethnographic or ethnic group primarily found in their traditional area of southern Poland, northern Slovakia and in the region of Cieszyn Silesia in the Czech Republic, where they are known as the Silesian Gorals. [2] There is also a significant Goral diaspora in the area of Bukovina in western Ukraine and in northern Romania, as well as in Chicago, the seat of the Polish Highlanders Alliance of North America.

Contents

History

In the 13th century, Vlach shepherds migrated to the Western Carpathian mountains, gradually moving northwest from the Balkans and settling on Polish lands there. [3] In the 16th and 17th centuries, Gorals settled the upper Kysuca and Orava rivers and part of northern Spiš in Slovakia, [4] which at the time were part of the Kingdom of Hungary. [5] [6] [7] [8] In the 19th century, between 1803–1819, the Gorals migrated to Bukovina. [9]

In 1651, the Gorals and local peasantry rebelled in what became the Kostka-Napierski uprising, led by army captain Aleksander Kostka Napierski. A film was produced about the uprising ( Podhale w ogniu ) in 1956, and distributed in many languages across the Eastern Bloc. [10] [11] [12] The first Polish national opera, titled Krakowiacy i Górale (Cracowians and Gorals) composed by Wojciech Bogusławski premiered in 1794. [13]

During World War II, Nazi Germany sought to Germanize the Gorals, along with the Estonians, Latvians and Lithuanians, and include them in the resettlement plans. [14] Under Nazi racial laws, the majority of Poland's population and its minorities were viewed as "undesirable" and subject to special statutes, slave labour and police law. [15] However, Nazi racial theorists considered the 27,000 strong Goral population as a separate ethnic group from the Poles. [16] Termed Goralenvolk , they were deemed part of the "Greater Germanic Race" and given separate (milder) treatment from other Poles. [17] [18]

Population

Map of areas inhabited by the Gorals Gorals map.png
Map of areas inhabited by the Gorals
Gorals from Zakopane (1967) Fotothek df ps 0006311 Fuhrwerke ^ Pferdefuhrwerke ^ Kutschen ^ sonstige Kutsche.jpg
Gorals from Zakopane (1967)
Young Gorals of the Beskid Mountains (Zywiec) Grojcowianie 15-08-2016.jpg
Young Gorals of the Beskid Mountains (Żywiec)

The Gorals inhabit a number of regions collectively referred to as the "Goral lands" (Goral: Góralscýzno, Polish: Góralszczyzna) split between Poland, Slovakia and Czechia. In Poland, the community inhabits the geographical region of Podhale of the Tatra Mountains and parts of the Beskids (Cieszyn Silesia, Silesian Beskids, Żywiec Beskids). [19] [20] [21] After 1945, some Górals from Bukovina and the Podhale regions found new homes in Lower Silesia in villages such as Krajanów, Czarny Bór, and Borówna in the Central Sudete Mountains, as well as Złotnik, Brzeźnica and Lubomyśl in Lubusz Voivodeship.

In present-day Slovakia they live in 4 separate groups: in northern Spiš (34 villages subdivided into two groups), Orava and Kysuce (2 villages) and smaller groups in 7 other enclave villages in northern Slovakia.

The main settlements of Gorals include:

Language

The various dialects spoken by the Gorals descend from Proto-Indo-European, West Slavic, Lechitic and Eastern Romance languages. In particular, the language of Podhale, called the Podhale dialect (Polish : gwara podhalańska), is of Polish origin, but has been profoundly influenced by Slovak [22] in recent centuries. It is a subdialect of the Lesser Polish dialect cluster. In addition to Polish, the language contains some vocabulary of uncertain origin that have cognates in other languages of the Carpathian region.

The Podhale dialect is the de facto standard literary Goral dialect due to Podhale being the most famously known region however, the majority of Gorals speak closely related dialects. Gorals themselves rarely differentiate between their dialects and just refer to them as Górolski. [23]

The Polish dialects spoken by the Gorals share linguistic features with neighboring languages spoken by the Carpathian highlanders to the east, especially the Rusyn language of the Hutsuls, Lemkos, and Boykos.

Jabłonkowanie, a phonological feature similar to mazurzenie, occurs in some Silesian dialects. 14th- and 15th-century palatal consonant pronunciation features (called "Podhale archaisms") are preserved in the Podhale dialect. [24] [ not specific enough to verify ] K. Dobroslowski asserted that the Podhale dialect had loan-words from Romanian and Albanian (1938), as well as similar belief system elements, music and material culture. [25]

National identity

Gorals of Podhale, Zakopane "A Goral Wedding" at Dom Ludowy Theatre.jpg
Gorals of Podhale, Zakopane
Goral from Zakopane (1938) Goralka-Zakopane-17.07.1938.jpg
Goral from Zakopane (1938)

For most Gorals today, the decisive factor in their self-identification with nationality is not ethnic but territorial.[ citation needed ] For example, those living in areas under a long tradition of belonging to the Polish state identify themselves as Polish,[ citation needed ] while those living in Slovakia have identified themselves as Slovaks,[ citation needed ] with notable exceptions to this rule on both sides of the border. While the origin of the Goral dialect is Polish, [26] the language of Gorals in Slovakia and in the Czech Republic is gradually shifting and increasingly becoming more similar to the literary standard in their respective countries. Silesian Gorals of the Czech Republic identify themselves on the nationality level as Poles and are members of the Polish minority in Zaolzie, which is proved by their communal activity: the annual Gorolski Święto festival held in Jablunkov (Jabłonków) is a showcase of a local Polish Goral traditions and is organized by the PZKO (Polish Cultural and Educational Union). This Goral festival preserves the traditions of the Polish nationality group in Zaolzie. [27] It is the largest cultural and folklore festival in Zaolzie gathering thousands of spectators each day of festivities.

However, the Poles do not form a majority in any of the towns and villages of the area, and some local Gorals identify themselves on the nationality level as Czechs. In this respect, the village of Hrčava (the second easternmost village in the Czech Republic), with the vast majority of citizens declaring Czech nationality, can be noted. In this village, the Poles form only a 2% minority. [28] Local Gorals formed (as indigenous people) a majority in the past. They speak the regional Cieszyn Silesian dialect in everyday communication.

Historically, the issue of their ethnic identity has been controversial and resulted in claims and counterclaims by both Poland and Czechoslovakia. Gorals, like many other peasant communities in Central Europe, determined their own ethnic identities within the nation-state system during the 19th and early 20th century. [29] Although nationalist propaganda was generated by both Poles and Slovaks, this process of the Gorals' identification with a nationality was still not complete when the border was finalized in 1924. A notable example was Ferdynand Machay, a priest born in Jabłonka, Orava, Piotr Borowy from Rabča, Orava and Wojciech Halczyn from Lendak, Spiš, who went to the 1919 Paris Peace Conference and, during a personal audience, lobbied U.S. president Woodrow Wilson to sign these lands over to Poland.

Currently, there is an ongoing national revival for Goral culture and identity. In Slovakia, Gorals are in the process of gaining autonomous recognition in Slovakia. [30]

The Gorals have a similar belief system elements, music and material culture as that of the Vlachs and related groups (e.g. Moravian Vlachs), from whom it has been argued they originate. [31] [ page needed ] Carleton S. Coon grouped Gorals with the Hutsuls, who dwelled in what was then the southeastern corner of Poland and is now southwestern Ukraine. [32] In the 19th century, Polish scholars viewed the Gorals as linguistically close to the Poles, but having close ties with Slovak folk culture. [33] It was noted that Gorals' social and economic life resembled that of Vlach shepherd culture. [33]

Culture

Architecture

Traditional Goral wooden house (drzewionka) near Filipka mountain meadow in Silesian Beskids. Gorolsko drzewionka.jpg
Traditional Goral wooden house (drzewiónka) near Filipka mountain meadow in Silesian Beskids.

The Zakopane Style architecture, established at the end of the 19th century, is held as a Goral tradition. The architectural style draws on local architecture and Vernacular architecture of the Carpathians, and is widespread in the Podhale region.

Music

Gorol men's choir from Jablunkov (Jablonkow) during the parade at the beginning of the Jubileuszowy Festiwal PZKO 2007 in Karvina (Karwina). Festiwal pzko 1078.jpg
Gorol men's choir from Jablunkov (Jabłonków) during the parade at the beginning of the Jubileuszowy Festiwal PZKO 2007 in Karviná (Karwina).
Goral of Podhale - member of Trebunie-Tutki folk band from Zakopane 43. TKB - Trebunie-Tutki 07.JPG
Goral of Podhale – member of Trebunie-Tutki folk band from Zakopane

Zakopower is a popular folk-pop musical group from Zakopane. The Trebunie-Tutki folk musical group from Zakopane blend traditional Goral music with reggae.

Folk costume

Clasps

For centuries clasps have been an important element of Goral traditional costumes. Originally used for fastening shirts, they fell out of use when buttons became popular, remaining only as ornaments. In the early 20th century they were already rare, used only by senior and young shepherds, who grazed their sheep on mountain pastures. In the 1920s and the 1930s, they were considered collector's items and sought after by tourists. In Zakopane, they were often worn as ornaments for the "cucha" (outerwear), sweaters, or occasionally on leather bags. Today the clasps are a popular element of highlanders from the Podhale region, but the way they are worn differs from the original one: instead of fastening shirts they are usually attached to them or sewed on. [34]

Parzenica (embroidery)

The parzenica embroidery dates back to the mid-19th century. Initially, they were simple string loops, used for reinforcing cuts in front of cloth trousers. They had practical functions and protected the cloth from fraying. The modern look parzenica got from those tailors who began using red or navy blue string, simultaneously increasing the number of loops. Later the appliqué design was replaced with embroidery. Using woollen yarn allowed the parzenica to become more colourful and eventually it became a stand-alone trouser ornamentation, developed by talented tailors and embroiderers. [35]

Corsets

In the second half of the 19th century, it became fashionable in the Podhale region to adorn corsets with depictions of thistle and edelweiss. These motifs were the most popular in the early 20th century. When "Kraków style" came into fashion, highlanders of the Podhale region began ornamenting the corsets with shiny sequins and glass beads. [36]

Other

In Cieszyn Silesia and northern Slovakia, the shepherd's axe and elements of the folk costume are termed Vlach (Polish : wałaska, wałaszczaki, Slovak : valaška). [37]

Goral folk costumes can be found in the National Museum of Ethnography in Warsaw, [38] [39] The Tatra Museum in Zakopane, the Ethnographic Museum of Kraków, and the City Museum of Żywiec.

Religion

Most Gorals are adherents of the Roman Catholic Church and are often noted for their staunch religiosity.

The Sanctuary of Our Lady of Ludźmierz is of particular importance to the Gorals, being the oldest monument in the Podhale region. There are numerous cults connected to the church.

A notable portion of Gorals are Augsburg Confession Lutherans, who are clustered around the town of Wisła. This is the main centre of protestant Gorals, and it is the only city in Poland where Catholics are a minority. [40]

Notable people

See also

Related Research Articles

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Wisła Place in Silesian Voivodeship, Poland

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Beskids

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Podhale Region of meadows

Podhale is Poland's southernmost region, sometimes referred to as the "Polish Highlands". The Podhale is located in the foothills of the Tatra range of the Carpathian mountains. It is the most famous region of the Goral Lands which are a network of historical regions inhabited by Gorals.

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Dialects of Polish Overview of dialects of the Polish language

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References

  1. ↑ Nicholas W. Reyland (2011). Zbigniew Preisner's Three Colors Trilogy: Blue, White, Red: A Film Score Guide. Scarecrow Press. p. 373.
  2. ↑ Sparks, Alan E. (2020). Into the Carpathians. Vol. 2. Boulder, Colorado: Rainy Day Publishing. ISBN   9780578705729.
  3. ↑ "Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór". Nasza Historia. 23 November 2017. Retrieved 26 April 2022. W XIII w. na ziemiach polskich zaczęli się pojawiać Wołosi, osadnicy z Bałkanów, którym udało się ujarzmić Karpaty i wprowadzić tu gospodarkę pasterską.
  4. ↑ Denes Loczy; Miloš Stankoviansky; Adam Kotarba (3 January 2012). Recent Landform Evolution: The Carpatho-Balkan-Dinaric Region. Springer Science & Business Media. pp. 149ff. ISBN   978-94-007-2447-1.
  5. ↑ Karoly Kocsis; Eszter Kocsisne Hodosi (1 April 2001). Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin. Simon Publications LLC. pp. 45–46. ISBN   978-1-931313-75-9.
  6. ↑ Redakcja (2017-11-23). "Skąd pochodzą górale? Inwazja Wołochów zmieniła historię polskich gór". Nasza Historia (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  7. ↑ "Górole Historia". www.nowebystre.pl. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  8. ↑ "Górale Podhalańscy - Etnozagroda". www.etnozagroda.pl. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  9. ↑ Halina Karaś. "2.6. Gwary polskie za granicą".
  10. ↑ "Nieznane polskie powstania". Rzeczpospolita (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-01-30.
  11. ↑ Drożdż, Mateusz (2020-07-21). "Aleksander Kostka-Napierski. Chłopski bohater czy zdrajca?". Hrabia Tytus – Twój przewodnik po historii (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  12. ↑ "Zdrajca, buntownik czy bohater? Wielkie ambicje i straszny koniec Aleksandra Kostki-Napierskiego". Do Rzeczy (in Polish). 2021-07-18. Retrieved 2022-03-13.
  13. ↑ Wolff, Larry (9 January 2012). The Idea of Galicia; History and Fantasy in Habsburg Political Culture. Stanford University Press. p. 57. ISBN   978-0-8047-7429-1.
  14. ↑ Martyn Housden (4 January 2002). Hitler: Study of a Revolutionary?. Routledge. pp. 138–. ISBN   978-1-134-71369-1.
  15. ↑ Diemut Majer (2003). "Non-Germans" Under the Third Reich: The Nazi Judicial and Administrative System in Germany and Occupied Eastern Europe with Special Regard to Occupied Poland, 1939-1945. JHU Press. pp. 533ff. ISBN   978-0-8018-6493-3.
  16. ↑ Mark Levene (December 2013). Annihilation. Vol. II: The European Rimlands 1939–1953. OUP Oxford. pp. 45ff. ISBN   978-0-19-968304-8.
  17. ↑ "Pod Giewontem. Losy mieszkancow Podhala 1939-1956". Podhalański Portal Informacyjny Podhale24.pl. September 12, 2011. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  18. ↑ "Historia rodziny Apostołów". Lista świadków historii (in Polish). Stowarzyszenie Auschwitz Memento. Archived from the original on January 23, 2015. Retrieved April 21, 2012.
  19. ↑ "Pogranicze krakowsko-góralskie * w świetle dawnych i najnowszych badań etnograficznych - PDF Free Download". docplayer.pl. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  20. ↑ "Góralszczyzna". z-ne.pl. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  21. ↑ "Goral Marathon - GÓRALSZCZYZNA POLSKA". www.goralmarathon.com. Retrieved 2022-04-23.
  22. ↑ Nicolaas van Wijk (1931). Czechoslovakia: facts and impressions. Orbis. p. 37.
  23. ↑ "Małopolskie grupy górali". Małopolska To Go (in Polish). Retrieved 2022-01-29.
  24. ↑ "American Slavic and East European Review: Volume 9 -". The American Slavic and East European Review. Cambridge University Press (on behalf of the Association for Slavic, East European, & Eurasian Studies). 9: 329. 1950.
  25. ↑ Alain Bertrand; Alain Karsenty; Antonio Carlos Santana Diegues; Arild Angelsen; Berry Lekanne dit Deprez; Brent M. Swallow; et al. (1995). Fifth Common Property Conference papers. International Association for the Study of Common Property. p. 163.
  26. ↑ For a better idea of the issue see either Kevin Hannan's work Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia or works by the Slovak linguist Júlia Dudášová-Kriššáková, Goralské nárečia, ISBN   80-224-0354-7
  27. ↑ "History of Gorolski Święto for foreign visitors". gorolskiswieto.cz. Retrieved 20 September 2019.
  28. ↑ "2001 census". Czech Statistical Office. Retrieved April 10, 2017.
  29. ↑ Hannan, Kevin (1996). Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia. New York: Peter Lang. ISBN   0-8204-3365-9
  30. ↑ imbbmi (2020-09-29). "IMB: Goralská menšina má byť uznaná" (in Slovak). Retrieved 2021-12-30.
  31. ↑ Marek Kubica (2012). Górale, Wołosi, zbójnicy: historia górali od Pilska. Żywiec.
  32. ↑ carleton stevens coon (1939). the races of europe. p.  571.
  33. 1 2 Marcel Cornis-Pope; John Neubauer (2010). History of the Literary Cultures of East-Central Europe: Types and stereotypes. John Benjamins Publishing. pp. 445–. ISBN   978-90-272-3458-2.
  34. ↑ Uszyńska, Zofia (1960). Poland: Travel Guide. Vol. 1. U.S. Government Printing Office.
  35. ↑ Pietraszkowa-Fryś, Ewa; Pokropek, Marian; Kunczyńska-Iracka, Anna (1991). Folk art in Poland. Arkady. p. 80. ISBN   9788321334783.
  36. ↑ Pietkiewicz, Kazimierz (1966). Polish Folk Art. Polonia.
  37. ↑ Kevin Hannan (1996). Borders of Language and Identity in Teschen Silesia. Peter Lang. p. 70. ISBN   978-0-8204-3365-3.
  38. ↑ Czas świętowania w kulturach Polski i Europy. The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. 2013. ISBN   978-83-88654-42-8.
  39. ↑ Bartuszek, Joanna; et al. (2008). Czyżewski, Adam (ed.). Ordinary – extraordinary: fascinating collections of The State Ethnographical Museum in Warsaw. The State Ethnographic Museum in Warsaw. ISBN   978-83-88654-76-3.
  40. ↑ "W tym polskim mieście katolicy to... mniejszość religijna. Oto historia protestantyzmu w Wiśle". naTemat.pl (in Polish). Retrieved 2021-12-30.

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